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Lecture 2b
Axial capacity of pile group
Dr Helen Cheng
Jan 2011
Failure mechanism
Capacity of pile group may not be equal to the sum of
capacities of individual piles.
The ratio of the two capacity is termed the efficiency of the
pile group.
Pressure bulbs of neighbouring piles
tend to overlap, creating greater stress
concentration on the surrounding soil.
This leads to greater settlement of the pile group and is
termed group interaction.
Soil will fail in shear (local failure) or the pile group will
settle excessively (block failure)
2
For clay:
B and L are the breath and Length of the pile group in plan
h is the embedded depth (Skempton 1951)
10
11
Piled Rafts
12
13
Estimation of parameters
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RA
Ap
d / 4
2
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16
Chart Solutions
Poulos & Davis (1980) uniform soil profile
Poulos (1979) Gibson soil profile
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18
19
ws 0r0 / G
(1)
Gr0 ws
Gr0 ws
r0
(2)
Gr0 wb (1 )
(3)
(4)
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22
Pt
4
2 L tanh(L)
4
1 L tanh(L)
/ 1
Gr0 wt h (1 )
r0
L h (1 ) r0
L
(5)
Where:
Soil Poisson ratio
h r0 / rb (ratio of radius of pile shaft / radius of pile base)
GL / Gb (ratio of Shear Modulus of soil at depth L / below soil
base)
ln(rm / r0 ) ln(influence radius/pile radius)
GL / 2 / GL (ratio of shear modulus at mid-pile depth to pile depth)
L 2 / 0.5 L / r0
23
Pt
4
2 L
Gr0 wt h (1 )
r0
(6)
w( z ) wb cosh[ ( L z )]
(7)
The ratio of settlement between top (z=0) and base of pile is:
wtop / wb cosh(L)
(8)
24
Gr0 wt L / r0 tanh(L)
(9)
Pt
L
P
t L
GL r0 r0 E p Ap
(10)
25
Contours of P/w become parallel to L-axis for large L/ro; this implies
inefficient design
For Floating piles, increasing length of long (compressible) pile show little
reduction in the P/w ratio
Limits of efficient design shown by dashed line
28
Contours of P/w become parallel to Ep-axis for Ep; this implies inefficient
design
For End-bearing piles, beyond a certain Ep, little shaft compression occurs,
thus nothing is gained by increasing Ep further
Limits of efficient design shown by dashed line
29
DesignChartforSinglePilebasedon
Randolf andWroth(1978)theory
30
wt / r0 0 / G; typically 3
The ultimate shaft friction is: ( 0 ) f cu
Thus, the shaft settlement to cause full shaft friction may be taken as:
( wt / r0 ) f 3
G / cu
(11)
ANALYSIS OF PILE-SOIL
INTERACTION
LOAD TRANSFER
CHARACTERISTICS
0CK CV
Friction piles
(friction
pile)
0CK CV Cb
End bearing piles
37
38
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Ep=1000Es ie K=1000
ns=0.49
40
Eb/Es=100
d=2.85 mm
d=3.40 mm
Eb/Es=10
Eb/Es=1
d=5.74 mm
d=8.45 mm
41
P=1000 kN
Eb/Es=10000
Eb/Es=100
d = 2.85 mm
d = 3.40 mm
db = 0.001 mm
db = 0.66 mm
Compr = 2.85 mm
Compr = 2.74 mm
P=1000 kN
P=1000 kN
Eb/Es=10
Eb/Es=1
d = 5.74 mm
d = 8.45 mm
db = 3.51 mm
db = 6.73 mm
Compr = 2.23 mm
Compr = 1.72 mm
42
P=1000 kN
Eb/Es=10000
Eb/Es=100
Pb=820 kN
Pb=740 kN
Pb/P=0.82
Pb/P=0.74
P=1000 kN
P=1000 kN
Eb/Es=10
Eb/Es=1
Pb=370 kN
Pb=100 kN
Pb/P=0.37
Pb/P=0.10
43
P=1000 kN
Eb/Es=10000
Eb/Es=100
s = 2.3 kN/m2
Ps = sPiDL = 180 kN
Ps/P=0.18
Pb/P=0.82
s = 3.3 kN/m2
Ps = sPiDL = 260 kN
Ps/P=0.26
Pb/P=0.74
P=1000 kN
P=1000 kN
Eb/Es=10
Eb/Es=1
s = 8.0 kN/m2
Ps = sPiDL = 630 kN
Ps/P=0.63
Pb/P=0.37
s = 11.5 kN/m2
Ps = sPiDL = 903 kN
Ps/P=0.90
Pb/P=0.10
44
K=Ep/Es=1000
K=Ep/Es=5000
d = 22.28 mm
d = 8.45 mm
db = 2.51 mm
d = 7.51 mm
db = 6.73 mm
db = 7.15 mm
Compr = 19.77 mm
Compr = 1.72 mm
Compr = 0.36 mm
45
K=Ep/Es=1000
K=Ep/Es=5000
d = 22.28 mm
d = 8.45 mm
d = 7.51 mm
db = 2.51 mm
db = 6.73 mm
db = 7.15 mm
Compr = 19.77 mm
Compr = 1.72 mm
Compr = 0.36 mm
46
K=Ep/Es=1000
K=Ep/Es=5000
P = 1000 kN
P = 1000 kN
P = 1000 kN
Pb = 30
Pb = 100
Pb = 120
Pb/P = 0.03
Pb/P = 0.1
Pb/P = 0.12
47
K=Ep/Es=1000
K=Ep/Es=5000
s = 12.5 kN/m2
s = 12.6 kN/m2
sP/PiDL = 1.0
sP/PiDL = 1.0
s = 40 kN/m2
P/PiDL = 12.7 kN/m2
sP/PiDL = 3.1
s = 4 kN/m2
P/PiDL = 12.7 kN/m2
sP/PiDL = 0.31
48
Summary of Findings
Ratio of Load Transfer to pile base is strongly
dependent on ratio of Eb/Es; ie the relative
stiffness of soils around pile base compared to
soils around pile shaft
The shape of skin friction distribution is more
dependent upon Ep/Es; ie the relative stiffness
of pile material to soils around pile shaft
Soil strengths serve to limit the values of
maximum skin friction and end bearing that can
be mobilized
49
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF
BEHAVIOUR
Major part of settlement is IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT
(typically >80%)
Effect of compressibility is important for long slender
piles. For long compressible piles, settlement is little
influence by soil stiffness at pile tip.
For piles of normal proportions in clay, the loadsettlement behaviour is largely linear at normal working
loads. Thus, elastic theory can be used directly.
Nonlinear effects are important when piles derive much
of their capacity from base resistance,
Examples are: Piles in sand
Piles with enlarged base
Large diameter bored piles
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INTERACTION FACTOR
METHOD
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Analysis requires:
Interaction factors
Settlement of single pile
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60
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G.W.
Equivalent Footing
placed at the Location
of the Neutral Plane
2:1 distribution
Ecombined
Apile E pile
Asoil Esoil
Apile Asoil
2:1 distribution
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Approximate Approach
S = settlement of group in founding layer + additional
settlement due to underlying layers (S)
Compute S from:
1-D analysis
Equivalent pier analysis, via calculation of settlement of
underlying layers from elastic theory
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72
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Method is very useful for getting Elastic Soil Stiffness from Pile Load Tests Data
76
Originator
Features
PIGLET
Randolph
PGROUP
Banerjee
DEFPIG
Poulos
Simplified boundary
element analysis with
interaction factors; nonlinear capability
PGROUP
ONeill
Coffey Geosciences
PG
h = 1.5L
s
E1
E1
E2
E2
(a) Floating pile group
Coffey Geosciences
Values of E 2 /E 1
0.2
SG E 1 d/PG
1.0
DEFPIG analysis
Equivalent pier analysis
Equivalent raft analysis
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.4
L/d
s
K
s/d
0.2
0
Coffey Geosciences
=
=
=
=
25
0.3
1000
3
2
5.0
3
n
Coffey Geosciences
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CASE OF GOOSENS & VAN IMPE (1991) SOIL PROFILE & PARAMETERS
Depth (m)
10
20
30
Fill
Average cone
resistance. M Pa
<1
10
Youngs M odulus
E s M Pa
3
100
Clayey
sand
60
80
Medium stiff
clay
Rel. dense sand
1.5
11
12
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Tertiary
clay
3.5
26
Very dense
sand
200
(assum ed)
40
50
Coffey Geosciences
Measurement Point
2
2A
3
Settlement (mm)
100
200
300
400
Coffey Geosciences
500
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