Introduction To CMGs TUTORIAL - 2013 - 20 PDF

ComputerModellingGroupLtd.
Tutorial
IntroductiontoCMGsModellingWorkflows
Using
Builder&IMEX,V.2013.20
TABLEOFCONTENTS
CREATINGABLACKOILMODELUSINGBUILDER............................................................................................3
StartingCMGLauncher
OpeningBUILDER
ImportingaRescueFile(structuralandpropertydata)
AssigningPermeabilitytotheModel(JandKdirections)
CreatingPVTDataUsingCorrelations
CreatingRelativePermeabilityData
CreatingInitialConditions
AddingWellTrajectoriesandPerforations
AddingHistoricalProductionDatatotheModel
CreatingAverageMonthlyProduction/InjectionRecurrentWellData
CreatingFieldProductionHistory(*.fhf)forHistoryMatch
Input/OutputInformation
3
3
3
5
7
9
10
11
14
17
18
18
WRITINGOUTRESTARTINFORMATIONTOARESTARTFILE...............................................................................18
RUNNINGTHEIMEXDATASETANDREVIEWINGRESULTS..................................................................................19
ProductionDatainResultsGraph
PressureDatainResultsGraph
19
22
HISTORYMATCHOFPRESSUREANDPRODUCTION...........................................................................................24
ChangingRockCompressibilitytoMatchPressureBehavior
ChangingRelativePermeabilityCurvestoMatchProduction
24
27
SCENARIOSOFPREDICTION..............................................................................................................................31
BASECASE.........................................................................................................................................................31
WATERINJECTION.............................................................................................................................................39
GASINJECTION..................................................................................................................................................48
HORIZONTALWELLS..........................................................................................................................................54
CONINGEFFECTINAWELLMODEL....................................................................................................................60
Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows
19/09/2014
Extractingasubmodel
Refinementaroundthewell
60
62
HYDRAULICFRACTURES....................................................................................................................................66
USEOFTRIGGERS..............................................................................................................................................75
EXTRAEXERCISE................................................................................................................................................77
19/09/2014
CREATINGABLACKOILMODELUSINGBUILDER
StartingCMGLauncher
1.
StarttheCMGLauncherbyusingtheicononyourdesktop,orbygoingthroughtheStartmenuandselecting
Programs/CMG/Launcher.
OpeningBUILDER
1.
OpenBuilderbydoubleclickingontheappropriateiconintheLauncher.
2.
Choose:
3.
IMEXSimulator,SIUnits,SinglePorosity
Startingdate19930101
ClickOKtwice.
Note:TheSimulationStartdatecannotbechangedinBuilderbut
canbeeditedinaTextEditor
Figure1:ReservoirsettingsinBuilder
Importingarescuefile(structuralandpropertydata)
1.
ClickonFile(onthemenubar,topleft),thenImportfromanotherfileaRESCUEmodel.
2.
Select theRESCUE file fromthe DATAREQUIRED folder.The RESCUE file is in a binary formatandwill have a .bin
extension,selectEXERCISE_3_RESCUE.bin.
3.
Click OK in the dialogue box related to the description of RESCUE model and accept the Grid creation options by
defaultasshowninthefollowingfigure.
19/09/2014
Arescuefilecanbegeneratedwithanygeologicalcommercialsoftware(E.g.,PETREL,GOCAD,etc).Typicallyarescue
fileincludesthegrid,faultsandproperties(E.g.porosityandpermeability).
4.
AnewwindowwillappearwiththeoriginalpropertiesdefinedintheRESCUEfileandalistofpropertiestomatchthe
CMGsoftware.ClickontheAddtoSelectedListbuttontoaddthepropertiesfromtherescuefileintotheBuilder
model.ClickOK.
Fig.2:PanelforselectionofpropertiesfromRescueFile
5.
Anewgridwithpropertieswillbedisplayed.ChangetheviewfromIJ2DArealto3DViewintheupperleftcorner.
6.
ClickontheRotate(3DView)button
(fromthetoolbar)torotatethedisplaybyholdingdowntheleftmouse
buttonandusingthecursortomovethemodel.HolddowntheCtrlkeywiththeleftmousebuttonandmovethe
mousetowardthebottomofthescreentozoominormovethemousetothetopofthescreentozoomout.Ifa
19/09/2014
mouse has a scroll wheel, this can also be used to zoom in and out by scrolling the wheel forward (zoom out) or
backward(zoomin).
Figure3:3DviewoftheimportedGridanddistributionofporosity
AssigningPermeabilitytotheModel(JandKdirections)
1.
ChangedisplaycontroltoProbemodebyclickingonthis
toolbarbuttononthetoptoolbar.
2.
Click on the Specify Property button (top middle of the screen) to open the General Property Specification
spreadsheetasshownbelow.
Figure4:Generalpropertyspecificationspreadsheet
19/09/2014
3.
ClickontheSpecifyPropertybuttonandselectfromthePropertiesdropdownmenuPermeabilityJandrightclickin
theWholeGridbox.SelectEQUALSIthenclickOK.
4.
DothesamewithPermeabilityKandselectEQUALSI.IntheEqualsIdropdownmenu,select*andthenenter0.1in
thesecondfield(thisappliesaKv/Khratioof0.1).PresstheOKbutton.
5.
NexttheBlock/CornerValueCalculationwindowwillpopup.ClickOKtopopulatethegridwiththisnewproperty.
6.
DoubleclickonRockCompressibilityinthetreeviewmenuandinput7.25E61/KpaintheRockCompressibility
(CPOR)box,20,000kPaintheReferencePressure(PRPOR)boxandclickOK.Unitswillbeappliedautomatically.You
shouldnowhavethegreencheckmarkforReservoirsection.
7.
This would be a good point to save the data set you are working on. Click File, and then Save As. Save file as
IMEX_TUTORIAL.DATunderyourSTUDENTSOLUTION/HISTORYMATCHfolder.
8.
Analyze different cross sections IK2D XSec to display the properties distribution, layer thickness and become
familiarwiththemodel.
9.
Displaydimensionsofsomegridcellsinthemodel.Todothis,rightclickonthemainscreenandselectProperties
ProbeDisplayandchecktheboxforBlockDimensions.ClickOK.
Figure5:Builderproperties(probedisplayoption)
10. SelectthepropertyofGridTopandusingtheplanesliderselectdifferentcrosssectionsofthemodelin2Dviews.
19/09/2014

Figure6:Crosssectionandblockcellproperties
CreatingPVTDataUsingCorrelations
1.
ClickontheComponentstabinthetreeviewanddoubleclickonMODEL.
Figure7:ComponentsTabinthetreeview
2.
CheckonLaunchDialogtoCreateaQuickBLACKOILModelUsingCorrelations,andthenpresstheOKbutton.
19/09/2014
Figure8:Creatingaquickmodel
3.
Enter50(degCimplied)intheReservoirTemperaturebox.Generatedatauptothemaximumpressureof35,000kPa.
ForBubblePointPressureCalculation,selecttheValueProvidedoptionandenter9,000kPa.FortheOilDensityatSTC,
selectStocktankoilgravity(API)asthetypeofgravityvaluetouseandenter18inthedataentrywindow.ChangetheGas
DensityboxatSTCtodisplayGasGravity(Air=1)andtype0.70inthedataentrywindow.
4.
IntheReferencePressureforWaterpropertiesbox,enter101kPaandleavetherestoftheoptionsattheirdefault
values.ClickOK.
Figure9:Parametersforaquickblackoilmodel
5.
DoubleclickonPVTRegion:1inthetreeviewandselectthePVTTabletabtoviewtheBLACKOILPVTdata.Forthis
example, the data shown in this table was generated using the information entered in the Quick black oil model
window.However,itisalsopossibletoenterdirectlyoreditvaluesinthePVTTable.
ThesevaluescanalsobeupdatedbyusingyourmousetoselectpointsontheplotsassociatedwiththePVTRegion,and
draggingthepointstothedesiredlocation.PleasenotethattheIMEXPVTRegionswindowhastobeopenwhileusing
yourmousetochangethepointsontheplot.
6.
UnchecktheIncludeOilcompressibilityinPVTtableboxtouseconstantoilcompressibility.
19/09/2014
Figure1:IMEXPVTtablewiththevaluesgeneratedusingthequickblackoilmodel
7.
GototheGeneraltabandinputthevalueof5e061/KpafortheUndersaturatedCo(CO).CIickonApplyandOK.
8.
TheComponentsectionshouldhaveagreencheckmarknow.
CreatingRelativePermeabilityData
1.
ClicktheRockFluidbuttoninthelefthandsidemenu.
2.
DoubleclickonRockFluidTypesinthetreeview.Awindowwillopen.Clickonthe
buttonandselectNew
RockType.
3.
PresstheToolsbutton(ontheRelativePermeabilityTablestab)andselectGenerateTablesUsingCorrelations.
4.
Enterthefollowingparametersfortheanalyticalrelativepermeabilitycurvesgeneration.
SWCON
0.2
SWCRIT
0.2
SOIRW
0.4
SORW
0.4
19/09/2014
SOIRG
0.2
SORG
0.2
SGCON
0.05
SGCRIT
0.05
KROCW
0.2
KRWIRO
0.8
KRGCL
0.8
KROGCG
0.2
ExponentforKrw
2.0
ExponentforKrow
4.0
ExponentforKrog
4.0
ExponentforKrgcl
4.0
5.
PressApplyandthenOK.PressOKagaintogetoutoftheRockTypeswindow.Agraphcontainingtherelative
permeabilitycurveswillappear.
6.
TheRockFluidsectionshouldhaveagreencheckmark.Savethefileatthistime.YoucannotbeintheRockFluid
sectiontosave.
0.80
kr - relative permeability
0.64
0.48
krw vs Sw
krow vs Sw
0.32
0.16
0.00
0.20
0.28
0.36
0.44
Sw
Figure2:PlotsforRockType1
0.52
0.60
CreatingInitialConditions
1.
ClicktheInitialConditionsbuttononthetreeviewofBuilder.
2.
DoubleclickonInitialConditions.
19/09/2014
10
3.
SelectWater,OilastheinitialfluidinthereservoirtoperformaGravityCapillaryEquilibriumCalculation.
4.
Typeinthefollowingvaluesintheavailablefields:
20,000(kPaimplied)intheReferencePressure(REFPRES)box
1,605(mimplied)intheReferenceDepth(REFDEPTH)box
1,750(mimplied)intheWaterOilContact(DWOC)box
9,000(kPaimplied)inConstantBubblePointPressure(PB)box
5.
Leavetheotherboxesblank.InitialConditionsinterfaceshouldlooklikethis:
Figure3:Initialconditionsinterface
6.
ClickApply,andthenOK.
7.
YoushouldnowbebackinthemainBuilderwindowwithalltabsshowingagreencheckmarkinthetreeview,
exceptfortheWells&Recurrenttab.
8.
AtthispointitisadvisabletosavethedataagainbyselectingFilefromthetopmenuandclickingSave.
AddingWellTrajectoriesandPerforations
Oncewehavecreatedthestaticmodel,wewillnowincorporatethetrajectoryandperforationinformationintothemodel.
19/09/2014
11
1.
GototheBuildermainmenuandselectWellWellTrajectoriesWellTrajectories.The"Importwell
trajectorywizard.Step1of3"windowwillpopup.
2.
YouneedtochoosetheTrajectoryFileTypeandappropriateUnitsforit(3StepsWizard).
3.
Choose"TableFormat"and"m"forX,YandZ,MD,thenbrowseforthefile"IMEX_TRAJECTORIES.wdb".
Open,andpressNext(Step1of3).
Figure4:Trajectorypropertieswindow,Step1of3
4.
The following window will open. Make sure all wells are selected, uncheck Automatic data point reduction and
checktheboxClearallexistingtrajectories,thenpressNext(Step2of3).
19/09/2014
12
Figure5:Trajectorypropertieswindow,Step2of3
5.
ClickFinishtocompleteStep3of3.
6.
NowgobacktothetopmenuandselectWell,WellTrajectoriesandclickonTrajectoryPerforationIntervals.A
windowwillopen(Figure15).
7.
Click on Read File and change the File unit selection option to SI, and then browse IMEX_PERFORATIONS.perf.
Leavethecombineperforationdatawithin5daysandpressOpen.
8.
Ifthisisdonecorrectly,thewindowwillbeliketheoneshowninFigure6.
9.
PressApplyandthenOK.Thiscompletesthetrajectoriesandperforationofthewellsinthemodel
19/09/2014
13

Figure6:Trajectoryperforationswindowafterreadingperforationfile
AddingHistoricalProductionDatatotheModel
Thelastitemwewanttodoistoaddhistoricalratedatasothatwecansetupahistorymatchrun.
1.
Go to the main Builder menu and select Well Import Production/Injection Data (this is the wizard to import
production/injectiondataintothewell&recurrentdataforthesimulatoranditalsodefinesthestatusofeachwell).
2.
STEP1:Firststepofthiswizardistoprovidethetypeandnameoftheproductionfile.Inourcase,wewilluseGeneral
andchoosefromtheDATAREQUIREDfolderthefilenamedIMEX_PROD_HISTORY.prd.PresstheNextbutton.
3.
STEP 2: Follow the instructions and highlight the first line containing the production data (top window) and well
name(lowerwindow)(asshowninthefollowingfigure).PressNext.
19/09/2014
14
Figure7:Step2oftheproductiondatawizard
4.
STEP3:Ifthedelimiterslookgoodandseparatethecolumnscorrectly,clickNexttogotoSTEP4.
5.
STEP4:GotoColumns1to5andintheidentifierrow,chooseWell/Groupname,Date/Time,OilProduced,Water
ProducedandGasProducedforeachcolumnrespectively.Leaveothercellsundereachidentifierasdefaultasthey
popup,andthenclickNexttogotothenextstep.
19/09/2014
15
Figure8:AssigningIdentifierstoEachColumn
6.
STEP5:Thisstepindicateswhichwellproductiondatahasbeenpickedupandwhichonehasnot.Inthissectionthe
primaryconstraintcanbeselectedforthewells.Theprimaryconstraintcontrolstheamountofoilorliquidthatwillbe
producedduringthesimulationbasedontheproductionhistory.
7.
Changetheprimaryconstraintfromoiltoliquidbyhighlightingthelistofwellsandrightclicktoselecttheliquidconstraint.
Figure9:AssigningPrimaryConstrainttoWells
19/09/2014
16
8.
ClickFinish.Also,closetheSimulationDateswindowthatmaypopup.
CreatingAverageMonthlyProduction/InjectionRecurrentWellData
Ifaveragingofproductioninjectiondataneedstobedone,itcanbedoneasdescribedbelow.Itisnotneededforthetutorial
asthedataisalreadysetonamonthlybasisandwewanttokeepitmonthly.
1.
OnthemainBuildermenu,selectWellAverageProduction/InjectionData.
2.
Next,moveyourmouseandrightclickonthexaxis.Thepopupmenuwillallowyoutochangetheaverageinterval
fromthispointontomonthly,biannually,yearly,etc.
Figure10:AverageProduction/InjectionDataPlot
3.
SelectResetallintervalstoeverymonthandpresstheOKbutton.Onceagain,clickCloseontheSimulationsDates
windowthatpopsup.
19/09/2014
17
CreatingFieldProductionHistory(*.fhf)forHistoryMatch
Thenextthingwewanttodoistocreateafieldhistoryfilesothatwecanmakeacomparisonbetweenthesimulationrunand
theactualfieldhistoryfile.
1.
Go to the top menu again and select Well > Create Field History File, then provide a file name
(IMEX_PRODUCTION_HISTORY.fhf)fortheproductiondata.PressOK.
Input/Outputinformation
1.
Ifeverythingiscorrect,allofthetabsinthetreeviewshouldhaveagreencheckmark.TheDatesunderWells&
Recurrenttabmaystillhaveayellowexclamationmark.Thiscanberesolvedbyaddingadateat20100201using
theAddaNewDatebutton,whichcanbeaccessedwhenyoudoubleclickonDates.
2.
GototheI/OControlanddoubleclickontheSimulationResultsOutput.TheSimulationResultsFileWritingwindow
will open. For a well variable, under OUTSRF table, select Well values for all layers at reservoir and surface
conditions(LAYERALLDOWNHOLE).ClickOKtoclosethewindow.
Figure11:Changingfrequencyofwritinganditemsintheresultfile
3.
PleaseSavethefileonemoretime.
WRITINGOUTRESTARTINFORMATIONTOARESTARTFILE
1.
ClickontheI/OControltabinthetreeview.
2.
DoubleclickonRestart.
3.
CheckonEnableRestartWriting.
4.
Pressthe
5.
SettheWritingFrequencyOptiontoEveryTIMEorDATEKeywords.
buttonandselectthefirstsimulationdate,whichis19930101.PressOK.
19/09/2014
18
6.
ChecktheMaximumnumberofrestartrecordsstoredoptionandsetthevalueto3.
7.
ClickOKtoclosethewindow.
8.
Savethefile.
WenowhaveacompleteddatasetsowecanexitBuilderanddraganddroptheIMEX_TUTORIAL.DATfileontotheIMEX
icontorunit.Youwillbeabletomakepredictionrunswithouthavingtorerunthehistoricaldataportionasaresultof
usingtheRestartRunfeature.
RUNNINGTHEIMEXDATASETANDREVIEWINGRESULTS
1.
Ifallthestepsdonebeforewereaccurate,youshouldbeabletorunthedatasetusingIMEX.Firstlocatethefile
IMEX_TUTORIAL.DAT in your launcher, then drag and drop it onto the IMEX icon and release the mouse. A new
windowwillpopup.PresstheRunImmediatelybutton.
2.
Iftherearenoerrors,anMSDOSwindowwillopenupandshowyoutheprogressoftherun.Whenfinished,the
MSDOSwindowwillbeterminatedandyouwillbeabletoseeabriefsummaryofresults.
Figure12:Simulationlogfile(whenrunsimmediately)
Wecannowlookatthesimulationrunandcompareitwiththehistoricaldataandseehowthereservoirwouldperform.
ProductionDatainResultsGraph
19/09/2014
19
1.
DraganddropIMEX_TUTORIAL.irfontotheResultsGraphicon.
2.
SelectthemenuitemFile;thenOpenFieldHistory.
3.
SelecttheIMEX_PROD_HISTORY.fhffilethatwecreatedintheCreatingFieldProductionHistorysectionofthetutorial.
ClickontheOpenbutton.
ClickontheAddCurveicon
4.
SelecttheIMEX_TUTORIAL.irffiletodisplaydatafrom.SelectcurveparameterOilRateSC.Choosewl1forthe
OriginandthenClickOK.ClickonthePropertiesicon
5.
SelectthePageLayouttabandchangethenumberofplotsperpageto3.ClickonApply.
Figure13:Windowfordisplaysettings
Clickontheicon
toaddanewplot,thenclickontheAddCurvesicon
todisplaythelistofproperties.
6.
SelectthepropertyofGasRateSCforthewellwl1.ClickOK.
7.
Repeatthestepstoaddonemoreplot,butthistimeselectthepropertyofWaterCutSC%.
8.
Addonemorecurveperplotusingtheicon
,butthistimethesourcewillbethehistoricaldatastoredonthe
IMEX_PROD_HISTORY.fhffile.Makesurethepropertytoplotisthesame.
19/09/2014
20
Figure14:WindowinResultsGraphtoaddcurves
9.
Youshouldnowseeasetofplotssimilarto:
Figure15:Plotofsimulationdataversushistoricaldata
10. Inordertodisplaythisgroupofplotsforalltheproducerwells,youcanusetheRepeatPlotsbutton
11. IntheRepeatPlotswindow,selecttheAllProducersoptionandOKtogeneratetheplots.
12. Youshouldnowhaveaseriesofplotsshowingthehistoricaldataandsimulatorcalculationforalltheproducerwells.
19/09/2014
21
13. SavethesessionfileasIMEX_TUTORIAL_PLOTS_HM.ses
PressureDatainResultsGraph
14. Clickonthe
icontoaddoneindependentplottocomparethesimulatedreservoirpressureandthehistorical
measureddata.InthewindowthatwillpopupselectNoinordertocreateastandaloneplot.
15. Clickonthe
icontoaddanewpropertycurveonthenewplot.InthiscaseunderOriginTypeselectSector
(Region)andfromtheParameterdropdownmenuselectAvePressPOVOSCTR.
Figure16:WindowinResultsGraphtoplotsimulatedreservoirpressure
16. FromtheFilemenuselectOpenFieldHistory,thenbrowseforthefileIMEX_RESERVOIR_PRESSURE_HISTORY.fhf
under your REQUIRED DATA folder. This file contains the historical data and will be used to compare it with the
simulateddata.
17. Clickonthe
icontoaddthehistoricalpressurebehaviorusingtheIMEX_RESERVOIR_PRESSURE_HISTORY.fhf
file.ChangetheoriginTypetoSector(Region).ClickOK.
19/09/2014
22
Figure17:WindowinResultsGraphtoplothistoricalreservoirpressure
18. Youshouldnowseeaplotsimilarto:
Figure18:Plothistoricaldatavssimulateddataforreservoirpressure
19. Savethesessionfileonemoretime.
19/09/2014
23
HISTORYMATCHOFPRESSUREANDPRODUCTION
ChangingRockCompressibilitytoMatchPressureBehavior
Inordertomatchthereservoirpressurewecanchangetherockcompressibility,asthisisoneoftheparametersthathavean
importanteffect.Inthelistbelowthereisaselectionofvaluesthatcanbeusedtoapproximatethesimulationresultstothe
realdatavalues.
Byreducingthevalueofrockcompressibilitythereservoirpressurewilldecrease.UsethevalueslistedinTable1tocreate
onedatasetpervalue:
RockCompressibility
Dataset
Cr=20e061/psi (2.9e061/Kpa)
IMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_CR1.DAT
Cr=10e061/psi (1.45e061/Kpa)
Cr=5e071/psi
(7.25e071/Kpa)
Table1:SelectedValuesforHistoryMatchingReservoirPressure
1.
OpentheIMEXTUTORIAL.DATfileinBuilder,gototheReservoirSection.DoubleclickonRockCompressibilityand
inputthevalueofcompressibilityof2.9e061/kPa(20e061/psi).SavethefileasIMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_CR1.DAT
underyourHISTORYMATCHfolder.
Figure19:WindowinBuildertomodifyrockcompressibility
2.
RepeatthesamestepstocreatethetwoadditionalfileslistedonTable1.
3.
UsingtheCMGLauncher,submit/runthedatasetsbydragginganddroppingthe*.datfilesontotheIMEXicon.This
timesubmityourjobsintheSchedulerusing4processors.
19/09/2014
24
Figure20:Interfacetosubmitajob
ReviewingtheSimulationResultsusingRESULTSGRAPH
4.
Using the file IMEX_TUTORIAL_PLOTS_HM.ses in Results Graph and under the Reservoir Pressure plot go to File
menu,selectOpenCMGSimulationResultsandaddthe3new*.irffiles.
5.
Add one curve by using the icon
to compare the effect in this parameter. Select the file
IMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_CR1.irfandtheOriginType,Sector.
Figure30:WindowinResultsGraphtoaddacurveforreservoirpressure
19/09/2014
25
6.
Repeatthepreviousstepstoaddtwomorecurveswiththepreviouslygeneratedresults(*.irffiles).
Figure31:Reservoirpressurebehaviorfordifferentrockcompressibility
7.
Basedonthepressurebehaviourwecanusefortherestoftheprocessscenarionumber3,relatedtothevalueof
compressibilityasthisisthecasethatbetterdescribesthisparameter.
8.
In the same session file go to the Repeat Group1 in order to display the production rates per well and add the
IMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_CR3.irf file to the properties of Oil Rate SC, Gas Rate SC and Water Cut SC%. You should
observeagroupofplotssimilartothis:
19/09/2014
26

Figure32:Simulatedproductionvsrealdata,bestcaseforreservoirpressureHM
9.
Asitcanbeobserved,theonlyparameterthatimprovedinrelationtotherealdatatrendwasthewatercut,butfor
therestofparameterstheeffectwasminimal.Thenextstepistochangetherelativepermeabilitycurvesinorderto
improvetheproduction.
ChangingRelativePermeabilityCurvestoMatchProduction
HistoryMatchingisatechniquethattakesalongtimetogetaperfectmatch.Itisaniterativeprocessanditisnotexpected
thataperfectmatchwillbeobtainedinthecourse.Therefore,thebestpossiblematchyouwillobtaininthelimitedtimewill
be considered as acceptable. It is advisable to try changing the relative permeability perms and updating Results Graph in
ordertoobservethedifferencethatwasmade.
10. OpentheIMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_CR3.DATfileinBuilderandsavethefileasIMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_CR3_KRS.DAT.
11. GototheRockFluidsectionanddoubleclickonRockFluidTypes,clickontheToolsbuttonandselectGenerate
TablesUsingCorrelations.ChangethevalueoftheendpointfortheOilcurve,KROCWandKROGCGfrom0.2to0.4,
clickonApplybuttonandOK.
19/09/2014
27

Figure33:ModificationoftheRelativePermeabilitycurvestomatchproduction
12. Savethefile.
13. Close the Builder and go to the CMG launcher to run the model by dragging and dropping the
IMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_CR3_KRS.DATfileontotheIMEXicon.
ReviewingtheSimulationResultsusingRESULTSGRAPH
14. IntheResultsGraphfileIMEX_TUTORIAL_PLOTS_HM.sesgototheFilemenuandselectOpenCMGResultstoopen
theIMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_CR3_KRS.irf.
15. IntheRepeatGroup_1forwellwl1addanewcurveforeachplot,OilRateSC,GasRateSCandWaterCut%,butthis
timeselecttheIMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_CR3_KRS.irffile.
19/09/2014
28

Figure34:Effectofrelativepermeabilitycurvesonproduction
16. Thereisanimprovementintheproductionratesaftermodificationoftherelativepermeabilitycurve.Seetherest
ofthewellsandcheckthehistorymatch;someofthemrequiremorework.Try moreparametersoftherelative
permeabilitycurvesandseetheeffectonthehistorymatch.
17. Due
to
limited
time,
the
final
(IMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_MATCHED.DAT).
history
Run
match
this
file
will
in
be
IMEX,
provided
plot
the
by
the
instructor
simulation
results
(IMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_MATCHED.irf)inResultsGraphandaddthehistoricaldata(FHFfile).
19/09/2014
29

Figure35:FinalHistoryMatchforthemodel
19/09/2014
30
SCENARIOSOFPREDICTION
Aspreviouslyobservedfromthehistoricaldata,theoilproductionisdecliningthroughthetimeasaresultoflackofpressure
supportinthereservoir.
Inordertoprovideextrasupportintothereservoir,theinjectionoffluidswillbeperformedbyconvertingsomeproducerwells
intoinjectors.
Forthistutorial,basecaseandtwodifferentscenariosofinjectionwillbeconsidered:waterinjectionandgasinjectionandthe
resultswillbecomparedtoquantifythebenefitintermsoftherecoveryfactor.
BASECASE
This scenario considers the prediction under primary depletion with the same number of production wells and constraints
basedonthestageofhistory.Thisscenariowillbeusedasareferencetocomparetheeffectofadditionalpredictionsunder
secondaryrecovery.
1.
OpenthehistorymatchedfileusingBuilder(IMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_MATCHED.DAT).
2.
SavethefileIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_BASE.DATinthePREDBASECASEfolder.
AddingDatesforPrediction
3.
GototheWells&Recurrentsection.DoubleclickonDates.
4.
ClickontheAddaRangeofDatesbuttonandusingthesmallcalendariconrelatedtoToinputthenewdate
relatedtotheendofprediction,2020/01/01.ClickOK.
Figure36:Addingarangeofdatesforprediction
AddingNewWellConstraintsfortheProducerWells
19/09/2014
31
5.
Under the Well & Recurrent section, expand the Wells section and double click on the wl1 name to display Well
Events.ClickontheCalendarbuttonandinputthefirstdateofprediction,2010/02/01todefinenewconstraintsfor
theprediction.PressOK.
6.
GototheconstraintstabandchecktheConstraintDefinitionbox.Removethefirstconstraintrelatedtotheliquid
productionbyusingthe
button.LeavetheWellBottomHolePressureBHPasamainconstraint(200Kpa)and
includeaMONITORasasecondconstrainttopreventunnecessaryresultswhenthewellisproducingbelowthelimit
of3m3/dayofoilproduction.ClickontheApplybutton.
Figure37:Definingconstraintsforprediction
7.
Scroll down to the end of the list of events in the 2010/02/01 well and highlight the events previously generated
(PRODUCERandconstraints).RightclickandselectCopyEventsUsingFilterinordertocopythesameconstraintsto
therestoftheproducerwells.
8.
Selectalltheproducerwells.
9.
GototheDatestab,select2010/02/01andchecktheCreatenewdatesforselectedWellsbox.ClickontheSearch
&Addbutton.
19/09/2014
32
Figure38:Copyingconstraintsforalltheproducerwells
10. Reviewtheproducerwellsandmakesurealloftheseareusingthesameconstraintsfortheprediction,2010/02/01.
ClickOKtoclosetheWellEventswindowandSaveyourfile.
11. Inordertogeneraterealisticpredictionsforthewells,itwillberequiredtousetheWellBottomHolePressurevalues
(BHP)calculatedbythesimulatorattheendofthestageofhistory.
12. GototheCMGlauncherandopentheIMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_MATCHED.irfbydragginganddroppingthefileonto
theResultsGraphicon.PlotthepropertyofWellBottomholePressureforallthewells.
Figure39:PlottingthecalculatedvaluesofBHP.
13. IntheResultsGraphgototheToolsmenuandselecttheoptiontoExportDirectlytoExcel.
19/09/2014
33

Figure40:PlotofcalculatedvaluesofBHP
14. FromthegeneratedExcelfileCopythelastvalueofWellBottomHolePressureforwellwl1whichisrelatedtothe
conditionsofproductionattheendofthestageofhistory.SavetheExcelfile.
Figure41:TabulatedvaluesofBHPinExcel
19/09/2014
34

15. InBuilderexpandtheWellssectionunderWells&Recurrentanddoubleclickonthewl1nametoopentheWell
Events section, scroll down to find the constraints for 2010/02/01 and paste the value of BHP obtained from the
Excelfileforwellwl1.
Figure42:AssigningcalculatedvaluesofBHPfromthestageofhistory
16. InordertocopythevalueofBottomHolePressurefortherestofthewells,wecansortthembydate.Scrolldown
totheendofthelisttomodifythewellconstraintforthefirstdateofprediction,2010/02/01.Pastethevaluesof
BHPfromExceltoBuilderforeachofthewells.
Figure43:Wellconstraintssortedbydate
UsingaRestartFile
17. ClickontheI/OControlanddoubleclickonRestart.ChecktheRestartfrombox.
18. Browse for the restart file generated during the stage of history match (IMEX_TUTORIAL_HM_MATCHED.rstr.irf).
Select2010/01/01fromtherestartdateoptions.
19/09/2014
35
19. UnchecktheEnableRestartWritingbox.
Figure44:Restartfileandtimestepselection
20. SavethefileIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_BASE.DATonemoretime.
RunningtheFileinIMEX.
21. IntheCMGlauncherrunthefilebydragginganddroppingthe*.datfileintotheIMEXicon.Runimmediatelyusing4
processors.
Figure45:Submittingthejobimmediatelywindow.
AnalysisofResultsinResultGraph
22. Open the results (IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_BASE.irf) in the Results Graph and create 3 plots per well in order to
displayOilRateSC,GasRateSCandWaterCut%.Addthehistoricaldata(IMEX_PRODUCTION_HISTORY.FHF).
19/09/2014
36

Figure46:Predictionresults
23. RepeattheplotsfortherestofproducerwellsusingtheRepeatPlotsbutton
Figure47:Repeatplotswindow
24. Analyzethebehaviorofthewellsandmakesurethepredictionrateslookreasonable.
19/09/2014
37
25. Add two independent plots to the session: the first one displaying the Oil Rate SC (Field) and Oil Recovery factor
(Sector)andthesecondoneindicatingAveragePressurefortheentirefield(Sector).
26. Includehistoricaldatainbothplots.
(file)IMEX_PRODUCTION_HISTORY.fhf,OriginType(Group),Parameters(AvePresHCPOVO).
Origins(Field)
Figure48:Fieldproductionresultsforthebasecase
(file)IMEX_RESERVOIR_PRESSURE_HISTORY.fhf,OriginType(Well),Parameters(OilRate).
Origins(DefaultFieldPRO)
19/09/2014
38

Figure49:Reservoirpressureresultsforthebasecase
27. Savethesessionfileasimex_tutorial_pred.ses.
WATERINJECTION
Observationsofthepressurebehaviorwithinatimeperiodshowevidencethatthisparameterdeclinesbymorethan60%of
its original value. Sincepressure represents the mainsource ofenergy for production wells, thedecline of pressure and oil
production reduction are related. Therefore, we need to provide extra support in the reservoir in order to increase the
reservoirpressureandhenceoilproductioninthewells.
AnalysisinResults3DandResultsGraph
We can use the Results 3D/Graph to display different properties that can be useful to take decisions for the stage of
prediction.
1.
OpentheIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_BASE.irffileinResults3D.
2.
DisplaythepropertyofWaterSaturationattheendofthestageofhistory,20100201.
3.
NavigateondifferentJKcrosssectioninordertoidentifypossiblecandidatesforwaterinjection.
19/09/2014
39
I layer: 39
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
100
200
1,400
1,400
1,300
-1,000
1,300
Water Saturation 2010-02-01
1,500
1,700
1,800
1,800
1,900
2,200
2,200
2,100
2,100
2,000
2,000
1,700
1,900
1,600
1,600
1,500
wl16
File: imex_tutorial_h
User: oscarm
Date: 4/1/2014
Scale: 1:7480
Z/Y: 1.00:1
Axis Units: m
0.00
480.00
960.00 feet
0.00
145.00
290.00 meters
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
2,300
0.00
-1,000
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
100
200
Figure50:Watersaturationattheendofhistory,w16crosssection.
4.
Thepreviousanalysisindicatesthat,basedonthepositionofthewateroilcontact,oneofthecandidatewellsfor
conversionfromtheproducertotheinjectoriswl16.FormoreanalysisyoucangobacktotheResultsGraphand
seethepropertyofWaterCutperwellinordertohaveanideaoftheamountofwaterproducedbythiswell.
19/09/2014
40

Figure51:Productionbehaviorforw16
Thecriteriaforthesecondcandidateforinjectionwillbebasedonthosewithlessoilproductionratesandlocation.
Thebasecaseresultsindicatethatoneofthewellswithlessoilproductioniswl5;additionally,thiswellislocatedon
theothersideofthereservoir,whichcanbeanadvantagefromthepressuredistributionperspective.
ConversionofProducerWellsintoWaterInjectors
Inasimulationweareunabletoswitchthesamewellfromproductiontoinjectionandviceversa.However,inordertomimic
thischange,weneedtocreateanewwellinthesamelocationwiththesametrajectory,perforationsandcharacteristicsbut
withtheoppositefunctionality,inotherwords,iftheoriginalwellisaproducerthenewwellshouldbeaninjector.
5.
GototheCMGlauncherandopeninBuilderthedatasetrelatedtothebasecaseoption
(IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_BASE.DAT).
6.
SavethefileasIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.DATunderthePREDWATERCASEfolder
7.
GototheWellsandrecurrentsection,CopyWelloption.
8.
Fromthelistofproducers,selectwl16andwl5.Clickonnextbutton.
9.
Accepttheoptionsbydefault,steps2to4.Instep5underNewWellDateselect2010/03/01
10. Twonewwellshavebeencreatedtoswitchfromproductiontoinjection.
19/09/2014
41
Figure52:Convertedfromproducerstoinjectorswells5and16
WellConstraints,WATERINJECTOR
11. UnderWells&Recurrentdoubleclickonthewellnamewl16_injtoopenthewellEventssection.
12. UnderType,defineINJECTORMOBWEIGHT,andthenclickontheApplybutton.
13. GototheConstraintstab,checktheConstraintdefinitionbox.Fromtheoptionsavailableinput:
OPERATE,BHPMAX=20,000Kpa,CONTREPEAT
Figure53:Constraintsforthew16injector
14. GototheInjectedFluidtabandselectWATER.ClickonYestoApplytheChanges.
15. Now we need to copy the specified events for well wl5_inj. To do this, select the events (INJECTOR, constraints,
injectedfluid),rightclickandselecttheoptionCopyEventsUsingFilter.
16. Inthewindowthatwillpopup,selectwl5_injundertheWellstab.UnderDates,select20100301.ClickonSearch
&Add.ClickOKandOKagaintoclosetheWellEventwindow.
ShutintheConvertedWells(wl16andwl5)
17. Itwillberequiredtoshutinwellswl5andwl16duringthepredictionasthesewellshavebeenalreadyconverted
intoinjectors.Todothis,doubleclickonthewellnamewl16andgotothelastevent,2010/02/01.
18. SelecttheOptionstab,checktheStatusboxandselectSHUTINfromthedropdownmenu.ClickonApplyandOK.
Repeatthepreviousstepstoshutinthewl5well.
19/09/2014
42

Figure54:Shutintheconvertedwellw16
19. Inordertoperforminjectionusingdifferentwellsinthereservoir,weneedtoattachtheinjectorwellstoagroup.In
theWells&Recurrenttreeview,rightclickontheGroups(0)andselectNew.
20. TheCreateNewGroupdialogwindowpopsup.IntheDefinitiontab,namethegroupFIELDasthetoplevelgroup.
ClickontheCalendarbuttonandinputthedate20100301.Thewindowmustlooklikeinthefollowingfigure.
Figure55:Creationofaparentgroup
19/09/2014
43
21. ClickontheAddNewGroupbuttonandcreateanewgroupwiththenameG_INJ.MakesureFIELDistheparent
groupasshowninthefollowingfigure.ClickOK.
Figure56:Creationofgroupofinjection
22. IntheWells&Recurrenttreeview,expandthegroupsattachedtoFIELD,anddoubleclickontheG_INJtoopenthe
GroupEventsdialogwindow.ThenclickontheAttachWellsbuttontoopentheWellGroupAttachmentdialog.
Selectwl5_injandwl16_injandclickOK.
Figure57:Attachinginjectorwellsintothegroup
19/09/2014
44

23. GototheInjectiontab,checktheGCONIgroupinjectionboxandselectGTARGET(Undertype)fromtheavailable
options and a water constant rate (STW surface water rate) of 4000 m3/day. This option will be used to inject a
maximum water rate per group; this option is useful especially when a fixed amount of water is available for the
entirereservoir.PressApplyandOK.
Figure58:Groupconstraintsdefinition
RunningtheModel
24. SavethemodelandcloseBuilder.
25. IntheCMGlauncher,runthemodelbydragginganddroppingtheIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.DATfileontothe
IMEXicon.SelecttheRunImmediatelyoptionandfourprocessors.
Figure59:RunningthescenarioofwaterinjectioninIMEX
AnalysisofResultsinResultGraph
26. InResultsGraphopenthesessionfileimex_tutorial_pred.sesthatwasgeneratedforthebasecase.Thisfilecanbe
foundunderthePREDBASECASEfolder.
27. Go to the File menu Open CMG simulation results to open the results for the water injection case
(IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.irf).
19/09/2014
45
28. GototheRepeatGroup1.Forthewl1well,addanextracurvebyusingthebutton
forOilRateSCtocompare
thenewscenarioresults,butthistimeselecttheIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.irf,Fig.58.Repeatthesamesteps
forGasRateandWaterCut%,Fig.59.
Figure60:Addingresultsforthewaterinjectionscenario
Figure61:Comparisonbetweenbaseandwaterinjectioncases
19/09/2014
46
29. Create additional curves for Oil Rate SC, Oil Recovery Factor and Reservoir Pressure using the
IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.irf file in order to compare the increment in oil production due to the effect of
waterinjection.YoucanalsoplottheamountofwaterinjectedwiththeinjectorgroupGinj.
ForOilRate,select:
(file)IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.irf,OriginType(Sector),Parameters(OilProdRateSCTR).
Origins(EntireField)
ForRecoveryFactor,select:
(file)IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.irf,OriginType(Sector),Parameters(OilRecoveryFactor).
Figure62:Comparisonbetweenbaseandwaterinjectioncases,production
ForReservoirPressure,select:
(file)IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.irf,OriginType(Sector),Parameters(AvePresPOVO).
19/09/2014
47

Figure63:Comparisonbetweenbaseandwaterinjectioncases,reservoirpressure
30. Savethesessionfile.
GASINJECTION
Another possibility to increase the reservoir pressure is by injecting gas instead of water. As the saturation pressure was
reachedduringthestageofhistory,wecantentativelyinjectgasinthegascapinordertoincreasethepressure.
AnalysisinResults3DandResultsGraph
WecanuseResults3D/Graphtodisplaydifferentpropertiesthatcanbeusefultotakedecisionsforthestageofprediction.
1.
OpentheIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_BASE.irffileinresults3D.
2.
Displaythepropertyofternary(gas,oilandwater)fortheendofthestageofhistory,20100201.
3.
Inthearealmapwecanobservearegionofgasinthetopofthestructure(Klayer1).Somewelllocationshave
beencoveredbythisgas,wl12andw19.
19/09/2014
48

Figure64:Ternarypropertyinresults3D
4.
Displaythesamepropertyfortherestofthelayersinthemodel.
5.
Use the results of gas production obtained in Results Graph (imex_tutorial_pred.ses) and compare the results
amongthewellsandconcludeifwl12shouldbeconvertedintogasinjector.
19/09/2014
49
Figure65:Productionresultsforthecandidatewelltoconversion
ConversionofProducerWellsintoGasInjector
6.
GototheCMGlauncherandopeninBuilderthedatasetrelatedtothebasecaseoption
(IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_BASE.DAT).
7.
SavethefileIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_GAS.DAT.
8.
GototheWellsandrecurrentsectionandclickCopyWell.
9.
Fromthelistofproducers,selectwl12.ClickontheNextbutton.
10. Accepttheoptionsbydefault,steps2to4.Instep5undertheNewWellDateselect2010/03/01.
11. Anewwellhasbeencreatedtoswitchfromproductiontoinjection.
Figure66:Conversionofwl12fromproducertoinjector
19/09/2014
50

Wellconstraints,GASINJECTOR
12. UnderWells&Recurrentdoubleclickonthewellwl12_injtoopenthewellEventssection.
13. UnderType,defineINJECTORMOBWEIGHT,andthenclickontheApplybutton.
14. GototheConstraintstab,checktheConstraintDefinitionbox.Fromtheoptionsavailableselectforthefirst
constraint:
OPERATE,BHPMAX=20,000Kpa,CONTREPEAT
Forthesecondconstraint:
OPERATE,STGsurfacegasrate=400,000m3/day,CONTREPEAT
Figure67:Wellconstraintsforthenewconvertedwell,wl12
15. GototheInjectedFluidstabandselectandchangefromWATERtoGAS.ClickOK.
ShutintheConvertedWell(wl12)
16. Itwillberequiredtoshutintheproducerwellwl12duringthepredictionasthiswellhasbeenalreadyconverted
intogasinjector.Todothis,doubleclickonthewellwl12andgotothelastevent,2010/02/01.
17. SelecttheOptionstab,checktheStatusboxandchangetheconditionfromOPENtoSHUTIN.ClickApplyandOK.
RunningtheModel
18. SavethemodelandcloseBuilder.
19. IntheCMGlauncher,runthemodelbydragginganddroppingtheIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_GAS.DATfileintothe
IMEXicon.
AnalysisofResultsinResultGraphandResults3D
20. InResultsGraphopenthesessionfileimex_tutorial_pred.ses.
19/09/2014
51
21. Go to the File menu, open CMG Simulation Results to open the results for the water injection case
(IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_GAS.irf).
22. GototheRepeatGroup1.Forthewl1well,addanextracurvebyusingthebutton
forOilRateSCtocompare
the new scenario results, but this time select the IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_GAS.irf. Repeat the same steps for Gas
RateandWaterCut%.
23. Similarlycomparetheresultsperfield,oilproduction,oilrecoveryfactorandreservoirpressure.
ForOilRate,select:
(file)IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_GAS.irf,OriginType(Sector),Parameters(OilProdRateSCTR).
(file)IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_GAS.irf,OriginType(Sector),Parameters(OilRecoveryFactor).
Figure68:Comparisonofthethreedifferentscenariosofprediction
24. Based on the previous outcomes, the scenario with water injection generates better results in terms of recovery
factor, now the question is why. In order to understand the results, we are going to analyze parameters such as
saturationsattheendoftheprediction.
19/09/2014
52
25. ToopentheresultsinResults3D,draganddroptheIRF(indexedResultsFile),IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_GAS.irf,onto
theResults3DIconinLauncher.
26. Open the results of water injection option IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.irf, then go to the Window menu and
chooseTileVertically.Thiswillplacebothdatasetssidebysideintheviewingwindow.Rightclickintheviewing
areaforoneofthefilesandselecttheoptiontoSynchronizeViews.Inthewindowthatappearsselectallofthe
propertiestosynchronize.
27. ChangethePropertybeingshowntoTernary.Playthetimesteppingandcomparetheresultsbetweenthesetwo
datasetsattheendoftheprediction,2020/01/01.
Figure69:Saturationsdistributionsforthewaterandgasinjectionoptions
28. Itcanbeobservedthatthegasinjectionscenariogeneratesanextendedgascapinthereservoir.Asaconsequence,
thegasproductionincreasesandmostoftheinjectedgasisproducedbythewells(Fig.67),reducingtheeffectof
pressuresupport(seethereservoirpressurecomparisoninResultsGraph).Thisscenarioisduetotheflatcondition
inthestructureandopenproductionintervalsinthetoplayers.
29. PlotinResultsGraphforthescenarioofgasinjectiongasinjectedversusgasproduced.
19/09/2014
53

Figure70:Comparisonbetweengasinjectedvsgasproduced
HORIZONTALWELLS
Basedontheaboveresults,itwasconcludedthatthewaterinjectionoptionismoreattractivefromthepointofviewofoil
recoveryfactor.Nowwewillanalyzethepossibilitytodevelopthefieldbyaddingnewwells,inordertomaximizetherecovery
factor.
DefinitionofNewLocationsUsingResults3D
Ourgoalistodeterminenewwelllocations.Openthewaterinjectionscenarioinresults3Dbydragginganddroppingthe
IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.IRF.Youshouldnowseetheimageofthereservoirinthe2Daerialview.Wewillselecta
highoilsaturationzonewithgoodporosityandpermeabilityforthenewwelllocation.Thiszoneshouldalsobeawayfrom
highwatersaturationareas.
1.
GototheMenubar,selectViewandthenNewView.Repeatthosestepsinordertoopen4viewsintotal.
2.
IntheMenubargotoWindowandselectTilehorizontallyoption.
3.
SelectthetopleftviewandchangethepropertyshowntoTernary.SelectPermeabilityinthetoprightview,
PorosityinthebottomleftviewandOilSaturationinthebottomrightview.
4.
Chooseagainthetopleftview.GotoViewintheMenubarandselectSynchronizeViews.Selectalloptionsto
synchronizeexceptProperty.ClickOK.
19/09/2014
54
5.
Inthetoolbarontop,gotothePlotTypeselectionlistandselectContourFill.
6.
Usingtheplaneslider,selectPlane17(Klayer=17).
7.
GotoViewintheMenubarandselectPropertiesunderGridanduncheckShowGridforabetterview.Repeatthe
same steps for the rest of the properties. The northern section of the model seems to meet all these criteria as
shown in Figure 68. Click on the area of interest in order to display the location I, J where the new well will be
located,inthiscaseisI=21,J=5.
Figure71:Definitionofnewlocationsbasedondifferentproperties
AddingaNewHorizontalWellinBuilder
1.
Open
IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER.DAT
in
Builder
and
start
by
saving
the
file
as
IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER_ADD_WELLS.DAT under the ADDITIONAL WELLS folder. In the Wells & Recurrent
treeview,rightclickonWells(13)andclickonNewtocreateanewwell.
2.
The Create New Well window pops up. In this window, Name the well wl20 and select the Type as PRODUCER.
ChangetheDefinitiondateto20100301.Thewindowshouldlooklikethefollowingfigure.
19/09/2014
55

Figure72:DefinitionofnewwellinBuilder
3.
In order to assign an appropriate group of constraints for the new well, we need to look at other producer wells
locatedinthesamearea.AscanbeobservedinFig.70,Wl9islocatedinthesameareaofthenewproposedwell,so
wewillusethesameBottomHolePressurevaluesforprediction,BHP=5774Kpa(seeFig.41).
Figure73:Locationofneighborwells
4.
In Builder, in the Constraints tab, check the Constraint Definition box. Select the OPERATE BHP Bottom Hole
Pressureastheprimaryconstraint:MIN:5774kPa;CONTREPEAT.AlsoenteraMONITORconstraintofSTOsurface
oilrateofMIN3m3/dayandselectSHUTINastheaction.
5.
ClickOKtoexitfromtheCreateNewWellpanel.
6.
Wellwl20shouldappearontheWells&Recurrenttreeview.Thereshouldbeareddotnexttothiswellindicating
thatthereisadataproblem.
19/09/2014
56

Figure74:Validationofthenewwell
7.
RightclickonthiswellandselectValidatetodisplayanyerrorsorwarningmessages.Themessageshouldindicate
thattherearenovalidperforationsdefinedforthiswell.ClickOKtoclosethewindow.
8.
UsingtheplanesliderdisplaylayerK=17andchangethepropertydisplaytoPermeabilityI.
Figure75:Arealviewusedforthelocationofthenewwell
9.
Click on the + sign next to wl20 and double click on 20100301 PERF to open the Well Completion Data (PERF)
window.
10. ClickonthePerforationstabandclicktheBeginbuttontoaddperfswiththemouse.Thenclickonthetoolbutton
forAdvancedoptionstoselectperforatingintermediateblocksbetweenmouseclicks.
19/09/2014
57

Figure76:Advancedoptionsforhorizontalwells
11. CheckthePerforateAllIntermediateBlocksbox.ClickOK.
12. MovetheWellCompletionData(PERF)paneltothesidesothatthemodelgridcanbeviewed.
13. MovetoKPlane17.Clickongridblocks21517and28517tocreatehorizontalperforations.
Figure77:CreatingahorizontaltrajectoryinBuilder
14. ClickStoptoendtheperforations,andclickOKtoexit.ChangefromarealviewtoIK2Dcrosssectionandclickonthe
perforationdate20100301ofwellwl20todisplaythehorizontalsection.
19/09/2014
58
Figure78:Crosssectionview,horizontaltrajectory
15. Savethefileonemoretime.RunthefilewithIMEXandcomparetheresultsofFieldoilproductionrateandrecovery
factorusingthesessionfile.
ForOilRate,select:
(file)IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER_ADD_WELLS.irf,OriginType(Sector),Parameters(OilProdRateSCTR).
(file)IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER_ADD_WELLS.irf,OriginType(Sector),Parameters(OilRecoveryFactor).
19/09/2014
59

Figure79:Comparisonofdifferentproductionscenariosincludingadditionalwells
CONINGEFFECTINAWELLMODEL
Insomereservoirsitisrequiredtomodellocaleffectssuchaswaterorgasconing.Thesestudiesrequiretheconstructionof
radialwellmodelsortheextractionofsomesubmodels,whichcanincluderefinementsaroundthewell.
ExtractingaSubmodel
Inthissection,wewillextractasubmodelaroundthewl10wellinordertostudytheeffectofwaterconing.
1.
OpenIMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_BASE.DATinBuilder.WhileintheIJ2DArealview,rightclickonthemodelandselect
EditGrid.Youcanalsoaccessthisfromtheicon
inthetopmenu.
2.
GridEditingOptionswillpopup.LeavetheeditingoptionasdefaultandclickOK.
3.
Usingthemouse,selectthetwogridblocksaroundwellwl10asshowninthefigurebelow:
19/09/2014
60

Figure80:Selectionofcellsaroundwellwl10toextractasubmodel
4.
Inordertoextractasubmodel,gotoReservoir,thenEditgridandExtractSubmodelClickOKtoacceptthe
selection(I=9toI=13),(J=15toJ=19)and(K=1toK=20).InthepopupwindowclickYestorecalculatetolerances.
5.
Inordertoreproducetheeffectofwaterconing,youwillberequiredtochangethepositionofthewateroilcontact
andperforations.
6.
IntheInitialConditionssectionchangetheWaterOilContactto1650m.
7.
UnderWells&Recurrent,expandtheWellssectionanddoubleclickontheperforationdatewl10,19950301.Go
tothePerforationstabandremoveperforationsinlayers1to16and18to20byusingthebutton
.Leave
perforationsinlayer17.ClickonApplyandOK.
19/09/2014
61

Figure81:Removingperforationsinthewell
8.
Doubleclickonthewellnamewl10toopentheWellEventswindow.Removetheeventsfrom19950401to2010
0201.Todothis,highlighttheevents,rightclickandselectDeleteEventsSelectedintheListandclickYestoapply
thechanges.
9.
ClickonConstraintsandremovetheoriginalone,relatedtoBHP=200Kpa,byhighlightingtheconstraintandusing
thebutton
10. Defineanewconstraintforthewell:OPERATE,STLsurfaceliquidrate=150m3/day,CONTREPEAT.ClickonApply
button.
11. GototheOptionstabandunderstatuschangetheconditiontoOPEN.PressApplyandOK.
12. GototheI/OcontrolandremovetherestartfilebyuncheckingtheRestartbox.ClickOK.
Figure82:Removingrestartfile
13. SavethefileunderyourSUBMODELfolderasIMEX_TUTORIAL_SUBMODEL.DAT.CloseBuilderandrunthemodel
usingIMEX.
19/09/2014
62
RefinementaroundtheWell
14. OpeninBuilderthefileIMEX_TUTORIAL_SUBMODEL.DATandsaveitasIMEX_TUTORIAL_SUBMODEL_REF.DAT.
15. Clickontheicon
inthetopmenu.
16. GridEditingOptionswillpopup.LeavetheeditingoptionasdefaultandclickOK.
17. Usingthemouse,selecttheonegridblocksaroundthewl10wellasshowninthefigurebelow.
Figure83:Selectionofcellsaroundthewelltoperformrefinement
18. Toaccesstheoptiontorefinecells,gotoReservoirEditgridRefineBlocks.
19. InRefinementWizardselectARangeofFundamentalLayersandinputK=15toK=18.ClickNext.
Figure84:Selectionofnumberoflayerstorefine
20. ThenselectCartesianastheTypeofRefinementandclickNext.Specifythenumberofblockdivisionsineach
directionasthefollowingfigure.
19/09/2014
63

Figure85:Definitionofnumberofrefinementsinhorizontalandverticaldirections
21. ClickFinish.SelecttheProbeModetoexittheEditGridmode.Savethefileonemoretime.
22. Runthefileusingtheschedulerand4processors.
23. Drag and drop the corresponding .irf file onto Results 3D to look at the results. Also open
IMEX_TUTORIAL_SUBMODEL.datinResults3DfromFileOpen
24. SelectWindowTileVerticallytoseebothmodelssidebysideforeasiercomparison.
25. SelectViewSynchronizeviewsandcheckalltheoptions.
Figure86:Synchronizationoptions
26. ChoosetheJK2DviewandmovetheslidertoPlane3.ThenselectthepropertyWaterSaturationandcomparetwo
modelsfordistributionofwatersaturationaroundthewl10well.
19/09/2014
64
27. Youcanaddtwomorewindowstocomparetheresultsofbothsimulationsatadifferentdate.Toopenanew
window,clickonWindowNewWindow.Dothistwice,andthenclickonWindowTileVertically.
Figure87:Coningeffectusingarefinedmodel
19/09/2014
65
HYDRAULICFRACTURES
Wewanttoseehowmuchproductioncouldbeachievedifthereservoirwasmuchtighter.Toseethiscomparison,wewillreduce
thepermeabilityofthereservoirbyafactorof10.Wewillalsoexaminetheeffectofaddingahydraulicfracturetoawellinthe
tightreservoir.
Tohaveanaccuratecomparisonbetweenthedifferingpermeabilitycases,wewillremovetheproductionrateconstraintsand
operatethewellswithaconstantbottomholepressure.Thisiscommonlydonewhenpredictingperformanceinnewfieldswhere
noproductionhasyetoccurred.
1.
OpentheIMEX_TUTORIAL.datfileinBuilder.
2.
ClickonWells&RecurrentthendoubleclickonWells(11).
3.
IntheWelleventssection,clickontheALTEReventon19930201forwl1.
4.
ClickonTools>DeleteEventsusingfilter.Inthe1.Wellstab,selectallthewellsinthelist.
Figure88:Selectionofwellstodeleteusingeventsfilter
5.
Inthe2.DatestabselectAll.Inthe3.SearchconditionsselectALTERandclickonSearch&Addbutton.ClickOK
Figure89:SelectionofwellstodeleteCONSTRAINTSusingeventsfilter
19/09/2014
66
8.
Inthenewwindowthatwillappear,clickonconstraintsforthewell,wl1,19930101.Changethevalueofthefirst
constraint(STL)tobe150m3/dayandforthesecondone(BHP)changethevalueto1000Kpa.
Figure90:Definitionofnewconstraintsfortightreservoir
9.
CopythesetwoconstraintsfortherestofproducerwellsbyusingthebuttonTools>CopyEventsusingfilter..Inthe1.
Wellstab,(Incaseisneedit,removethepreviousselectionbyusingtheClearListbutton).
10. Onthe2.Datestab,clickonSearch&Addbutton,keepcheckedthedatesforallthewells.ClickonOK.Makesurethe
wellconstraintsarethesameintherestofthewells.
11. SavethisfileasIMEX_TUTORIAL_CONS_BHP.DATandrunthisfile.
ModifyReservoirPermeability
1.
LoadIMEX_TUTORIAL_CONS_BHP.DATintoBuilder.GototheI/OControlsectionanddoubleclickontheRestart
sectionandremovetherestartfilepreviouslyused.
2.
ClickonToolsmenuandselecttheFormulaManageroption.InthenewwindowthatwillappearClickontheNew
buttontocreateanewformulatoalterthepropertiesofpermeabilityandporosity.
3.
Under Formula Name input PERM and click on Add Independent Variables button. Find the property
PermeabilityIandclickonOKbutton
Figure91:Selectionofpropertyofpermeability
19/09/2014
67
YouwillnoticethatthevariableX0hasbeenassignedtothepropertyPermeabilityI.
4.
ClickonInsertSelectedintoFormulabuttonandmultiplythisproperty(X0)byavalueof0.1(usethecalculator
buttons).Thiswillreducetheoriginalpermeabilitybyafactoroften.ClickonApplybuttonandOKtothemessage
relatedtotheformulaandtheproperty.
Figure92:Formulatochangepermeability
5.
RepeatthepreviousstepstogenerateanadditionalformulaandnameitPOR.SelectthepropertyofPorosityand
multiplythisbyafactorof0.1.ClickonApply.Youshouldseethefollowinginformation.
Figure93:Formulatochangeporosity
19/09/2014
68
6.
SavethefileasIMEX_TUTORIAL_CONS_BHP_TIGHT.DAT,
7.
ClickonSpecifyPropertybuttonandgotothePropertyofPermeabilityandunderWholeGridcellrightclickand
selectFormula.
Figure94:Useoftheformulatorecalculateproperty
8.
ClickOKtothemessagethatwillappear.ClickontheFormulabuttonandselecttheformulaPERM.
Figure95:SelectionofformulaNAMEfromformulamanager.
9.
ClickonOKtoaccepttheformulatorecalculatethepropertyofpermeability.
10. RepeatthepreviousstepstorecalculatethepropertyofporositybasedontheformulanamedPOR.
11. UndertheGeneralPropertySpecificationthepanelshouldlookslikethis.
19/09/2014
69

Figure96:Propertiesofporosityandpermeabilitybasedonformulas.
12. ClickOKandaccepttheoptionstointerpolatethepropertiesofporosityandpermeability.Savethefileonemore
time.
13. GototheLauncherandrunthefileusingIMEX.
14. Plottheoilproductionratesperwell.Itcanbeobservedthattheproductionperwellislowastypicallyhappensintight
reservoirs.
Figure97:Productionprofileperwellfortightreservoir.
19/09/2014
70
AdditionofHydraulicFracture
Wewillexaminehowmuchofanincreaseinproductionratescanbeseenifawellishydraulicallyfractured.TheHydraulically
FracturedWellswizardperformsLocalGridRefinementtobringthegridblocksizeclosetotheactualfracturewidth,tomodelthe
fracturemoreexplicitlythanusingsomethinglikeskinfactor.
Thelowproductionrateinthehypotheticalreservoiroflowerpermeabilitycanberevertedbyimplementinghydraulicfracturesin
somewells.
1.
UnderWells&RecurrentselecttheoptionHydraulicallyFracturedWells.
Figure98:HydraulicFractureswizard.
2.
Inthenewwindowthatwillappear,clickontheNonDarcyOptiontabatthetopofthewizard.SelectGeneral
CorrelationastheNonDarcyFlowOption.Thefollowingvalueswillbeappliedforeachphase:
Alpha:
1.485e9
N1:
1.021
N2:
Forch_max:
10,000
19/09/2014
71
3.
Figure99:NonDarcyflowoptionsforhydraulicallyfracturedwells
ClickontheFracturestabandscrolldowntofindthewellwl5.Withtheperforationdate19930601selected,
clickontheToolsbuttontoselecttheoptionAddanewfracture
Figure100:Addinganewfractureusingthewizard
4.
WithFracturewl5Frac1selected,inputthefollowingproperties:
Fracturewidth:0.005m
Permeability:60000mD
Orientation:Jaxis.
NumberofrefinementsintheIdirection:5
NumberofrefinementsintheJdirection:5
NumberofrefinementsintheKdirection:1
HalfLength:250m
19/09/2014
72
Figure101:Addinganewfractureusingthewizard
5.
ClicktheApplybuttonandintheFracturePlacementwindowcheckAllPerforatedLayersandclickonOKtwice.
6.
InthetreeviewunderNumericaldoubleclickonNumericalControls.Adjustthefollowingsettings:
DTWELL:1e4
DTMIN:1e6
7. YoucanzoomintoseetherefinementforthefractureandhowthePermeabilityandForchheimerEquationBeta
Correctionpropertieshavebeenmodifiedforthegridblockscorrespondingtothefracture.
Figure102:PropertiesassociatedtothenewfractureinBuilder.
19/09/2014
73
8.
SavethefileasIMEX_TUTORIAL_CONS_BHP_TIGHT_hf.DATthenrunthefileinIMEX.
9.
CompareinResultsGraph,oilproductionrateforthewellwl5withthecasewithnohydraulicfractures.
Figure103:Effectofhydraulicfracturesinwellwl5.
19/09/2014
74
USEOFTRIGGERS
Wehavealimitationinourfacilitiestohandlemorethan2,500m3/dayofproducedwater;sincemostofthiswatercomesfrom
theinjectorwellsweneedinoursimulationsawaytomonitorthismaximumproductionandstopstheinjectionofwaterbutatthe
sametimemonitorreservoirpressureinordertoavoidareductioninpressurebelow7,500Kpa.
WearegoingtousetheTriggerfeaturetoshutintheInjectorwells(16and5)whenthewaterproductionincreasesabove2,500
m3/dayandopenthesameinjectorwellsifthereservoirpressuredecreasesbelow7,500Kpa.
1.
Open"IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER_ADD_WELLS.dat"modelusingBuilder
2.
ClickFileinthemainBuildermenuandselectSaveAs.Namethisfile".
IMEX_TUTORIAL_PRED_WATER_ADD_WELLS_TRIGGER.dat".
3.
ClickontheWells&RecurrentsectioninthetreeviewanddoubleclickontheTriggers.
4.
InputthefollowingTriggerName:WATERRATE
5.
SelectFieldunderApplyOndropdownmenu.
6.
SelectSTWRP:StockTankWaterRateofProductionunderWhendropdownmenuanddefinethetriggervalue
higherthan>2,500kPa.
7.
UnderOptionsinputavalueof10fortheMaximumnumberoftimesthattheactionsspecifiedwiththetrigger
conditionissatisfied.
8.
TypethefollowinginsideActionsbox:
SHUTIN 'wl5_inj'
SHUTIN 'wl16_inj'
9.
ThewellmanagementTriggerinterfaceshouldincludethefollowinginformation.
Figure94:Wellmanagementfortriggers.
19/09/2014
75
10. ClickonApplyandOK.
11. Thesecondpartofthetriggerisrelatedwiththereservoirpressure.Todothisanestedtriggerwillbeused.Under
Triggers,rightclickonthetriggerdateandselectNewChild.
12. TheManagementTriggerwindowwillpopupagainandUnderTriggerNameinput:RESERVOIR_PRESSURE.
13. SelectSectorunderApplyOndropdownmenu.
14. SelectPAVE:PorevolumeWeightedPressureRateofProductionunderWhendropdownmenuanddefinethe
triggervaluelessthan<7,500kPa.
15. UnderOptionsinputavalueof10fortheMaximumnumberoftimesthattheactionsspecifiedwiththetrigger
conditionissatisfied.
16. TypethefollowinginsideActionsbox:
OPEN 'wl5_inj'
OPEN 'wl16_inj'
17. ThewellmanagementTriggerinterfaceshouldincludethefollowinginformation.
Figure95:Wellmanagementfortriggers.
18. ClickonApplyandOK.SaveandrunthefileinIMEX.
19. InResultsGraphdisplaytheFieldProductionWaterRate(FieldWaterRateSCDefaultGroupPRO)and
reservoirpressure(SectorAvePresPOVOSCTREntireField)toseetheeffectofthetrigger.
19/09/2014
76
20. Asimilarplotshouldbeobserved
Figure96:Combinedeffectoftwotriggersinsimulationresults.
EXTRAEXERCISE
1.
Usingthebasecaseoption,implementadevelopmentplanforthereservoir.
2.
Extendthepredictionuntil20270101.
3.
Convertoneortwowellsfromproducerstoinjectorsin20100501.Useyourcriteriafortheselection.
4.
Usegroupstocontroltheinjectionrate.Trydifferentinjectionrates.
5.
Drillnewhorizontalwellsanddefineanestimateofthemaximumnumberofnewwellsforthisreservoir.
6.
Compareyourscenarioperwellandperfieldintermsoftheoilrecoveryfactor.
7.
Createconclusionsofyourdifferentscenariosofprediction.
19/09/2014
77

Introduction To CMGs TUTORIAL - 2013 - 20 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To CMGs TUTORIAL - 2013 - 20 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ComputerModellingGroupLtd.

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Add one curve by using the icon

to compare the effect in this parameter. Select the file

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Water Saturation 2010-02-01

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows

Tutorial Introduction to CMGs Modelling Workflows