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Question 11
Crude oil contains a large proportion of alkanes, which form a
homologous series.
a (i) Explain the meaning of the term homologous series, using the
alkanes as your example. (2 marks)
(ii)
.
The first step of the mechanism involves homolytic fission. Explain
the meaning of the term homolytic fission. (1 mark)
(iii) Give the mechanism for the reaction between methane and chlorine,
making clear which are the initiation, propagation and termination steps.
Showing movement of electrons clearly.(6 marks)
Initiation(one equation):
Propagation(two equations):
Termination(three equations)
Total: 13 marks
Question 12
a State Hesss law. (2 marks)
Bond breaking:
Bond making:
Enthalpy change:
Question 13
a (i) Write the Complete electronic configuration of a sulfur atom:
(1 mark)
(ii) The following equation represents the change occurring when the
second electron affinity of sulfur is measured:
Explain why the second electron affinity of an element is always
endothermic. (2 marks)
Total: 6 marks
Question 14
a When a sample of copper is analysed using a mass spectrometer, its
atoms are ionised, accelerated, and then separated according to their
mass/charge (m/e) ratio.
(i) Explain how the atoms of the sample are ionised. (2 marks)
(iii) State how the ions are separated according to their m/e values.
(1 mark)
(ii) State why two peaks, at m/e values of 63 and 65,were obtained in
the mass spectrum. (1 mark)
(iii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of copper to three
significant figures, using the data given above. (2 marks)
Total: 8 marks
Question 15
a (i) Describe one piece of evidence for the nature of the bonding in
sodium chloride. (2 marks)
(ii) Explain, in terms of its bonding and structure, why the melting
temperature of sodium chloride is high. (3 marks)
Total: 11 marks