Module 1

Introduction to Geotechnical
Earthquake Engineering
by

Dr. Deepankar Choudhury

Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India.
Email: dc@civil.iitb.ac.in
URL: http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/~dc/
Lecture - 4

Fig. Location, year and number of fatalities (in parenthesis)

for earthquakes in India during 1800 2001

(Modified
after
Bilham and
Gaur, 2000)

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

Earthquake Distribution during 1800 to 2007, reference USGS

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

Seismic Zonation Map of India as per IS 1893: 2002, Part 1

Zone
II
III
IV
V

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

PGA
0.10g
0.20g
0.25g
0.40g

Module 2
Basics of Vibration
Theory

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

20

Reference:
NPTEL Video Course on

Soil Dynamics
Module 2
by
Prof. Deepankar Choudhury,
IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

21

Dynamic loads :

1.

Earthquake load,
Wind load,
Moving load,
Guide way unevenness,
Machine induced load,
Blast load,
Impact load etc.

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

Vibration
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

ln PHA( g )

4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

No of independent co-ordinates (displacements) required to define the

displaced position of all the masses relative to their all the position is
defined as degrees of freedom.

Generally in Dynamics, mass property dictates the DOF whereas in

Statics , the stiffness property dictates the DOF

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

Examples

ln PHA( g )

4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

Simple Vibrating System (SDOF system)

Mass-Spring-Damper (MSD) System

m
k
c

DAllembarts principle

For any object in motion, the externally applied forces, inertial force and
forces of resistance form a system of forces in equilibrium.

Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy
Dissipation

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

26

Linear Model for Equation of Motion

d 2u
m. 2
dt

du
c.
dt

Governing Equation of Motion

mu

cu

ku

p(t )

Units

MLT
system

FLT system

SI unit

F/LT-2

kg

MT-2

F/L

N/m

MT-1

F/LT-1

N-s/m

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

27

k .u

p(t )

Type of vibrations
Vibration

Free Vibration
[p(t) = 0)]

Undampe
d (c = 0)

Forced Vibration
[p(t) = 0)]

Damped
(c = 0)

Undampe
d (c = 0)

Aperiodic

Periodic
Transient (t tf)
D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

Damped
(c = 0)

28

Steady state (t

ln PHA( g )

4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

SDOF system

Free Vibration

1. Undamped Free Vibration

The structure is disturbed from its
static equilibrium and then vibrates
without any applied forces.

The equation of motion is:

u(t)

The solution is:

n

k m

(rad/s)

A cos(

t) Bsin(

t)

natural circular frequency

A and B are determined by the initial conditions

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

29

ln PHA( g )

4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

ut

uo

uo

ut

uo

uo

u(t)

which can be written as

C

2
o

(u o

natural period Tn

C sin(

(s)

)
n

sin

natural frequency

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

uo

cos

30

uo
C

fn

1
Tn

(Hz)

ln PHA( g )

4.141 0.868M 1.09ln[ R 0.0606exp(0.7M )]

Equation of motion: Earthquake excitation

fS

ku

fD

cu

fI

mu t

mut

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

cu

ku

31

Forced Vibration: Response to Step Excitation

Now,

f(t)

u (t

ta )

= 1, t>t a
= 0, t<t a
= 1/2, t=t a
Equation of motion
mx cx kx Fu (t )
Initial conditions x(0)

x0 , x(0)

x0

Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India

33

Response to Step Excitation

x(0)
x

CF

PI

x(t )

=e

nt

x(0)

F0
m

( A cos

B sin

t)

F0
m 2n

Using the initial conditions,

x(t )

F0
1 e
k

nt

cos

t
1

sin

Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India

34

Forced
Vibration
due
to
Arbitrary
excitation (Duhamels Integral)
dx(t ) f ( )d .h(t - ) h(t - ). f ( )d
t

So, x(t ) h(t ). f ( )d

0

x(t ) CF PI
=e

n t

( A cos D t B sin D t ) h(t ). f ( )d

0

Initial conditions, x(0) x0 , x(0) x0

x(t )= e

n t

( x0 cos D t

where, h(t )

x0 n x0

sin D t ) h(t ). f ( )d
0

1 nt
e
.sin D t
md

If , x(0) 0, x(0) 0
t

x(t ) h(t ). f ( )d Duhamel's Integral

0

Prof. Deepankar Choudhury, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India

Example Problem

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

For the system shown in Figure, mention (with reasoning) the

number of degrees of freedom for the system for a small
oscillation. Derive the governing equation of motion (from first
principle). Consider, mass of the linkage AB and other
connectors are negligible. Calculate the natural frequency and
natural period of vibration for the system if k1 = k2 = 90 N/m
and m1 = m2 = 10 kg. And c1 = c2 = 6 N-s/m. Estimate the
damped frequency, damped period, damping ratio of the
system.

D. Choudhury, IIT Bombay, India

Module 3
Engineering Seismology

IIT Bombay, DC

22

Seismology is the branch of Geophysics concerned

with the study and analysis of Earthquakes and the
science of energy propagation through the Earth's
crust.

Engineering Seismology is concerned with the

solution of engineering problems connected with the
Earthquakes. Seismology is extremely important
because:
Study of earthquakes gives us important clues
about the earths interior
Understanding earthquakes allows us to minimize
the damage and loss of life
IIT Bombay, DC

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What is Earthquake ?
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's
crust that creates seismic waves. Earthquake is also known as a quake,
tremor or temblor.

What is an Earthquake?
An

earthquake is the vibration of Earth

produced by the rapid release of accumulated
energy in elastically strained rocks
Energy

released radiates in all directions from its

source, the focus
Energy propagates in the form of seismic waves
Sensitive instruments around the world record
the event
IIT Bombay, DC

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Focus and Epicenter of Earthquake

What causes an Earthquake?

Movement of Tectonic Plates

Earth is divided into sections called Tectonic

plates that float on the fluid-like interior of the
Earth. Earthquakes are usually caused by
sudden movement of earth plates
Rupture of rocks along a fault

Faults are localized areas of weakness in the

surface of the Earth,sometimes the plate
boundary itself
IIT Bombay, DC

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Why an earthquake occurs?

The earth's crust (the outer layer of the planet) is made up of several
pieces, called plates.
The plates under the oceans are called oceanic plates and the rest
are continental plates
Earthquakes
usually
occur where two plates
are running into each
other or sliding past
each other.

An image of the world's plates and their boundaries.

Where do Earthquakes occur?

Plate boundaries
Faults

IIT Bombay, DC

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Release of Accumulated energy

IIT Bombay, DC

30

The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake

The point within Earth

where faulting begins is
the focus, or hypocenter
The point directly above
the focus on the surface
is the epicenter

IIT Bombay, DC

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