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Basic Characteristics:
1. Form tight interdependent cell communities
2. Function cooperatively for a purpose
3. Specialized, each type performing specific function -homeostasis
Four types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Epithelial Tissue:
surfaces have cilia (tiny hairlike projections) propel substances along their free
surface
2. Basal lamina: thin supporting sheet
Noncellular, adhesive sheet consist largely of glycoproteins secreted by the
epithelial cells plus some fine collage fibers
acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the
underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium
also acts as a scaffolding along which epithelial cells can migrate to repair
wounds
all epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by connective tissue
Reticular lamina: deep to the basal lamina
3.
4.
5.
6.
Classification: named according to the shape of the cell in the apical layer
Cellular shape: all are polyhedral (six irregular sides) in cross section but differ in height
Simple squamous:
Simple Cuboidal:
Simple columnar: may contain cilia, villi and/or goblet cells on apical surface
Pseudostratified columnar: may contain cilia and/or goblet cells on apical surface
Description: all cells rest on basement membrane, but only the tallest reach the apical surface.
Single layer of cells of differing heights, oval nucleus at different heights
Function: Secretion (due to goblet cells) absorption and protection
Location: respiratory tract
Stratified Squamous:
Description: many layers, basal layer are cuboidal or columnar and apical layer are squamous
cells
Function: provides physical protection from abrasion, pathogens and chemical attacks
Location: skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
Transitional:
Description: resembles both stratified squamous and cuboidal; basal cells are cuboidal or
columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on the degree of stretch
Function: stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
Location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra
Glandular Epithelia:
Gland: consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product-called secretion
is an aqueous fluid that usually contains proteins with some variation.
Secretion is an active process. Glandular cells obtain substances from blood and transform them
chemically into a product that is discharged from the cell
Glands are classified as Endocrine or Exocrine and unicellular and multicellular depending on where
they secrete their product:
Endocrine Glands:
Exocrine Glands:
Unicellular glands:
Multicellular glands:
Ground substance:
Unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains fibers
Composed of: interstitial (tissue) fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans
Holds large amounts of fluid and functions as a molecular sieve, or medium, through which
nutrients and other dissolved substances can diffuse between the blood capillaries and the cells.
Cell adhesion proteins (fibronectin, laminin) serve mainly as CT glue that allows CT cells to
attach themselves to matrix elements
Proteoglycans consist of protein core to which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are attached. GAGs
(chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid) are large, negatively charged polysaccharides. They
tend to form huge aggregates in which the GAGs intertwine and trap water, forming a
substance that varies from a fluid to a viscous gel.
Short, fine, collagenous fibers with slightly different chemistry and form
Branch extensively, forming delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and
support the soft tissue of organs
Found in basement membrane of epithelial tissue and around capillaries
Cells:
Characteristics:
Blasts (immature) secrete ground substance and fibers characteristic of their particular matrix
Cytes (mature)- maintain the health of the matrix
Blasts:
All CT consists of living cells and surrounding non-living matrix (ground substance and fibers). CT is
different by cell type and amount and types of fibers
1. Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme)
Mesenchymal tissue:
Description: a fluid like substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped
mesenchymal cells
Arises during the early weeks of embryonic development and eventually differentiates
(specializes) into all other CT cells. Some remains and provide source of new cells in
mature connective tissue
Function: Where all other CT comes from
Location: seen mostly in embryo, in Whartons jelly of umbilical cord
2. Connective tissue proper: 2 subclasses
Loose connective tissue: Areolar, Adipose, Reticular
Dense connective tissue: Dense regular, Dense irregular, elastic
Description: gel-like matrix including all 3 types of fiber cells: fibroblast, macrophages, mast
cells, and other WBCs.
Function:
Supporting and binding other tissues (job of fibers)
Holding body fluids (ground substances role)
Defending against infection (WBCs and macrophages)
Storing nutrients as fat (fat cells)
Wraps and cushions organs
Involved in immunity because of its cells
Location: pretty much everywhere (widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., form lamina
propria of mucous membranes, packages organs; surrounds capillaries.
Loose arrangement of its fibers
Rest of matrix occupied by ground substance is empty space
Provides a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding body tissues, always holding approx. as
much fluid as there is in the entire bloodstream. Essentially all body cells obtain their nutrients
from and release their wastes into this tissue fluid.
Description: same matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, nucleus
pushed to the side by large fat droplets(almost pure triglyceride)
Function:
provides a reserve food fuel (much greater than areolar CT)
insulates against heat loss
supports and protects organs
provides a padding, cushioning
Location: deep to the skin (buttocks, breasts, behind eyes, hips, lower abdomen)
Richly vascularized-high metabolic activity
Brown fat or brown adipose tissue contains abundant mitochondria, which use the lipid fuels to
heat the bloodstream to warm the body occurs only in babies who lack the ability to produce
body heat by shivering. Located between the shoulder blades, anterolateral neck, and anterior
abdominal wall.
Reticular:
Description: Network of only reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells
lie on the network
Function:
Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including
WBC, mast cells, and macrophages, lymphocytes in lymph node, spleen and bone
marrow.
Location: Liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
Description: primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblast
Function: attaches, can form an aponeurosis or tendons (muscle to muscle [fascia] muscle to
bone [tendon], bone to bone [ligament]), with stand tensile force from ONE direction
Location: tendons, ligaments, covering skeletal muscles (deep fascia)
Poorly vascularized
Dense Irregular:
Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collage fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is
the fibroblast
Function: withstand tensile force from ALL directions (for structural strength)
Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive
tract, periosteum and perichondrium
Collage fibers are much thicker and arranged irregularly than dense regular CT
Elastic:
Description: dense regular CT containing high proportion of elastic fibers, some matrix but
mostly elastic fibers
Function:
allows recoil of tissue following stretching (stabilizes vertebra and penis)
maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries
aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration (expansion and contraction of organs)
Location: vocal cords, respiratory tract, vertebra, penis, transitional epithelium
Cartilage:
Description: form translucent matrix, contains collage fibers, chondro-blasts and cytes;
amorphous but firm matrix
Chondrocytes account for only 1-10% cartilage volume
Function:
Give stiff but flexible support
Cushions (decrease compression forces)
Resist friction between bones in some joints
Location: most of embryonic skeleton, between tips of ribs, covers ends of long bones..
Remains through childhood as epiphyseal plate growth region of long bones
Fibrocartilage:
Description: matrix not as firm as hyaline, mostly thick collage fibers are seen, chondro-blasts
and cytes
Function: Tensile strength with ability to absorb compressive shock
Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
Elastic:
Description: like hyaline with a lot more elastic fibers, and chondro-blasts and cytes
Function:
supports, flexible but without damage and returns to original shape
Location: supports the external ear; epiglottis, trachea
Osseous Tissue:
Bone:
Description: hard, calcified matrix containing many collage fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very
well vascularized
Function:
supports and protects
provides levers for muscles to act on
stores calcium and other minerals and fat
marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
Location: Skeleton, Bones
Cell Types:
Osteoblasts (immature) produce the organic portion of matrix (fibers and ground substance)
highly mitotic
Osteocytes (mature) reside in lacunae, have very good blood supply, and maintains the matrix
Vascular Tissue
Blood:
Nervous Tissue:
Types of Cells
1. Neurons: highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
their processes allow them to 1) respond to stimuli (dendrites) and 2) transmit electrical
impulses over substantial distances within the body (axons)
2. Supporting cells (2 types)
Neuroglia (CNS): nerve glue non-conducting cells
Form supportive network-by twining around or lining structures in brain and spinal cord
Protect, bind and some phagocytize
Types: astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells and satellite cells (PNS): special supporting and protecting cells, and also
function as phagocytes
Muscle Tissue
1. High cellularity, well vascularized, and highly specialized to contract (shorten), producing
movement
2. Three types of muscle:
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Differ in cell, shape, location, function, and how they are activated neutrally
Skeletal
Cardiac:
Smooth or Visceral:
Found in walls of hollow organs (except the heart), blood vessels, urinary system
No striations
Spindle shaped
Uninucleated
Involuntary
Tireless, with slow sustained contractions
Epithelial membrane (a continuous multicellular sheet composed of at least two tissue types) makes a
simple organ
A. Endothelium:
1. Single layer of squamous cells
2. Slick, friction-reducing lining (circulatory system organs, lymphatic, blood vessels, [in
capillary walls, it allow for good exchange] and heart)
B. Mucous membrane:
1. Line body cavities that open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory and urogenital tract)
2. Wet membrane, it secretes copious amounts of mucous (not in urinary tract)
3. Mucosa refers to location (in this case) not type of tissue or cell type
4. Most mucosa contain either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelia
5. Epithelial sheet is directly underlain by a layer of loose CT called lamina propria
6. Often adapted for absorption and secretion
C. Cutaneous membrane:
1. The Skin: epidermis (epithelium) is attached to dermis (CT layer [dense irregular CT])
2. Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
3. Exposed to the air and is a dry membrane
D. Serous Membrane (serosa)
1. In the closed ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic)
2. Serosa has two layers (parietal and visceral);
Parietal layer lines cavity walls (and then folds back onto the surface of an organ to
form:
Visceral layer-covers the organ
Space between the folds (layers) the cavity, more a potential space contains
serous fluid
3. Consists of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) resting on a thin layer of loose CT
(areolar) tissue.
4. Mesothelial cells add hyaluronic acid to the fluid that filters from the capillaries in the
associated CT to make serous fluid-that lubricates the facing surfaces of the parietal and
visceral layers so that they slide across easily
5. Named according to their side and specific organ association.
6. Moist membrane