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Translational : 3
Rotational : 2 for linear and 3 for nonlinear molecule.
Vibrational spectroscopy
Actual (total) stretching motion
Independent components
contributing to the motion
(Normal modes): symmetric and
asymetric stretching
Symmetric
stretch
Asymmetric
stretch
Bend
4
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5
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Vibrational spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy powerful tool in identifying
organic molecules.
Some modes essentially motions of individual
functional groups.
Vibrations in polyatomic
molecules
Linear/angular
vibrations:
stretching/bending
IR frequency calculation
Absorption frequency:
(cm-1)= (k/1/2 /2c
Nm-1;
(~ 3600 cm-1)
C=C: k ~ 972
Nm-1;
(~ 1650 cm-1)
CC: k ~ 1650
Nm-1;
(~ 2150 cm-1)
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< 3000 cm-1 for sp3, >3000 cm-1 for sp2, ~3300 cm-1 for sp
Modes of vibration
Symmetric stretching
Scissoring
Wagging
Asymmetric stretching
Twisting
Rocking
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IR frequency data
IR frequency data
Interpreting IR spectra
C=O is highly sensitive to its environment
EACH DIFFERENT KIND OF C=O COMES AT A DIFFERENT FREQUENCY
acid
chloride
ester
aldehyde
ketone
carboxylic
acid
amide
RC
RC
RC RC RC
RC
O
R
'
C
l
H
N
H
R
O
H
2
1800
1735
1725
1715
1710
1690
anhydride
RCO
CR
BASE
VALUE
THESE VALUES ARE
WORTH LEARNING
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Interpreting IR spectra
O
O
R C
N H
H
R C
O
O
R C
Ketones have C=O at 1715 cm-1 and no NH, OH, C-O or -CHO
Anhydrides have two C=O peaks near 1800 cm-1 and two C-O
Interpreting IR spectra
C-H stretching frequencies:
<3000 cm-1 for sp3; >3000 cm-1 for sp2; ~3300 cm-1 for sp3;
Doublet at 2710~2810 cm-1 for aldehydic C-H stretch
Methylene and methyl C-H stretching:
~2850 cm-1 (sym); ~2962 cm-1 (asym)
CH2 bend
CH3 bend
Hexane
CH3
-CH2(C-H stretch) (C-H stretch)
Interpreting IR spectra
Toluene: Ar-H, CH2-H, C=C
Ar-H
CH3
CH3
C=C
benzene
C-H bending
monosubstituted
Interpreting IR spectra
O-H stretching: ~3600 cm-1 for alcohols;
brodens and lowers to 3300 cm-1 due to H-bonding in alcohols, acids, etc.
OH
O-H
H-bond
CH2
C-O
C-H
Interpreting IR spectra
Butanoic acid:
Concentrated acid gives broad peak for OH stretch which disappears on dilution
The C-H stretching peak is superpositioned.
Note the peaks for C=O stretch; C-O stretch and the H-C-H bending (methylene)
O-H
H-bond
C-O
CH2
C-H
C=O
OH
Interpreting IR spectra
N-H stretching frequencies: 3300-3400 cm-1
Doublet for primary amines (sym, asym stretch) ; single peak for secondary amines
Bending modes:
Bending frequency for primary amines > bending frequency for methylene Why?
NH2
scissor
NH2
CH3
CH2
Interpreting IR spectra
CN stretching: 2250 cm-1 (strong peak)
CC stretching: 2150 cm-1 (medium peak)
=
C=N
Interpreting IR spectra
Typical example: Nonanal (aldehyde)
C=O stretch at 1730 cm-1;
aldehydic C-H (stretch doublet) 2859 and 2717 cm-1;
CHO
CH bend
C=O
O
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C
Note the intense doublet at 2929 and 2859 cm-1 because of alkyl C-H stretch
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