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CHAPTER
Third Edition
LRFD Method
INTRODUCTION TO
BEAMS
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
8c
FALL 2002
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Slide No. 2
Figure 1
(a)
Real hinge
Pn
Real hinge
Plastic hinge
(b)
Slide No. 3
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Slide No. 4
Slide No. 5
Figure 2
(a)
Plastic hinge
Pn
Plastic hinge
Plastic hinge
(b)
Slide No. 6
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Slide No. 7
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Slide No. 8
Slide No. 9
Figure 3
(a)
Plastic hinge
Pn
Real hinge
Plastic hinge
(b)
Slide No. 10
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The Mechanism
The load may be further increased until the
moment at some point (here it will be at the
concentrated load) reaches the plastic
moment.
Additional load will cause the beam to
collapse.
Therefore, the Mechanism is defined as the
arrangement of plastic hinges and perhaps real
hinges which permit the collapse in a structure
as shown in part (b) of Figs. 1, 2, and 3.
Slide No. 11
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Slide No. 12
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Slide No. 13
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(1)
Slide No. 14
Example 1
Determine the plastic limit (or nominal)
distributed load wn in terms of the plastic
(or nominal) moment Mn developed at the
hinges.
wn (k/ft)
L = 18 ft
Slide No. 15
Example 1 (contd)
The collapse mechanism for the beam is
sketched.
wn (k/ft)
L = 18 ft
wn L
Collapse Mechanism
L
2
L
2
Slide No. 16
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Example 1 (contd)
Because of the symmetry, the rotations
at the end plastic hinges are equal.
The work done by the external load (wnL) is
equal wnL times the average deflection avg
of the mechanism at the center of the
beam.
The deflection is calculated as follows:
tan =
=
L
2
Slide No. 17
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Example 1 (contd)
The internal work absorbed by the hinges
is equal the sum of plastic moments Mn at
each plastic hinge times the angle through
which it works.
The average deflection avg throughout the
length of the beam is equals one-half the
deflection at the center of the beam, that
is
1
1 L L
avg = = =
2
2 2 4
Slide No. 18
Example 1 (contd)
Applying Eq. 1 (conservation of energy),
yield a relationship between wn and Mn as
follows:
(wn L ) avg = (M n ) + (M n )2 + (M n )
Left
A
L
wn L = 4M n
4
Middle
B
Right
C
Slide No. 19
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Example 1 (contd)
Therefore,
L
wn L = 4M n
4
16M n
wn =
L2
wn =
Mn
16 M n 16 M n
=
=
L2
(18)2 20.25
10
Slide No. 20
Example 2
For the propped beam shown, determine
the plastic limit (or nominal) load Pn in
terms of the plastic (or nominal) moment
Mn developed at the hinges.
Pn
10 ft
L = 20 ft
Slide No. 21
Example 2 (contd)
The collapse mechanism for the beam is sketched.
Pn
10 ft
L = 20 ft
wn L
Collapse Mechanism
L
2
L
2
11
Slide No. 22
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Example 2 (contd)
Because of the symmetry, the rotations
at the end plastic hinges are equal.
The work done by the external load (Pn) is
equal Pn times the deflection of the
mechanism at the center of the beam.
The deflection is calculated as follows:
tan =
=
L
2
Slide No. 23
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Example 2 (contd)
The internal work absorbed by the hinges
is equal the sum of plastic moments Mn at
each plastic hinge times the angle through
which it works.
Note that in example, we have only two
plastic hinges at points A and B of the
mechanism. Point C is a real hinge, and no
moment occurs at that point.
Also note that the external work is
calculated using and not avg. because of
the concentrated load Pn in that location.
12
Slide No. 24
Example 2 (contd)
Applying Eq. 1 (conservation of energy),
yield a relationship between Pn and Mn as
follows:
(Pn ) = (M n ) + (M n )2
Left
A
L
Pn = 3M n
2
Middle
B
Slide No. 25
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Example 2 (contd)
Therefore,
L
Pn = 3M n
2
6M n
Pn =
L
Pn =
6 M n 6 M n 3M n
=
=
= 0.3M n
L
20
10
13
Slide No. 26
Example 3
For the fixed-end beam shown, determine
the plastic limit (or nominal) load Pn in
terms of the plastic (or nominal) moment
Mn developed at the hinges.
Pn
2L
= 20 ft
3
L
= 10 ft
3
L = 30 ft
Slide No. 27
Example 3 (contd)
The collapse mechanism for the beam is sketched.
Pn
2L
= 20 ft
3
L
= 10 ft
3
L = 30 ft
Pn
Collapse Mechanism
L
3
(1 + 2 )
2L
3
14
Slide No. 28
Example 3 (contd)
Because of the unsymmetry, the rotations
1 and 2 at the end plastic hinges are not
equal.
We need to find all rotations in terms, say
1
The work done by the external load (Pn) is
equal Pn times the deflection of the
mechanism at the center of the beam.
Slide No. 29
Example 3 (contd)
From triangles ABE and BCE:
2L
ABE : tan 1 1 =
=
1 (2)
2L / 3
3
L
= 2
BCE : tan 2 2 =
(3)
3
L/3
Thus, from Eqs. 2 and 3 :
2L
L
or
1 = 2
2 = 21
3
3
Pn
B
L
3
( 1 + 2 )
2L
3
Therefore,
At C : C = 1
At A : A = 2 = 21
At B : B = 1 + 2 = 1 + 21 = 31
15
Slide No. 30
Example 3 (contd)
The internal work absorbed by the hinges
is equal the sum of plastic moments Mn at
each plastic hinge times the angle through
which it works.
Note that in example, we have three plastic
hinges at points A, B, and C of the
mechanism. Also there is no real hinge.
Also note that the external work is
calculated using and not avg. because of
the concentrated load Pn in that location.
Slide No. 31
Example 3 (contd)
Applying Eq. 1 (conservation of energy),
yield a relationship between Pn and Mn as
follows:
2L
1 from Eq. 2
3
Left
A
2L
Pn 1 = 61M n
3
Middle
B
Right
C
16
Slide No. 32
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Example 3 (contd)
Therefore,
2L
Pn = 6M n
3
9M n
Pn =
L
Pn =
9M n 9M n
=
= 0.3M n
30
L
Slide No. 33
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Complex Structures
If a structure (beam) has more than one
distributed or concentrated loads, there
would be different ways in which this
structure will collapse.
To illustrate this, consider the propped
beam of Fig. 4.
The virtual-work method can be applied to
this beam with various collapse
mechanisms.
17
Slide No. 34
Pn
10 ft
10 ft
L = 30 ft
Figure 4
Slide No. 35
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18
Slide No. 36
Pn
10 ft
10 ft
L = 30 ft
Real hinge
2
10
20
M n = 4.4 Pn
Pn = 0.227 M n
Slide No. 37
Pn
10 ft
10 ft
L = 30 ft
Real hinge
10
2
20
3
Controls
Controls
19
Slide No. 38
Pn
10 ft
10 ft
10 ft
L = 30 ft
Real hinge
10
M n (3 ) = Pn (10 )
M n = 3.33Pn
Pn = 0.3M n
Slide No. 39
Pn
10 ft
10 ft
L = 30 ft
Real hinge
10
10
20
Slide No. 40
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21