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Energy Procedia
00 (2011)12000000
Energy Procedia
(2011) 1032 1041

Energy
Procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

ICSGCE 2011: 2730 September 2011, Chengdu, China

Grid Support with Variable Speed Wind Energy System and

Battery Storage for Power Quality
Sharad W. Mohoda* , Sudesh M. Hatwara, Mohan V. Awareb
b

a
Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Tech & Research, Badnera, Amravati, India
Electrical Engineering Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India

Abstract
The proposed wind energy conversion system with battery energy storage is used to exchange the controllable real
and reactive power in the grid and to maintain the power quality norms as per International Electro-technical
commission IEC-61400-21 at the point of common coupling. The generated wind power can be extracted under
varying wind speed and can be stored in the batteries at low power demand hours. In this scheme, inverter control is
executed with hysteresis current control mode to achieve the faster dynamic switchover for the support of grid. The
combinations of battery storage with wind energy generation system, which will synthesizes the output waveform by
injecting or absorbing reactive power and enable the real power flow required by the load. The system reduces the
burden on the conventional source and utilizes WEGS and battery storage power under load constraints. The system
provides rapid response to support the grid. The scheme can also be operated as a stand-alone system in case of grid
failure like a uninterrupted power supply. The system is simulated in MATLAB and results are presented.
2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
(UESTC)
Keywords: Battery Storage; Power Quality; Wind Generating System.

1. Introduction
The value of wind power can be extensively increased if is capable of contributing to the grid support.
The wind energy is experiencing extraordinary growth. The worldwide capacity reached to 159,213 MW
out of which 38,312 MW were added during 2008-09, shows that wind capacity doubles every three
years. This environmentally friendly power source will be significantly improved for its long term goal.
The increasing number of renewable energy sources and distributed generator requires a new strategy for
operation and management of electric grid system. Today, wind energy generating system is connected

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +917212579901.

E-mail address: sharadmohod@rediffmail.com.

1876-6102 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of University of Electronic Science and Technology of
China (UESTC). Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.10.135

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into the power system to meet the consumers demand and to support the grid. However, the output power
of wind generator is fluctuating and will affect operation of interconnected grid. The utility system cannot
accept the new generation without the strict condition of voltage regulation due to real power fluctuation
and reactive power generation/absorption. Thus addition of wind power into the grid system, affects the
power quality. However, in practice the wide use of a nonlinear load connected to power distribution
system or inverter based application, causes significant power quality degradation in the grid connected
system in the terms of current/voltage harmonic, power factor and resonance problem. As a result of a
nonlinear nature of the load, the purity of waveform of supplies may lose. Thus the power quality issue is
becoming an increasingly important to the electricity consumer at all level of usages [1]. The power
quality studies are also importance to wind turbine as a individual units can be large up to 5 MW, feeding
into distribution circuit with high source impedance and with customer connected in close proximity.
The impact of the wind generation on the power system will no longer be negligible if high penetration
levels are going to be reached. At high penetration level there is need for additional voltage management
in the grid. The penetration of wind generation into the power system will increased due to the use of
variable speed wind generation to accommodate the maximum power in the power system. Thus, it
promotes wind generating system through battery energy storage. The battery storage provides a rapid
response for either charging or discharging the battery thus it acts as a constant voltage source in the
power system. The battery storage is effective when wind speed output fluctuations are high particularly
at speed just below the normal operating speed [2]-[4]. In variable speed induction generator system with
grid connected power converter are increasingly used. The use of power converter system is now
becoming a power conditioning system, such as to adjustability of voltage and reactive power and the
control of supply of active power. These technical capabilities of wind generating system can be used in
recent development in power control technology [5]-[7]. Today the concept of grid regulation has been
developed and realized in software simulation. Now it is a task of grid controller to match the operating
behavior of decentralized generating plants with that of conventional power station like thermal plant and
support the grid. The configuration for grid control is shown in Fig.1
The proposed system is efficient and economical to support the grid system. The proposed control
system with energy storage has the following objectives:
Unity power factor at the point of common coupling bus (PCC).
Reactive power support from wind generator and batteries to the load.
Stand-alone operation in case of grid failure.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 introduces the system description. Section 3 gives the
system configuration for grid support. Section 4 presents the control scheme. Section 5 describes the
system simulations and Section 6 draws the conclusion.
2. System Description
The proposed system for power quality in grid connected wind energy generation is shown in the Fig.
1. It consists of the following main modules.
2.1. Wind energy generating system
The wind generating system is connected with turbine, induction generator, and AC-DC-AC converter,
interfacing transformer. The static characteristic of wind turbine can be described by the relationship
between total power in the wind and mechanical power of wind turbine as in equation (1).

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1
P
= R 2V 3
wind 2
wind

(1)

where - air density (1.225 Kg/ m3) , R is rotor radius in meters, Vwind is the wind speed in m/sec. ,CP
power coefficient. This coefficient can be express as a function of tip speed ratio and pitch angle . The
mechanical power can be written as (2).
P
= CpP
mech
wind

(2)

1
3 C
Pmech = R 2Vwind
p
2

(3)

By using the turbine rotational speed, turbine mechanical-torque is shown in (4)

T
=P
/
mech
mech turbine

(4)

The speed - power characteristic of variable speed wind turbine is given in Fig. 2.
Wind turbine characteristics

Turbine

Variable
speed wind
Generator

Thermal
Plant

12 m/s

1.2

D
C AC

A
C DC

T.f.

11 m/s

Plant
control

P
C
C

Load

Plant
control

Power (pu)

0.8

Battery

10 m/s
0.6
9 m/s
0.4
0.2

Grid controller

Fig. 1.Grid support system configuration.

0
500

8 m/s
6 m/s
5 m/s

7 m/s

1000
1500
Turbine speed referred to generator side (rpm)

2000

Fig. 2. Power-speed characteristic of turbine

2.2. DC link for battery storage and wind energy generator

In the inverter, the capacitor is used as the intermediate elements, which decouples the wind generating
system and battery storage as shown in Fig. 3 and modeled with (5).
C

d
V =I
I
dc(rect ) dc(inv)
dt dc

(5)

where C is circuit capacitance, Vdc is rectifier voltage, Idc(rect) is rectified dc-side current, Idc(inv) is inverter
dc-side current.
The battery storage is connected to dc link and is represented by a voltage source Eb connected in series
with an internal resistance Rb. The internal voltage varies with the charge status of the battery. The
terminal voltage Vdc is given in (6).
V = E + I *R
dc
b b b

(6)

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where I b represent the battery current.

It is necessary to keep adequate dc link level to meet the inverter voltage as in equation (7).
2 2
V
V
dc M inv
a

(7)

where Vinv is line-to-neutral rms voltage of inverter (230Vrms), Switching frequency - 2Khz , Inverter
output frequency-50Hz and Ma .is modulation index (0.9).Thus the dc link is design for 800Volt .
3. System Configuration for Grid Support
The proposed grid support scheme is configured on voltage source inverter based on current control
technique for switching inverter as shown in Fig. 4
V.S.Inverter
SB

SC

SA' SB'

SC'

SA

Transformer

Turbine

Vwind

Wind Power
Generator

Idc(inv)
Idc(rect)
Vdc

Rb

wind
generator

Ib

Rectifier &
Battery
storage

SA

SB

Via Ri,Li

SC

Pulse Generator

Eb

Vdc

V dc
V

ref
+

Fig. 3. DC Link for battery storage and wind generator.

Ref.compensator
current

V'sa

Voltage
source
(Grid )

Load
Voltage
sensor &
transfer
switch

Standalone
Ref.
Generator

PI-controller

Fig.4 Grid support scheme with voltage source inverter

3.1. Voltage source inverter

The modern voltage source inverters are controlled using pulse width modulation. This PWM
technique allows the desirable output voltage, control of harmonic at the output of the inverter. Thus
PWM is the convenient form of synthesizing the desired waveform. The power flow is controlled by
on/off ratio of the respective switches and desired current waveform can be obtained. The process of
modulation allows a switched representation of waveform. PWM strategy is considered that is obtained
by control lawsS An =

1
[1 + F (m, t )]
2
1
2
1 + F (m, t )
2
3

(9)

1
4
1 + F ( m, t )
2
3

(10)

S Bn =
SCn =

(8)

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where SAn, SBn ,SCn are the average value of the switching variables in the interval nth. F = (m,sin t ) , mVdc
and VLL = 0.612maVdc . In the over
2
modulation the fundamental-frequency voltage magnitude does not increase proportionally with ma . In
over modulation region, more side band harmonics appear centered around the frequencies of harmonic m
f and its multiple. Therefore the power loss in the load due to the harmonic frequency may not be high in
over modulation. In this way, when the PWM inverter is connected in the inductive load in ac side, the
current wave forms become closer to sinusoidal wave form.

denotes modulation index . one of the inverter leg is Van = ma

3.2. Current control-technique

The PWM technique performance depends on the feed forward control of output voltage of voltage
source inverter. The output current which depends not only on voltage but it also on load to be controlled
and hence feedback from current sensor must be provided. A control system compares the actual current
Ia, Ib, Ic with reference current I*sa , I*sb ,I*sc and generate appropriate switching variable SA, SB, SC for
individual phases of the inverter. As a result the switching variable and output voltage are pulse width
modulated in such a way that the output current waveform follows the reference waveform.
A successful current technique ensures Good utilization of dc supply voltage
Low static and dynamic current control error
Sufficient time allowance for proper operation of inverter switches and control system.
The current generated from current control voltage source inverter can be controlled independently
from the ac voltage, the active and reactive power control is decoupled and hence unity power factor
operation is possible. The use of inverter can be of distinct benefit to network operation, Voltage control,
harmonic reductions are the power quality benefit that can be gain without excessive compromise [8][12].
3.3. Grid control
Power station turbine and generator are generally fitted with proportional speed regulator. The speed
power curve of individual generators can used to derive a steady state frequency power characteristic
= f ( P ) .The grid characteristic for active power generation is mostly flatter than individual
g
generators. The steady state operating point in the grid is found at the intersection of load and generation
characteristic at the frequency , where the generation and consumption are approximately same and as
0

shown in Fig.5.

sine wave
Template

a) Load Characteristics

Vdc

b) Grid chracteristic
c) Generation Chracteristic
a

VdcRef

PI

Ref.
current
generator

I*sa

Ref.
current
generator

I*sb

Ref.
current
generator

I*sc

Power

Fig. 5.Speed power characteristic

Inverter

iib

+
Isc

iia

+
Isb

+
Isa

Controller

iic

_
Hysteresis
controller

Fig. 6. Control circuit of CC-VSI

CCVoltage Source
Inverter

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4. Control Scheme
In the proposed grid connected system, the magnitude of a grid current is determined from reference
generated from grid voltage. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is connected in parallel to the dc
capacitor. The battery will naturally maintain the dc-capacitor voltage within a small operating range. The
BESS is the best suited since it rapidly injects or absorbed real power to stabilize the grid system. It also
controls the distribution and transmission system in a very fast rate. The control scheme approach is based
on injecting the currents into the grid having bang-bang controller using a hysteresis current controlled
technique. A hysteresis current controller keeps the control systems variable between the boundaries of
hysteresis area and gives rise to correct signal for inverter operation.
The control system designed for generating the switching signals to the inverter is shown in Fig. 6.
4.1. Grid synchronization
With a three-phase balance system, the RMS voltage source amplitude is calculated at the sampling
frequency from the source phase voltage ( VSa , V , VSc ) and is expressed as sample template Vsm ,
Sb
sampled peak voltage, as in (11).
Vsm =

{(

2 2
2
Vsa + V 2 + Vsc
sb
3

)}

1/ 2

(11)

The unit vectors are obtained from AC source voltage and the RMS value of unit vector usa,usb,usc are
represented in (12).
V
V
V
usa = Sa , usb = Sb , usc = Sc
Vsm
Vsm
Vsm

(12)

The in-phase generated reference currents are derived using in-phase unit voltage template as, in (13)

isa* = kusa , isb* = kusb , isc* = kusc

(13)

where, k is proportional constant magnitude of filtered source voltage for respective phases. This
ensures that the grid current is controlled to be sinusoidal. This method is simple, robust and favorable as
compared with other methods.
4.2. Current controller
The bang-bang current controller is to control the current in the inverter. The reference current is
generated as in equation (13) and actual current are detected by current sensors and are subtracted for
obtaining a current error for a hysteresis based bang-bang controller. Thus the ON/OFF switching signals
for IGBT of inverter are derived from hysteresis controller
The switching function S A for phase a is expressed as (14).
*
isa < (isa
HB) S A = 0 ,

*
isa > (isa
HB ) S A = 1

(14)

where - HB is a current band of the controller. Similarly the switching function SB , SC can be derived
for phases b and c respectively [13]-[15].

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5. Simulation of System
The proposed control scheme is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set.
The system parameter for given system is given in Table I.
Table 1. System Parameters
3-phase, 415Volt, 50 Hz.

Source Voltage
Source ,line Inductance
Wind
Generator
Induction
Generator
DC Link Parameter

0.5mH
150 kW, 415V, 50Hz,P =4, Ave.wind velocity-5m/s
DC Link-800V, C= 5F.

Rectifier-Three Arm Bridge Type

Inverter-IGBT device, Three Arm
Bridge Type
Battery Parameters

Snubber R=100, Ron=0.01, C = 100F.

Rated-1200V, For.Current-50A , Gate Voltage-+/-20V.T-On delay-70ns, T-Off delay400ns ,Power dissipation-300W
DC-800Volt.

Interfacing Transformer

415V/800V, 50 Hz,

Load Parameter

3-phase,415V,Non-linearLoad R=10, C = 1F

5.1. Steady state performance of the system

A non linear load is considered for the simulation of this system. These nonlinear loads in the system
will affect and disturb the grid current waveform. To have the grid current in distortion free, the correct
amount of current must be injected to cancel out this distortion effect. The performance of the system is
observed by operating the controller for the power quality improvement for these loads. The inverter is
switched on at 0.2 sec .The grid/source current Is, inverter injected current Iinv , load current IL are
measured with and without controller operation. The current supplied from the source is made sinusoidal,
harmonics-free as soon as controller is in operation and is shown in Fig. 7 (a). The injected current
supplied from the inverter is shown in Fig.7 (b). The load current in the system is shown in Fig.7
(c).During this interval the load current will be the addition of source current and inverter current. The
PCC voltage is shown in Fig.7.(d)
sourceV_I
(a)

50
0
-50
-100
0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

0.21

0.22

0.23

0.24

50

0.25

(c)

50

(b)

0
-50

controller-OFF
-50
0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2
0.21
Time

0.22

0.23

0.24

-100
0.16

0.25

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2
0.21
Time

0.22

sourceV_I

500

Voltage
Voltage

current (A)

100

Power Quality Mode

c urrent(A )

current(A)

100

-500
0.16

0.17

0.18

0.19

0.2

Time(s)

0.21

UPS-ON
0.22

0.23

0.24

0.25

Fig. 7. (a) Grid current (b) Inverter injected current (c) Load current d) PCC Voltage

0.23

0.24

0.25

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5.2. DC Link
The wind energy generator is operated to generate the power and supplied to rectifier to interface in the
dc link. The dc link voltage is shown in Fig. 8(a). To transfer the real power from wind generator into the
load, the generated power is fed to rectifier for charging the batteries. The battery maintains a constant dc
terminal voltage while supplying current on demand. It is propose to decouple the energy storage from the
inverter by a separately dc-dc converter. The current through the dc link is shown in Fig.8. (b).
V -dc (V )

850

(a)

800
750

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Fig. 8. a) DC link voltage b) Current through dc link

5.3. Unity power factor.

V oltage(V ) & Current(A )

The source current is maintained in phase with the source voltage indicating the unity power factor at
point of common coupling and satisfies power quality norm. The result of in-phase source current and
source voltage are shown in Fig. 9.This is due to the reference derived from the grid voltage.
400

Voltage

200
0
current

-200
-400
0.16

controller-OFF
0.17

0.18

0.19

100

controller-ON
0.2
0.21
Time(s)

0.22

0.23

0.24

0.25

Fig. 9. Source current and Source voltage at PCC

5.4. Power quality at PCC

The current waveform before and after the inverter operation is analyze for power quality measure. The
Fourier analysis of the waveform is expressed without the inverter- in the system and the THD of the
source current signal is shown in Fig.10 (a) and the measured THD and its harmonics order is shown in
Fig.10(b).
FFT window: 1 of 50 cycles of selected signal

sourcecurrent(A)

100

(a)

50
0
-50
-100
0.1

0.102

M
ag(%of Fundam
ental)

0.104

0.106

0.108

0.11
0.112
Time (s)

0.114

0.116

0.118

0.12

Fundamental (50Hz) = 64.96 , THD= 22.91%

100

(b)

80
60
40
20
0
-2

4
6
Harmonic order

10

Fig. 10. a) Source current b) FFT of source current (before)

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The power quality improvement is observed at point of common coupling, when the inverter and
controller is in ON condition. The inverter is placed in the operation and source current waveform gets
modified which is shown in Fig.11 (a) with its FFT in Fig.11 (b). It is shown that the THD has been
improved considerably and it is within the standard norms.
FFT window: 1 of 23.86 cycles of selected signal

source current (A)

50

(a)
0

-50
0.4

0.402

0.404

0.406

0.408

0.41
0.412
Time (s)

0.414

0.416

0.418

0.42

Fundamental (50Hz) = 44.28 , THD= 1.29%

Mag (% of Fundamental)

100

(b)

80
60
40
20
0
-2

4
6
Harmonic order

10

12

Fig. 11. a) Source Current b) FFT of source current (after)

5.5. Performance under stand-alone mode

It is observed that the system is operating in power quality mode up to 0.6 sec. The dynamic
performance of the system is monitor by operating the circuit breaker at 0.6 sec. Under such condition
system performs as a stand-alone mode. The voltage sensor senses the condition and transfers the
switches to generate the reference current in stand-alone reference generator. During this mode the
inverter will support the critical load in absence of grid failure. Due to the unavailability of source, the
inverter will supply the full load current in this duration. The grid current, load current and inverter
current in stand-alone mode is shown in Fig.12.
sourceV_I

current (A)

50

(a)
0
Stand-alone -Mode
-50
0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

current (A)

100
0
-100
0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

0.75

100
Current (A)

0.8
(b)

0.8
(c)

0
-100
0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6
Time

0.65

0.7

0.75

0.8

Fig. 12. Grid Current b) Load Current c) Inverter- injected current.

6. Conclusion
The scheme of variable speed type wind energy conversion scheme with batteries energy storage in
grid interfaced is presented. The system has an interface of inverter in current controlled mode for
exchange of real and reactive power support to non-linear load. The scheme utilizes power electronic
switching device approach. The hysteresis current controller is used to generate the switching signal for
inverter in such a way that it will cancel the harmonic current in the system. The control scheme is

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10

developed in view of the power quality improvement for grid system. The scheme maintains unity power
factor and also harmonic free grid current at the point of common connection in distributed network. The
exchange of wind power is regulated across the dc bus having energy storage and is made available under
the steady state condition. This also allows the real power flow during the instantaneous demand of the
load. Thus the power quality can be significantly enhanced through the use of inverter interfaced in grid
system. The suggested control system is suited for rapid injection or absorption of reactive/real power
flow in power system. The battery energy storage provides rapid response and enhances the performance
under the fluctuation of wind turbine output and improves the voltage stability of the system. This scheme
is providing a choice to select the most economical real power for the load amongst the available wind
battery-conventional resources. The system always operates within power quality norms also provides
stand-alone mode and support the grid.
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