Professional Documents
Culture Documents
z=0
z + z
z=L
MASS BALANCE
Rate of flow
of A into a
volume
element
FA V
Rate of
generation of A by
chemical reaction
within the volume
element
rA V
dNA
0
For steady-state process:
dt
FA V rA V FA V V 0
FA V V FA V rA V
Rate of flow
of A out of
the volume
element
FA V V
Rate of
accumulation
of A within
the volume
element
dNA
dt
FA V V FA V rA V
FA V V FA V
rA
V
FA z z FA z
rA A
lim
z 0
z
dFA
rA
dV
dV FA 0
dX rA
Design equation
(1.1)
dX rA
(1.1)
2. Rate law
rA k C A
(1.2)
(1.3)
(1.4)
ln1 X X
FA 0 X kC A 0 1 X
k CA0
FA 0 1 X FA 0 1 X 0
V
ln
ln
kC A 0 1 X 0 kC A 0 1 X
v0 1 X v0 1 X0
ln
V ln
k 1 X0 k 1 X
dX rA
(1.1)
2. Rate law
rA k C A
(1.2)
(1.3)
dV
FA 0
v0
(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)
in 0
m
out 0
m
Q
dE Q W
(1.8)
Open system:
S
W
Fi in
Fi out
Hi in
Hi out
Rate of flow
of heat to
the system
from the
surrounding
Rate work
done by the
system on
the
surrounding
dEsys
Fin Ein Fout Eout
Q W
dt
Rate of
energy added
to the system
by mass flow
into the
system
Rate energy
leaving
system by
mass flow out
of the system
(1.9)
(1.10)
, into:
It is customary to separate the work term, W
i 1
i 1
FiPVi FiPVi
W
in
S
W
(1.11)
out
Stirrer in a CSTR
Turbine in a PFR
(1.12)
(1.13)
(1.14)
(1.15)
(1.16)
(1.17)
S Fi0 Hi0 Fi Hi 0
Q W
i 1
i 1
(1.18)
(1.19)
(1.20)
(1.21)
(1.22)
FB 0
FB FB 0 b FA 0 X FA 0 b X
FA 0
FB FA 0 B b X
(1.23)
FC 0
FC FC 0 c FA 0 X FA 0 c X
FA 0
FC FA 0 C c X
(1.24)
FD FA 0 D d X
(1.25)
FI0
FI FI0 FA 0 FA 0 I
FA 0
(1.26)
(1.26)
Hi0Fi0 HiFi FA 0 HA 0 HA HB 0 HB B
n
i 1
i 1
FA 0 HC 0 HC C HD 0 HD D HI0 HI I
dHD c HC bHB HA FA 0 X
(1.27)
(1.28)
i 1
i 1
i 1
(1.29)
i 1
(1.30)
(1.31)
HQi CP dT
T1
(1.32)
Hi H TR CpidT
0
i
TR
(1.33)
(1.34)
i0
Hi Hi 0 CpidT
Ti 0
(1.35)
S FA 0 iCpidT HRxFA 0 X 0
Q W
i1 Ti 0
(1.36)
(1.28)
Hi H TR CpidT
0
i
TR
(1.33)
TR
(1.37)
(1.38)
(1.39)
0
Rx
TR CpdT
TR
(1.40)
Q UTa T dA Ua Ta T dV
0
(1.41)
(1.43)
Q WS FA 0 iCpidT HRx TR Cp dT FA 0 X 0
i 1 T
T
n T
i0
(1.44)
S H TR C p T TR FA 0 X FA 0 iC pi T Ti0
Q W
0
Rx
i 1
(1.45)
EXAMPLE 1.1
Calculate the heat of reaction for the synthesis of ammonia
from hydrogen and nitrogen at 150C in kcal/mol of N2
reacted.
SOLUTION
Reaction:
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
0
0
TR 2HNH
TR 3HH0 TR HN0 TR
HRx
3
Cp
NH3
C p 2C p
NH3
3C p C p
H3
N2
= 23.21 kcal/mol N2