Slides RDBMS DB07 LC 04 (Compatibility Mode)

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RDBMS Day 4
ER/CORP/CRS/DB07/003
Ver. No.: 4.0
Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.
Recap
Introduction to SQL
DDL Statements
Create Table
Alter Table
Drop Table
Truncate Table
Create Index
Merits & Demerits of Index
Relational Operators
DML Statements
Insert into
Delete from
Select
Update
Session Plan

Group By
Relational Algebra
Cartesian Product
Inner Join
Self Join
Outer Join
Independent Sub-queries

Grouping Data with Group By
Ver. No.: 4.0
SQL - Using GROUP BY

Related rows can be grouped together by GROUP BY clause
by specifying a column as a grouping column.
GROUP BY is associated with an aggregate function
To retrieve the total loan-amount of all loans taken by each
Customer.
SELECT
Cust_ID,
FROM
SUM(Amount_in_Dollars)
Customer_Loan
GROUP BY
Cust_ID;
SQL Group By
SQL Group BY
To retrieve Number of Employees in each Department
SELECT
Department, COUNT (Employee_ID)

FROM
Employee_Manager
GROUP BY Department
Demo on Group By Single column

Retrieval using GROUP BY

Example:
Invalid SQL statement
SELECT Department, Manager_ID, COUNT(Employee_ID)
FROM Employee_Manager
GROUP BY Manager_ID;
Valid SQL Statement

SELECT Department, Manager_ID, COUNT(Employee_ID)
FROM Employee_Manager
GROUP BY Manager_ID, Department;
SQL Group By
Demo on Group By
more than one column
Retrieval using HAVING

List all customers who are having loans greater than 4000
SELECT Cust_ID,SUM(Amount_in_Dollars)
FROM Customer_Loan
GROUP BY Cust_ID
HAVING SUM(Amount_in_Dollars) > 4000.00;
10
Can you identify any error?

SELECT Cust_ID, SUM(Amount_in_Dollars)
FROM Customer_Loan
GROUP BY Cust_ID HAVING LOAN_NO > 4000.00;
Ans: The Having condition has to be based on some column that

appears in the group by list
11

Relational Algebra Operations
Ver. No.: 4.0
Retrieval using UNION

List all the customer who has either Fixed Deposit or Loan or
Both
SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit
Customer_Fixed
_Deposit
UNION
Customer_
Loan
SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Loan;
The UNION operation

Combines the rows from two sets of query results.
By default, the UNION operation eliminates duplicate rows as part of its
processing.
13
Union (Contd)
14
Union All
SELECT Cust_ID FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit
UNION ALL
SELECT Cust_ID FROM Customer_Loan;
15
Union - Restrictions
The SELECT statements must contain the same number of
columns
Data type
Each column in the first table must be the same as the

data type of the corresponding column in the second
table.
Data width and column name can differ
Neither of the two tables can be sorted with the ORDER BY clause.
Combined query results can be sorted
16
Retrieval using INTERSECT

List all the customer who have both Fixed Deposit and Loan.
SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit
Customer_Fixed
_Deposit
INTERSECT
SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Loan;
17
Customer_Loan
Minus
Get All the Customer who have not
taken loan
SELECT Cust_ID
FROM
Customer_Account_details
Customer_Accoynt_
Details
MINUS
SELECT Cust_Id
FROM Customer_loan;
18
Customer_Loan
Other Relational Algebra operations

Restriction
Projection
Join
19
Restriction
Restricts the rows that can be chosen from a relation using a
WHERE clause
Takes a horizontal subset of values from the original relation
Example:
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE salary > 10000;
20
Projection
Projection is projecting a set of attributes of a relation so that rows of
values corresponding to those columns will figure in the output
This takes a vertical subset of the relation
Example:
SELECT empid, name, salary FROM employee;
21
JOINS

Cartesian Product
Inner join
Equi join
Outer join
Left-outer join
Right-outer join
Self join
22
Cartesian Product Or Cross Join

Returns All rows from first table, Each row from the first table is
combined with all rows from the second table
Example
SELECT
FROM Table1,Table2;
23
Inner Joins
Common type of join
An inner join between two (or more) tables is the Cartesian product
that satisfies the join condition in the WHERE clause
24
Retrieval from Multiple tables-Equi

join
Get all combinations of emp and cust information such that the emp and
cust are co-located.
SELECT Table1.Emp_ID, Table1.City, Table2.Cust_ID, Table2.City
FROM Table1, Table2
WHERE Table1.City = Table2.City;
25
Retrieval from Multiple tables- Equi join

Display the Employee number, Employee name and department
name of the employees who are working for some department.
SELECT EmpNo, EName,DName
FROM Emp E , Dept D
WHERE E.DeptNo = D.DeptNo;
Demo on Equi Join
26
Retrieval from Multiple tables- Equi join

Display the First and Last Name of Customer who have taken Loan
SELECT a.Cust_Id,b.Cust_First_Name,b.Cust_Last_Name
FROM Customer_loan a, Customer_Account_details b
WHERE a.cust_id = b.cust_id;
27
Outer join
Retrieve all rows that match the WHERE clause and also those that
have a NULL value in the column used for join.
28
Left / Right-Outer join

Left outer joins include all records from the first (left) of two tables,
A = B (+)
Right outer joins include all records from the second (right) of two
tables,
A (+) = B
29
Example of left-join
List all cities of Table1 if there is match in cities in Table2 & also unmatched
Cities from Table1
FROM Table1, Table2
WHERE Table1.City
= Table2.City (+);
30
Example of Left Outer Join

List all customer details and loan details if they have availed loans.
SELECT
Customer_details.Cust_id,Cust_Last_name,Loan_no,
Amount_in_dollars
FROM Customer_Account_details,Customer_loan
WHERE Customer_Account_details.Cust_id =
Customer_loan.Cust_id (+);
31
Example of right outer join

FROM Table1, Table2
WHERE Table1.City (+) = Table2.City;
32
Self join-Joining a table with itself

To list all the Employees along with their Managers
SELECT
Emp.Employee_ID
as
Emp.Employee_Last_Name
as
Employee Last Name,
Emp.Manager_Id
as
Manager ID,
Manager.Employee_Last_Name
as
Manager Last Name,
FROM employee_Manager
Emp, employee_Manager
WHERE Emp.Manager_ID
Employee ID,
33
Manager
Manager.Employee_ID;
Self Join (Contd)
Demo on Self join

34

Independent Sub-Queries
Ver. No.: 4.0
Independent sub-queries
Inner query is independent of outer query.
Inner query is executed first and the results are stored.
Outer query then runs on the stored results.
36
Retrieval using SUB QUERIES

To list the Cust_ID and Loan_No for all Customers who have taken a loan of
amount greater than the loan amount of Customer (Cust_ID = 104).
SELECT cust_ID, Loan_no
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE amount_in_dollars
>
(SELECT amount_in_dollars
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE Cust_ID = 104);
Customer Data
37
Sub Query (Contd)
38

List customer names of all customers who have taken a loan > $3000.00.
SELECT Cust_Last_Name, Cust_Mid_Name, Cust_First_Name
FROM Customer_Account_Details
WHERE Cust_ID
IN
( SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE Amount_in_Dollars > 3000.00);
Customer Data
39

List customer names of all customers who have the same Account_type as
Customer Jones Simon .

WHERE Account_Type
=
( SELECT Account_Type
WHERE Cust_Last_Name = Jones
AND Cust_First_Name = Simon);
Customer Data
40

List customer names of all customers who do not have a Fixed Deposit.

WHERE Cust_ID
NOT IN
( SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit);
Customer Data
41

List customer names of all customers who have either a Fixed Deposit or a
loan but not both at any of Bank Branches. The list includes customers
who have no fixed deposit and loan at any of the bank branches.
WHERE Cust_ID
NOT IN
( SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Loan
WHERE Cust_ID
IN
(SELECT Cust_ID
FROM Customer_Fixed_Deposit ));
42
Summary
The result of a query can be grouped based on a grouping column
While checking for conditions after grouping by a column , Having is
used instead of where
Grouped queries help look at data category wise
When the query consists of more than one component, it is
implemented in the form of a nested query depending on the nature of
the query
Sub queries help split a problem involving different levels of data
Relational algebra operations like union, intersect, difference,
restriction, projection and join help us get different combinations of data
from more than one table
43
Thank You
The contents of this document are proprietary and confidential to Infosys Technologies Ltd. and may
not be disclosed in whole or in part at any time, to any third party without the prior written consent of
Infosys Technologies Ltd.
2008 Infosys Technologies Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright in the whole and any part of this
document belongs to Infosys Technologies Ltd. This work may not be used, sold, transferred, adapted,
abridged, copied or reproduced in whole or in part, in any manner or form, or in any media, without the
prior written consent of Infosys Technologies Ltd.
44

APPENDIX-- SQL Functions
Ver. No.: 4.0
DUAL - The Dummy table

Automatically created table, which is part of the data dictionary
Contains one row and one column(varchar2(1): value = X)
Can be used to return constants once, with a SELECT
statement
Belongs to SYS schema, accessible to all
Example:
SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;
46
SQL Functions - Decode

DECODE ( expr , search , result [, search , result]... [, default] )
A DECODE function compares expr to each search value one by
one. If expr is equal to a search, Oracle returns the corresponding
result. If no match is found, Oracle returns default, or, if default is
omitted, returns null.
This example decodes the value warehouse_id. If warehouse_id is 1,
the function returns 'Southlake'; if warehouse_id is 2, it returns 'San
Francisco'; etc. If warehouse_id is not 1, 2, 3, or 4, the function
returns 'Non-domestic'.
SELECT product_id, DECODE (warehouse_id, 1,
'Southlake', 2, 'San Francisco', 3, 'New Jersey',
4, 'Seattle', 'Non-domestic') quantity_on_hand
FROM inventories;
47
SQL Functions - Trim

Trim
Syntax:
TRIM ({Leading/Trainiling/Both} trim_character FROM trim_source)
TRIM enables you to trim leading or trailing characters (or both) from a
character string. If trim_character or trim_source is a character literal, you
must enclose it in single quotes.
SELECT TRIM (0 FROM 0009872348900) "TRIM Example"
FROM DUAL;
48
SQL Functions - Substr

Substr
Syntax:
SUBSTR (string, position, substring_length)
The substring functions return a portion of string, beginning at

character position, substring_length characters long. SUBSTR
calculates lengths using characters as defined by the input
character set. SUBSTRB uses bytes instead of characters.
SELECT SUBSTR('ABCDEFG',3,4) "Substring" FROM
DUAL;
49
SQL Functions - TRANSLATE

TRANSLATE ( 'char' , 'from_string' , 'to_string' )
TRANSLATE returns char with all occurrences of each character
in from_string replaced by its corresponding character in
to_string. Characters in char that are not in from_string are not
replaced.
The following statement translates a license number. All letters
'ABC...Z' are translated to 'X' and all digits '012 . . . 9' are
translated to '9':
SELECT TRANSLATE('2KRW229',
'0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ',
'9999999999XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX')
"License" FROM DUAL;
50
SQL Functions TO_CHAR

TO_CHAR
TO_CHAR ( date , fmt )
TO_CHAR converts date of DATE to a value of VARCHAR2
datatype in the format specified by the date format fmt.
SELECT TO_CHAR(ts_col, 'DD-MON-YYYY HH24:MI:SS')
FROM my_tab;
51
SQL Functions TO_DATE

TO_DATE
To_date( char , fmt )
TO_DATE converts char in the format specified to a value of
DATE datatype
SELECT TO_DATE ('14/05/2007','dd/mm/yyyy') FROM
DUAL;
52
SQL Functions - NVL

NVL ( expr1 , expr2 )
If expr1 is null, NVL returns expr2. If expr1 is not null, NVL returns
expr1.
The following example returns a list of employee names and
commissions, substituting "Not Applicable" if the employee
receives no commission:
SELECT last_name,
NVL(TO_CHAR(commission_pct), 'Not Applicable')
"COMMISSION"
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE 'B%';
53
Pseudocolumns
Behaves like a table column
Not stored in table
Cannot change value of pseudocolumn
54
Pseudocolumns
ROWID
ROWNUM
55
Examples
SELECT ROWID, ENAME FROM EMP;
SELECT ROWNUM, ENAME FROM EMP ORDER BY ename;
56

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Education and Research

We enable you to leverage knowledge anytime, anywhere!

Ver. No.: 4.0

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Education and Research

Grouping Data with Group By

Ver. No.: 4.0

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

SQL - Using GROUP BY

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Department, COUNT (Employee_ID)

Demo on Group By Single column

Retrieval using GROUP BY

Valid SQL Statement

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Retrieval using HAVING

HAVING SUM(Amount_in_Dollars) > 4000.00;

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Can you identify any error?

Ans: The Having condition has to be based on some column that

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Education and Research

Relational Algebra Operations

Ver. No.: 4.0

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Retrieval using UNION

The UNION operation

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Each column in the first table must be the same as the

Combined query results can be sorted

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Retrieval using INTERSECT

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Other Relational Algebra operations

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Cartesian Product Or Cross Join

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Retrieval from Multiple tables-Equi

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Retrieval from Multiple tables- Equi join

Demo on Equi Join

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Retrieval from Multiple tables- Equi join

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Left / Right-Outer join

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Example of Left Outer Join

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Example of right outer join

Copyright 2008, Infosys Technologies Ltd.

Self join-Joining a table with itself

Employee Last Name,