11/22/2014

Image Processing

RS Image Processing Geometric Correction

Preprocessing
Atmospheric correction
Geometric Correction
Image enhancement

Processing
S.Sivanantharajah
Lecture 06
2014/11/22

Image classification

Data Merging & GIS integration

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Image Pre-processing/ Image

Restoration
Pre-processing operations, referred to
as image restoration and rectification,
are intended to correct for sensor- and
platform-specific radiometric and
geometric distortions of data.
Pre processing functions are normally
carried out prior to the main data
analysis and extraction of information.
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Why Geometric Correction?

To allow an image to overlay a map.
To warp an image to eliminate
distortion. caused by terrain, instrument
wobble, earth curvature, etc.
To change the spatial resolution of an
image.
To change the map projection.
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Image Preprocessing
Radiometric Correction
include correcting the data for sensor irregularities
and unwanted sensor or atmospheric noise, and
converting the data so they accurately represent the
reflected or emitted radiation measured by the
sensor.

Geometric Correction
include correcting for geometric distortions due to
sensor-Earth geometry variations, and conversion of
the data to real world coordinates (e.g. latitude and
longitude) on the Earth's surface.
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Geometric Corrections
Geometric corrections include correcting for
geometric distortions due to sensor-Earth
geometry variations, and conversion of the
data to real world coordinates (e.g. latitude
and longitude) on the Earth's surface.
Sources of distortions are
Variation in the altitude
Altitude & Velocity of the sensor platform
Earth curvature
Atmospheric refraction
Relief displacement and
Nonlinearities in the sweep of a sensors IFOV
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

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Geometric aspects of image data

2D Approach - Geometric Correction

2D Approaches

Flow of Geometric correction

Geometric distortions
Georeferencing
Geocoding

Input Image
(1) Selection of Model
(2) Determination of
Parameters

3D Approaches
Monoplotting
Orthoimage production
stereoplotting

(3) Accuracy Check

Ground Control
Points (GCPs)
Well balanced distribution
Enough points
High Accuracy
Well defined targets/Features

(4) Interpolation & Resampling

Output Image

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

2D Approaches
Georeferencing & Geocoding
Georeferencing
Calculation of the
appropriate transformation
between an image and a
map projection system.

Image system & Map projection system

Transformation from image system to
map projection system.
1

Points known in both system

Ground Control Points (GCP)
System of equations

2
Solved by Georeferencing software

Geocoding
Georeferencing with
additional resampling the
image so that the pixels are
exactly positioned within the
terrain coordinate system.

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Georeferencing

Geometric .

Georeferencing is a matter of coordinate

transformation

Geocoding :This step involves resembling

the image to obtain a new image in which
all pixels are correctly positioned within the
terrain coordinate system.

Coordinate system for the Image

Coordinate system for the Map

Resampling is used to determine

the digital values to place in the
new pixel locations of the
corrected output image.

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

11/22/2014

Geocoding

Ground Control Points (GCPs)

Road intersections, river bends, distinct
natural features, etc.
GCPs should be spread across image
Requires a minimum number depending
on the type of transformation
Some say that it is better to have
clusters of GCPs
Must choose a map projection for GCP
coordinates.

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Ground Control Points (GCPs)

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Ground Control Points (GCPs)

Second Ground Control Point

Accuracy with respect to Number &

Distribution of points

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Mathematical Transformations
1st Order
Linear Transformations/ Affine transformation/ first
order transformation
X = a 0 + a 1 x + a2 y
Y = b 0 + b1 x + b2 y
where
X , Y are the Rectified coordinates (output)
x,y are the source coordinates (input)
Requires minimum of 3 GCPs
Use for small, flat areas

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

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Mathematical Transformations (cont.)

2nd Order
Requires minimum of 6 GCPs
Use for larger area where earth curvature is a factor
Use where there is moderate terrain
Use with aircraft data where roll, pitch, yaw are
present

Root Mean Square Error (RMS error)

3rd Order
Requires minimum of 10 GCPs
Very rugged terrain
Typically want at least 3x the minimum number of
GCPs

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Accuracy of the Transformation

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Georeferencing & Geocoding

The method used involves computing Root Mean

Square Error (RMS error) for each of the ground
control point.
RMS error is the distance between the input (source
or measured) location of a GCP and the
retransformed (or computed) location for the same
GCP.
RMS error is expressed as distance in the source
coordinate system.
An RMS error of 1 means that the reference pixel is
1 pixels away from the retransformed pixel.
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Image Resampling or
Intensity Interpolation
Once an image is warped, how do you assign DNs
to the new pixels?
Since the grid of pixels in the source image rarely
matches the grid for the reference image, the pixels
are resampled so that new data file values for the
output file can be calculated.
This process involves the extraction of a brightness
value from a location in the input image and its
reallocation in the appropriate coordinate location in
the rectified output image.
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Resampling Techniques
Nearest Neighbor
Assigns the value of the nearest pixel to the
new pixel location

Bilinear
Assigns the average value of the 4 nearest
pixels to the new pixel location

Cubic Convolution
Assigns the average value of the 16
nearest pixels to the new pixel location
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

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Nearest Neighbour

Resampling
The resampling process calculates the
new pixel values from the original digital
pixel values in the uncorrected image.
There are three common methods for
resampling.
Nearest neighbour, bilinear interpolation,

Nearest neighbour resampling uses the digital

value from the pixel in the original image which is
nearest to the new pixel location in the corrected
image.
This is the simplest method and does not alter the
original values, but may result in some pixel
values being duplicated while others are lost.
This method also tends to result in a disjointed or
blocky image appearance.

and cubic convolution.

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Bilinear interpolation

Cubic convolution

Bilinear interpolation resampling takes a

weighted average of four pixels in the original
image nearest to the new pixel location.
The averaging process alters the original pixel
values and creates entirely new digital values in
the output image.

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Which distortions/type of Images

can be handled by 2D approaches

Perspective of the sensor optics

Forward motion of the platform
Platform attitude altitude
Platform attitude, altitude
Terrain relief
Curvature and rotation of the earth

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Resampling goes even further to

calculate a distance weighted average of
a block of sixteen pixels from the
original image which surround the new
output pixel location.

3D Geometric Aspects

Some of it

Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

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Monoplotting

3D approaches to account for geometric distortions

Monoplotting is a feature extraction

procedure from an aerial photo that
incorporates corrections for Relief
Displacement
(= georeferencing +) X,Y,Z

Orthoimaging is a geocoding procedure

that incorporates corrections for relief
displacement
(= geocoding +) orthophoto
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Stereo Model

Stereo Plotting

A stereo model is a construct of overlapping

photos/Satellite images
Measurements made in a stereo model utilize
the phenomenon of parallax
A stereo model enables parallax measurement
and X, Y, Z measurements
Analogue and analytical plotters were used in
the past
Nowadays Digital Photogrammetric
Workstations are used
Stereovision is made possible through
specialized monitors + spectacles

To get a geometrically correct model, we must

Determine the relationship between the digital
image system and the photo/camera system;
for this interior orientation we need

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

the position of the principal point

the principal distance (c)

Determine the relative tilts of the two

photographs (around 3 axes); this is called the
relative orientation
Bring the model a known scale and level it with
respect to the terrain system; this is called the
absolute orientation

Stereo Model

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing

2D versus 3D

Fundamentals of Remote Sensing