MAKABUHAY

(Tinospora Cordifolia)

As an antibacterial against

CHOLERA

Abstract
Cholera is an infection of the intestines. People get it from drinking water or eating
food that's contaminated with a type of bacteria called Vibrio cholerae. Cholera can
cause watery diarrhea and vomiting, making people who have it get dehydrated
quickly.When dehydration is severe, it can cause serious health problems if it's not
treated: A person may have seizures and kidney failure. People who don't get the proper
medical treatment may even die. An estimated 3-5 million cases and over 100,000
deaths occur each year around the world. The infection is often mild or without
symptoms, but can sometimes be severe. Approximately one in 20 (5%) infected persons
will have severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg
cramps. In these people, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock.
Without treatment, death can occur within hours.
The need for an alternative medicine nowadays is in a high rate. This study aims to
investigate whether Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii Boerl.) would be a good alternative
herbal medicine against Vibrio Cholerae that causes Cholera.
Makabuhay is a climbing, dioecious vine reaching a height of 4 to 10 meters. A
shrub commonly found in the Philippines, which is abundant in our country. The
researcher is trying to find out if the extract of Makabuhay can be used against Cholera.
Marginalized people cant afford commercial medicines that most offers to them so
conducting this study can be a very big help to the common people in our country.
Plant contains a bitter principle, colombine (2.22%); traces of an alkaloid; and a
glucoside. Also contains amorphous bitter principle, picroretine and traces of berberine.
A study showed that the bitter extract of the stem does not contain an alkaloid. Leaves
yielded picroretine, traces of an alkaloid, and a substance similar to glyzirrhizin. Bitter
principle is glucosidal in nature. Study reported two alkaloids, tinosporine and
tinosporidine. (Later studies failed to confirm these.). Study yielded two new diterpenes
along with known compounds tinotufolin D and vitexilactone.

CHAPTER I: Introduction
Background of the study:
Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated.
There are an estimated 35 million cholera cases and 100 000120 000 deaths due to
cholera every year. Up to 80% of cases can be successfully treated with oral
rehydration salts. Effective control measures rely on prevention, preparedness and
response. Provision of safe water and sanitation is critical in reducing the impact of
cholera and other waterborne diseases. Oral cholera vaccines are considered an
additional means to control cholera, but should not replace conventional control
measures.

Statement of the problem:

Specifically, it would answer the following questions:
a) Is the extract of Makabuhay stem and leaves effective against Cholera?
b) Can the extract of Makabuhay stem and leaves be an alternative antibacterial
against Cholera?

Hypothesis:
a) Makabuhay stem and leaves may be an effective against Cholera. It is safe and
Environment friendly.
b) The extract of Makabuhay stem and leaves can be an alternative antibacterial
against Cholera.

Significance of the Study:

The importance of this study is that Makabuhay extract can be used as a medicine
to fight cholera that is affordable and safe. And also, to test if the Makabuhay stem has
no hazardous effect to human.

Scope and limitation:

This study limits on the study of the effectivity of the extract of Makabuhay leaves
and stems extract as an alternative herbal medicine against Cholera which affect many
people.

Definition of terms:
a) Alternative- a choice limited to one of two or more possibilities, as of things,
propositions, or courses of action, the selection of which precludes any other
possibility
b) Antibacterial- destructive to or inhibiting the growth of bacteria
c) Makabuhay- a native plant from tropical and subtropical rainforests in the Far East
such as in India, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
d) Tinospora Cordifolia- scientific name for Makahiya
e) Phytochemicals- chemicals that are produced by plants

CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Makabuhay leaves and stems
against Cholera . This extract will be used to test the effectivity of Makabuhay to inhibit
the bacteria that causes Cholera.
Makabuhay as it is called in the Philippines has a long history of medicinal use in
India. Makabuhay has long been used in Ayurveda medicine (traditional medicine in
India) for thousands of years. Ayurvedic practitioners in India used Makabuhay to
promote longevity, prevent diseases and to treat various illnesses from arthritis to
treatment of cancer.
In the Philippines, Makabuhay plant extract is traditionally combined with coconut
oil to treat rheumatism and arthritis, abdominal pains (kabag), scabies, skin ulcers and
others.
Makabuhay can be found in wild forests and can be identified by its heart shaped
leaves. Makabuhay is a shrub whose aerial roots climb other trees usually neem or
mango trees. Makabuhay plant has succulent bark that is creamy white to grey in colour;
it has deep clefts spotted with lenticels. It has a sweet-acidic-bitter taste. Makabuhay has
yellow flowers, growing in lax racemes from nodes on old wood. Makabuhay bears fruits
that are drupes, turning red as it ripens.
Makabuhay (Tinospora cordifolia) contains many chemicals that are known to have
antioxidant activities while a few can even fight cancer cells in animal studies. However,
most of the scientific studies that are made on the medicinal uses of Makabuhay are
limited to animals or in test tubes. Scientific studies on humans are insufficient

CHAPTER III: Methodology

A.

Equipments and materials:

Makabuhay stem
HCL
Nitric Acid
Distilled water
Cheese Cloth
Beaker
Sterilized knife
Erlenmeyer flask
Spatula
Test tubes
Graduated cylinder
Test tube rack
Mercuric Chloride
Petri dishes
Napthol
Potassium Iodide
Acetic Acid
Ethanol
Sodium Hydroxide
Ferric chloride

B.

General procedure:

1. chemicals, including reagents to be used were prepared. Preparation of Pure

Extract, reagents, and solutions.
-

Makabuhay bark were air dried and then washed with distilled water. It was cut
into pieces using sterilized knife.

The extract was obtained and transferred to a beaker using cheese cloth and filter
paper. The

2. Preparation of reagents, solutions and chemicals for Phytochemical profiling.

Chemicals needed:
a) Mayers reagent (Reagent for Alkaloid Test)
b) Molischs Reagent (Reagent for Carbohydrate Test)
c) Acetic Acid and Ferric Chloride (Chemicals for Glycoside Test)
d) Distilled Water (Chemical for Saphonins Test)
e) Distilled water and Ferric chloride (Chemicals for Phenols Test)
f) Ferric chloride Solution (Solution for Tannin Test)
g) Sodium Hydroxide Solution (Solution for Anthocyanin Test)
h) Nitric Acid (Chemical for Protein Test)
i) Sodium Hydroxide Solution (Solution for Flavonoids Test)

CHAPTER IV: Results and Discussions

In this chapter, we will find the results of the experiments and discuss the data
gathered about the study conducted, the effectivity of the Makabuhay (Tinospora
rumphii Boerl) stems and leaves extract against Vibrio Cholera which causes Cholera.

CHAPTER V: Conclusion and Recommendation

CONCLUSION:
Based on the results and findings of the study, it is therefore concluded that:
The extract of Makabuhay stem and leaves can be an antibacterial against Cholera. It Is
safe and Environment friendly.

RECOMMENDATION:
Based on the findings of this investigation, it is herby recommended that:
1. Further studies should be conducted to determine the presence of other
phytochemicals.
2. Determining the phytochemistry of other plants which are similar to Tinospora
Cordifolia

INTERNET LINKS:
http://www.medicalhealthguide.com/articles/makabuhay.htm
http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/bacterial_viral/cholera.html
http://www.stuartxchange.org/Makabuhay.html
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/