Theory Slides 3

Actions and Data Required
Before the Kill
SIDPP
SICP
Shut in data
SIDPP
SICP
PIT GAIN
- Shut In Drillpipe Pressure

- Shut In Casing Pressure
SIDPP - Tells you how much the formation

pressure is greater than mud hydrostatic in
drillpipe. (Underbalance in String)
SICP - Tells you how much the formation
pressure is greater than hydrostatic in the
annulus. (Underbalance in Annulus)
PIT GAIN - size of influx at shut in
Page 1
Pressure stabilisation
TIME
SIDPP
SICP
1.
100
400
2.
200
600
3.
300
800
4.
350
850
5.
400
900
6.
450
950
7.
500
1000
8.
500
1000
9.
500
1000
10.
500
1000
SIDPP
1000
pressure
800
600
400
200
Stabilisation
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
minutes
Page 2
SIDPP V SICP
SIDPP
Why are they different?

PUMP
SICP
CHOKE
MANIFOLD
The hydrostatic in the

annulus is affected by the
influx.
INFLUX
HEIGHT
What Effects Shut in Pressures
Page 3
What Effects Shut in Pressures
How long for shut in pressure
to stabilise?
FAST
PSI
Pressure
700
900
PSI
Time
SLOW
LOW
PERMEABILITY
Pressure
HIGH
PERMEABILITY
Time
Page 4
Shut in Horizontal well
Influx
Height
{
Little or No loss in Hydrostatic
Gas Circulated into

Vertical Section
Influx
Height
Influx
Height
Page 5
Shut In Pressures - Gas

in Horizontal Section
Casing
Drillpipe
Influx
Height
Shut In Pressures- Gas

in Vertical Section
Casing
Drillpipe
Influx
Height
Page 6
Gas migration
Gas is lighter than the mud and
will try to migrate up the hole.
The speed of migration will
depend on;
mud properties- weight and viscosity
hole angle
The gas cannot expand so will

carry Formation Pressure upwards
causing ;
SICP to increase
BHP to increase
SIDPP to increase (if no Float)
How Can You See Gas migration

Shut In Pressure
1000
pressure
800
600
400
200
0
Time
Page 7

Shut In Pressure
1000
pressure
800
600
Stabilisation
400
200
0
Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
pressure
800
ig
Gas M
600
400
200
0
Time
Page 8
ration

Shut In Pressure
1000
pressure
800
n
igratio
Gas M
600
400
200
0
Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
pressure
800
ig
Gas M
600
400
200
0
Time
Page 9
ration
Gas migration - how to deal with it

600
500
500
Bleed mud through choke, allowing

gas to expand, keeping SIDPP at
original value
Gas migrates - SIDPP increases
Well shut in - stabilised
Float in drill string

How to find SIDPP
Zero SIDPP
600
- Pump slowly down drillpipe and watch

build up
- Correct SIDPP is as soon as SICP starts
to increase
SIDPP
SICP
600
500
Time
Page 10
Time
Circulating system
(Slow Circulation Rate)
Pressure losses in the circulating

system
Friction losses around the system.

Effects of Annular Pressure Losses.
Equivalent Circulating Density.
Slow circulating rates.
Circulating system with well shut in.
Page 11
Circulating System Surface BOP
2150
Well Data
MD (TVD) 10,000 ft
2300
Mud Wt
100 SPM
10 ppg
ACTIVE
Pump Pressure
= 2,300
Pressure Losses
Surface lines 150 psi
Drill String
950 psi
Bit
1,000 psi
Annulus
200 psi
psi
Hydrostatic pressure
= 5200
psi
BHCP =
5,400
Pump pressure 2,300 psi
Circulating system
Effects of Annular Pressure Loss (APL)
Increases BHP while circulating.
Static BHP
10 x 10,000 x 0.052 = 5,200 psi
BHCP
5,200 + { APL } 200 = 5,400 psi
Bottom hole pressure increases by 200 psi with
the pump running at 100 spm
Page 12
psi
Circulating system
Equivalent Circulating Density
BHCP expressed as an equivalent mud weight.
ECD = BHCP TVD 0.052

= 5,400 10,000 0.052
= 10.38 ppg
Effective mud weight increases by 0.38 ppg
with the pumps running.
Circulating system
Circulating out a kick With Slow Rate.
Why?
minimize annular pressure loss

reaction time when manipulating choke
mud mixing
limitations of surface lines & MGS
mud pump maximum pressure limit
What pump rate do we use?

Normally 2 - 5 barrels per minute
Page 13
Circulating system
How?
Bit just off bottom
use drill pipe gauge on choke panel
rotate?
When?
At beginning of every shift
mud property changes
every 500 feet
bit, BHA etc. changes
Circulating system
What factors determine the SPM chosen to kill the well
Maximum pressure the pump can handle
Ability to mix kill mud
Size of choke and choke line
Viscosity of the mud
Page 14
Circulating system
What will the APL (Annular Pressure Loss) be at 30 spm?
APL100SPM = 200 psi

30
APL30SPM = 200
100
APL30SPM = 18 psi
WE CAN NORMALLY IGNORE APL

AT THE SLOW CIRCULATING RATE
Circulating System Surface BOP
208
psi
30 SPM
Well Data
MD (TVD) 10,000 feet
Mud Weight
10 ppg
Hydrostatic 5200 psi
WELL SHUT IN
Pressure Losses =
Annulus
18 psi
Choke line very small
BHCP
Page 15
5,218 psi
SUBSEA WELL CONTROL

CONSIDERATIONS
Determining Slow Circulating Rate Pressure (SubSea)

30 spm: SCRP
600
psi
Riser
Pump down drillstring with

returns up riser to obtain
SCRP at various speeds.
SCRP used in calculating
ICP and FCP on kill sheet.
Page 16
Determining Chokeline Friction Pressure (SubSea)

Line up equipment to pump down kill line
400
30 spm
and up choke line. Open choke fully.
Pump at same pump rates used to obtain

SCRPs.
K
Pressure on gauge divided by 2 is CLFP.

Important to close a ram below choke line
outlet.
How to Measure CHOKE LINE FRICTION PRESSURE (SubSea)
0
200
0
Marine
Riser
Line up surface equipment to pump down choke line

with returns up the riser.
Pressure on choke manifold gauge is CLFP.
Obtain CLFP at same pump rates used in obtaining
SCRPs.
Other methods exist but this is fastest, simplest
technique and does not exert excess pressure on
formation.
Page 17
CHOKE LINE FRICTION PRESSURE (SubSea)

800
psi
600
psi
Returns
Riser
Riser
Closed
Open
CL FL 200psi
(dynamic)
Subsea BOP
APL
Negligible
Before drilling float collar and shoe take normal SCRPs down
drillstring with returns up riser
Line up equipment and take SCRPs through chokeline (with choke
fully open)
CLFP =SCRPchokeline SCRPriser
Note: Regardless of method used, CLFP must be adjusted for
increases in mud weight.
New CLFP
= CLFP
New M.W.( ppg)

Old M.W. (ppg)
Circulating system - summary

APL increases bottom hole pressure.
Significant at pump rates for drilling.
Not significant on surface BOP at SCR.
Wells are killed at SCR
Page 18
Fractures and MAASP
Formation fracture pressures

Contents
1. Formation Testing
2. Fracture Pressure and Maximum Mud
Weight
3. Maximum Allowable Annular Surface
Pressure (MAASP)
Page 19
Primary Well Control
Formation
Pressure
<
Mud Hydrostatic
<
Fracture
Pressure
What is fracture pressure?

Downhole pressure at
which mud is lost to the
formation
Formations assumed to
get stronger deeper
Measured by formation
tests
leak off test
formation integrity test
Usually measured at the

shoe
Page 20
Formation tests
PSI
Leak Off Tests
PSI
Formation Integrity
Tests
Leak off tests

PSI
Purpose
To measure the fracture
pressure of the formation at
the shoe
To test the cement job
Page 21
ACCURATE FORMATION
STRENGTH (LEAK OFF TEST)
1-DRILL OUT THE CASING SHOE AND APPROXIMATELY
15 FEET IN NEW FORMATION (RAT HOLE).
2-TEST SURFACE LINES.
3-CIRCULATE TO GET UNIFORM MUD IN THE HOLE
MUT IN = MUD OUT.
4-EXACT VERTICAL DEPTH (TVD) OF CASING SHOE.
5-USE CEMENT PUMP.
6-ACCURATE PRESSURE GAUGE.
7-RECORD MUD VOLUME PUMPED TILL LEAK-OFF
STARTS.
HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)
Page 22

MEASURED?
Pump Pressure
FRACTURE PRESSURE
= MUD psi + L.O.T. psi
Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
Pump Pressure
Volume Pumped
Page 23

MEASURED?
Pump Pressure
TREND LINE
Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
Pump Pressure
TREND LINE
Volume Pumped
Page 24

MEASURED?
Pump Pressure
TREND LINE
Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
Pump Pressure
TREND LINE
Volume Pumped
Page 25

MEASURED?
Pump Pressure
TREND LINE
Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
Pump Pressure
Point of Leak Off
Volume Pumped
Page 26
TREND LINE

MEASURED?
Point of Leak Off
TREND LINE
Pump Pressure
Leak Off
Pressure
Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
Point of Leak Off
TREND LINE
Pump Pressure
Leak Off
Pressure
FRACTURE PRESSURE
= MUD psi + L.O.T. psi
Volume Pumped
Page 27
Fracture pressure
PFRAC = (MWHOLE x TVDSHOE x0.052) + PLOT
Maximum mud weight

MWMAX = (PLOT TVDSHOE 0.052) + MWHOLE
MAASP
Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure
Definition
the surface pressure, above mud hydrostatic which will
cause the formation at the shoe to take mud (losses)
MAASP versus LOT

just after the LOT, the LOT pressure is the MAASP
As the mud weight increases, the MAASP will

decrease
Page 28
MAASP
Calculation
MAASP = (MWMAX - MWHOLE) x TVDSHOE x 0.052
SUBSEA WELL CONTROL

CONSIDERATIONS
Page 29
Subsea Concerns
Reduced Fracture Gradients
Formation fracture gradient on land is
a direct function of the weight of the
rock overburden above.
1800 ft
8000 ft
Overburden
pressure S
= 1.0 psi/ft
6200 ft
.445 psi/ft
Offshore, an amount
replaced by seawater.
of
rock
is
The difference in densities between

rock and water overburden reduces
the fracture gradient.
RKB - 8000
EXAMPLE:
Land Well Overburden Stress = 8,000 x 1.0 = 8000 psi
Offshore Well Overburden Stress = (1,800 x .445) + (6,200 x 1) = 7001 psi
MAASP - conclusions
Use to determine drilling procedures.
Once the well is shut in there is little we
can do regarding MAASP.
Once the influx is in the casing MAASP
has no relevance.
Page 30
PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES OF
OF
KILL
KILL METHODS
METHODS
PRINCIPLE OF KILL METHOD

RESTORE PRIMARY CONTROL
HOW?
CLEAN OUT INFLUX
REPLACE OLD MUD WITH KILL MUD
ALL THE TIME
MAINTAIN CORRECT BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE.
HOW?
USE INDUSTRY APPROVED KILL METHOD
ONE THAT MAINTAINS CORRECT AND

CONSTANT BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
Page 31
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE

PRESSURE EXERTED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE.
BHP = MUD HYDROSTATIC

+
BACK PRESSURE HELD AT REMOTE CHOKE
+
ANNULAR PRESSURE LOSS (APL)
MOST TIMES APL IS SMALL AND CAN BE IGNORED.
PRESSURE BALANCE
BHP = HYDROSTATIC + BACK PRESSURE
TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT BHP!

IF HYDROSTATIC
+ 100
THEN
BACK PRESSURE
Page 32
- 100
CONSTANT BHP
FLUID HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE)
CHOKE (BACK
INCREASE
INCREASE
DECREASE
DECREASE
CONSTANT BHP
FLUID HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE)
INCREASE
CHOKE (BACK
INCREASE
DECREASE
DECREASE
Page 33
CONSTANT BHP
FLUID HYDROSTATIC
PRESSURE)
INCREASE
CHOKE (BACK
INCREASE
DECREASE
DECREASE
ROLE OF CHOKE
THE CHOKE (REMOTE OR MANUAL) IS A DEVICE
FOR ADJUSTING BACK PRESSURE.
A KICK IS DUE TO LACK OF MUD HYDROSTATIC.
THE CHOKE PROVIDES A BACK PRESSURE TO
COMPENSATE FOR LACK OF MUD HYDROSTATIC.
WHEN HEAVY MUD IS PUMPED THE OPERATOR
REDUCES BACK PRESSURE.
Page 34
START UP PROCEDURE
THIS PROCEDURE STARTS THE KILL CORRECTLY.
IT ENSURES THAT BHP IS CORRECT FOR THE
KILL.
IF CARRIED OUT CORRECTLY IT WILL GIVE YOU
THE TRUE CIRCULATING PRESSURE.
HOW?
BRING PUMP UP TO SPEED HOLDING CASING
PRESSURE CONSTANT.
Subsea Kill Procedures

Bringing Pump to Kill Rate Using Choke Manifold Gauge
1100
psi
As the pump is brought to kill speed, open choke

to reduce the casing pressure by the amount of
the corresponding choke line friction pressure. A
schedule of casing pressure vs pump speed
should be constructed (along with the kill sheet) to
assist the choke operator.
SICP=700 psi
Subsea BOP
500
psi
CLFL
200 psi
dynami
c
Dynamic Casing pressure = SICP CLFP

Dynamic Casing pressure = 700 200 = 500 psi
Pf = 5000 psi
Page 35
Ph = 4300 psi
(in Annulus)
BHP 5000 psi
APL
Negligible
Subsea Kill Procedures

Bringing Pump to Kill Rate Using Kill Line Monitor Gauge
/
ICP
SIKP
SICP
Closed
Valve
CLFL
200 psi
(DYNAMIC)
Kill
Line
Choke Line
SUBSEA KILL PROCEDURES

Bringing Pump to Kill Rate Wrong Way
1300
psi
700
psi
Choke manifold pressure is held constant

while pump brought to kill rate.
CLFL Returns
200 psi
static
With pump at kill rate, chokeline friction is

additional pressure on annular side.
Subsea BOP
Chokeline acts as hidden choke. CLF is

felt at casting shoe, bottom of the hole and
seen on drillpipe gauge.
APL
Ph = 4300psi
(in Annulus)
Pf = 5000psi
Negligible
CLF could cause lost returns.
BHP is greater than FP by amount of CLF.
BHP 5200psi
Page 36
KILLING METHODS
Wait and weight method

One circulation
Kill mud pumped at the same time as the influx is
removed
Page 37
Wait and weight

method
500
900
0 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
KMW
11 ppg
Single circulation
Bring pump to kill rate,
HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
Once at kill rate,switch to drill pipe
pressure
Drill pipe pressure should be
I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000
Wait and weight

method
800
900
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
KMW
11 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000
Page 38
Single circulation
CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
Wait and weight

method
700
950
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
KMW
11 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
Single circulation
CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
as kill mud is pumped to the bit
TVD 10000
500
1000
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
KMW
11 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000
Page 39
Wait and weight

method
Single circulation
CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
400
1100
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
KMW
11 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
Wait and weight

method
Single circulation
CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000
330
1100
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
KMW
11 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000
Page 40
Wait and weight

method
Single circulation
CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
330
1300
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
KMW
11 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
Wait and weight

method
Single circulation
CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000
330
1500
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
KMW
11 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000
Page 41
Wait and weight

method
Single circulation
CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
330
1000
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
KMW
11 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
Wait and weight

method
Single circulation
CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
Hold FCP until kill mud reaches surface
TVD 10000
Wait and weight

method
330
0
Single circulation
Bring pump to kill rate, HOLDING
CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500 = 800 psi
ICP = 800
to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
When kill mud at the surface SICP will
be ZERO.
30 SPM
Page 42
Wait and weight

method
0
0
Single circulation
Bring pump to kill rate, HOLDING
CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
pressure
= 300 + 500 = 800 psi
from ICP = 800 to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
Hold FCP until kill mud reaches
surface
When kill mud at the surface SICP will
be ZERO.
When pump shut off Both pressures
will be ZERO
0 SPM

Single circulation
Circulate mud as soon as available, following step down.
Drillpipe Pressure
Casing Pressure
1500
1000
500
0
0
Stks x 100
Page 43
10 11

ICP = SIDPP + SCR PRESSURE
FCP = SCR X
Step down from ICP to FCP using either graph or chart
800
SIDPP
330
0
STROKES TO BIT
Drillers method
Page 44
KILL MUD
OLD MUD
Drillers method
2 circulations
First circulation to remove influx
Second circulation to circulate kill mud
Drillers method
500
900
0 SPM
Well is Shut In
Mud wt
10 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10,000
Page 45
Drillers method
500
900
30 SPM
First circulation
Bring pump to kill rate, opening choke
CONSTANT
Once at kill rate, look at drill pipe pressure
Mud wt
10 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000
Drillers method
800
900
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000
Page 46
First circulation
CONSTANT
Drill pipe pressure should be the sum of the
SCR and SIDPP.
E.g. =ICP
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
Drillers method
800
1000
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
First circulation
HOLDING CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
SCR and SIDPP.
E.g.
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
Hold this pressure constant until the influx is
removed.
Casing pressure will continue to INCREASE
because of gas expansion.
TVD 10000
Drillers method
800
1500
30 SPM
Mud wt
10 ppg
SCR
30 spm
300 psi
First circulation
SCR and SIDPP.
E.g.
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
removed
Casing pressure will continue to INCREASE
and INCREASE because of gas expansion.
TVD 10000
Page 47
Drillers method
800
500
30 SPM
First circulation
SCR and SIDPP.
E.g.
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
removed
Casing pressure will decrease as gas is
pumped through the choke, and finally will be
equal to SIDPP when all gas is pumped out of
the well.
Shut down HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
Drillers method
500
500
0 SPM
End of first circulation

SCR and SIDPP.
E.g.
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
removed
Shut down HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
SICP should equal original SIDPP
Page 48
WHAT IS IF?
Casing pressure is not equals to drill
pipe pressure at the end of first
circulation.
Still have gas in the well
ACTION!!!
Alternative Second Circulation
Second Circulation
Page 49
Drillers method
500
500
0 SPM
Second circulation
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Drillers method
Dec.
500
30 SPM
Second circulation
When pump to kill rate hold casing
pressure constant until kill mud
reaches the bit, drill pipe pressure
will drop from ICP to FCP.
From 800 psi to 330 psi
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Page 50
Drillers method
330
Dec.
30 SPM
Second circulation
pressure constant and continue
keep it constant until kill mud
reaches the bit
Once kill mud enters the annulus,
switch to drill pipe pressure and
hold constant until kill mud reaches
surface
Casing pressure will continue to
decrease and will be ZERO when
kill mud at the surface.
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
330
Drillers method
0
30 SPM
Second circulation
reaches the bit
surface
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Page 51
Drillers method
0 SPM
Second circulation
(the original Drillers)
reaches the bit
surface
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Drillers method
Two circulations
First circulation with original mud holding ICP constant
Second circulation with kill mud following step down.
Drillpipe Pressure
Casing Pressure
1500
1000
ICP
ICP
500
FCP
FCP
Stks x 100
Page 52
11
10
WHAT IS IF?
Casing pressure is not equals to drill
pipe pressure at the end of first
circulation.
Still have gas in the well
ACTION!!!
Alternative Second Circulation
Page 53
Drillers method
800
650
30 SPM
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Alternative second circulation (W&W method)
Will be used if SICP is not equal to SIDPP

after the first circulation.
Bring pump to kill rate

Once at kill rate,switch to drill pipe pressure

= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
Allow drill pipe pressure to fall from ICP to

FCP as kill mud is circulated to the bit
FCP = SCRP x KMW

OMW
= 330 psi
Shut down
SIDPP = SICP = 0
Drillers method
330
750
30 SPM
Alternative second circulation (W&W method)


= 300 + 500
= 800 psi

FCP = SCRP x KMW

OMW
= 330 psi
Shut down
SIDPP = SICP = 0
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
Page 54
Drillers method
0
0
0 SPM
Alternative second circulation


= 300 + 500
= 800 psi

FCP = SCRP x KMW

OMW
= 330 psi
Shut down
SIDPP = SICP = 0
Kill mud
weight
11 ppg
THINGS TO WATCH FOR

FOLLOWING A CHOKE ADJUSTMENT THE
DRILLPIPE GAUGE TAKES LONGER TO REACT DUE
TO LENGTH OF SYSTEM
KILL MUD ONLY DOES GOOD WHEN GOING
DOWNHOLE. THEREFORE RE-ZERO STROKE
COUNTER
CALCULATED ICP IS ONLY A GUIDELINE. ACTUAL
(TRUE) ICP IS SEEN AT START UP
IF ACTUAL ICP IS DIFFERENT THEN RECALCULATE
GRAPH OR STEP DOWN
Page 55
THINGS TO WATCH FOR

Additional considerations unique to SubSea operations
Loss of integrity
First action is to close the BOP
Trapped gas blow the BOP

Use the diverter
Vessel Motion
Displace the Riser and the Kill line
with kill mud.
GENERAL RULES FOR GAS

GAS EXPANDS AS IT IS CIRCULATED UP HOLE
GAS EXPANSION REDUCES HYDROSTATIC
CASING (BACK) PRESSURE INCREASES TO
COMPENSATE FOR REDUCTION IN
HYDROSTATIC
IF KILL IS CARRIED OUT CORRECTLY!
GAS
Page 56
PRESSURE AT ANY POINT ABOVE

GAS INFLUX WILL BE INCREASING
GAS

GAS
Page 57

GAS

GAS
Page 58
GAS
AS GAS PASSES THE SHOE

PRESSURE DROPS A SMALL AMOUNT
DU TO THE CHANGE IN HOLE
GEOMETRY.
GAS
PRESSURE AT ANY POINT BELOW
GAS INFLUX WILL BE CONSTANT
Page 59
GAS


GAS

Page 60
Gas behaviour
Gas expands as it is circulated up the hole

Gas expansion reduces hydrostatic
Casing (back) pressure increases to compensate for reduction in
hydrostatic
If kill is carried out correctly;
Pressure at any point above gas influx will be increasing
GAS
As gas passes then pressure drops
Pressure at any point below gas influx will be constant
Differences between methods
Page 61
Wait and weight

method
30 SPM
Kill mud pumped from start

If kill mud enters the annulus
before the gas reaches the
shoe: will result in lower casing shoe
pressure than Drillers Method
Drillers method
30 SPM
Kill mud not pumped until

influx removed
Casing shoe pressure will be
higher than Wait and Weight
Page 62
Wait and weight

method
30 SPM
Kill mud pumped from start

If the gas reaches the shoe
before the kill mud enters the
annulus: Will result in the same shoe
pressure as the Drillers Method
Drillers
Wait and Weight
If the drill string volume is less than the open hole

volume, the Wait and Weight method will result in
lower casing shoe pressures
Page 63
Drillers
Wait and Weight
In all cases the wait and weight method will result

in lower surface pressures
INFLUX SIZE vs SHOE

PRESSURE
SICP
SICP
600
300
psi
10 ppg
psi
2900
10 ppg
3200
5000 ft
5000 ft
psi
psi
SHOE
PRESSURE
SHOE
PRESSURE
INFLUX
Page 64
Casing shoe pressure

Shoe is assumed to be the weak point
Pressure on shoe at shut in
= Mud hydrostatic + SICP
Bigger the influx
the bigger the SICP
the bigger the shoe pressure
If SICP exceeds MAASP at shut in then formation will
break down.
KEEP KICKS SMALL

SHUT IN EARLY
MAASP - interpretation
Example
Drilling ahead in 81/2 hole with a mud weight of 11 ppg
Shoe depth is 10000
LOT data: 1000 psi with 11 ppg
MAASP = 1000 psi
When mud weight is increased to 12 ppg
MAASP = 480 psi
What should we do?
Indicator of procedures to be used
for example, how we react to a drilling break
Page 65
MAASP - example 1
500
1000
Well shut in.

MAASP 1000 psi.
As pressures
stabilize SICP
reaches 1000 psi.
What might happen?
What should we do?
MAASP - example 2
500
750
Well shut in.

MAASP 1000 psi
SICP 750 psi.
As kick circulated up
open hole SICP
reaches 1000 psi.
What might happen?
What should we do?
Page 66
MAASP - example 3
500
750
Well shut in.

MAASP 1000 psi
SICP 750 psi.
As gas is circulated
up cased hole SICP
reaches 1000 psi.
What might happen?
What should we do?
What can increase the risk of

exceeding MAASP?
Incorrect casing shoe setting depth

Unexpected high pressure
Kick size
Low fracture pressure
Long open hole sections
Gas migration
Bad practices
Too much safety margin
Ignoring Choke Line Friction
Page 67
Problems during well control

operations
Common well control problems

Blockages
string
annulus
choke
Washouts
string
choke
Surface equipment failure
Losses
Hydrates
Page 68
Well control problem
Drillpipe
Casing
BHP
Choke plugging
Choke washout
Nozzle plugging
String washout
Choke Plugging
750
DATA
PROBLEM
SIDPP : 500 psi SICP : 750 psi
SCR : 300 psi at 30 spm
RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION
Circulating kick out using Drillers Method
ICP : 800 psi
2500
2000
Pressure
800
1500
1000
500
0
Drillpipe Pressure
Page 69
Casing Pressure
BHP
Choke Plugging
1200
1150
DATA
PROBLEM
Choke Plugging
RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION
Casing Pressure UP Drillpipe Pressure UP
ICP : 800 psi
INCREASING
2500
Pressure
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Drillpipe Pressure
Casing Pressure
BHP
When the choke is plugging, Casing, Drillpipe and Bottom Hole Pressures all increase.
Choke Plugging
750
DATA
PROBLEM
Choke Plugging
RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION
Casing Pressure UP Drillpipe Pressure UP
ICP : 800 psi
INCREASING
2500
2000
Pressure
800
1500
1000
500
0
Drillpipe Pressure
Casing Pressure
BHP
When the choke is plugging, Casing, Drillpipe and Bottom Hole Pressures all increase.
Opening the choke will keep BHP constant, for a time.
The correct course of action is to shut down and change chokes.
Page 70
Choke Washing Out

800
750
DATA
PROBLEM
Choke Washing Out
RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION
Casing Pressure DOWN Drillpipe Pressure DOWN
ICP : 800 psi
DECREASING
2500
Pressure
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Drillpipe Pressure
Casing Pressure
BHP
When the choke is plugging, Casing, DrIllpipe and Bottom Hole Pressures all decrease
Closing the choke will keep BHP constant, for a time.
The correct course of action is to shut down and change chokes.
Nozzle or String Plugging

750
DATA
PROBLEM
RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION
ICP : 800 psi
2500
2000
Pressure
800
1500
1000
500
0
Drillpipe Pressure
Page 71
Casing Pressure
BHP

800
750
DATA
PROBLEM
Nozzle Plugging
RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION
Casing Pressure NO CHANGE
Drillpipe Pressure UP
ICP : 800 psi

NO CHANGE
2500
Pressure
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Drillpipe Pressure
Casing Pressure
BHP
When a nozzle plugs, Drillpipe pressure will increase, Casing and BHP will remain constant.

750
DATA
PROBLEM
Nozzle Plugging
RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION
Drillpipe Pressure UP
ICP : 800 psi

?
2500
2000
Pressure
800
1500
1000
500
0
Drillpipe Pressure
Casing Pressure
BHP
When a nozzle plugs, Drillpipe pressure will increase, Casing and BHP will remain constant.
Opening the choke will reduce BHP.
The correct course of action is to shut down and restart with a new ICP.
Page 72
Nozzle or String Washing Out

800
750
DATA
PROBLEM
Nozzle Washing
RECOGNITION SIGNS
CURRENT OPERATION
Drillpipe Pressure DOWN
ICP : 800 psi

NO CHANGE
2500
Pressure
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Drillpipe Pressure
Casing Pressure
BHP
When a nozzle washes, Drillpipe pressure will decrease, Casing and BHP will remain constant.
Closing the choke will increase BHP.
The correct course of action is to shut down and restart with a new ICP.
CHANGING PUMP SPEED

KILLING A WELL
40 SPM
900 psi DRILL PIPE PRESSURE
IF SPM WAS INCREASED TO 50 AND DRILL
PIPE PRESSURE HELD AT 900 psi
? WHAT HAPPENS TO BHP?
INC
DEC
Page 73
STAY SAME
Evaluate BHP
Review practices and procedures
IF
IF
Correct
Incorrect
How does the choke operator react?
IF
BHP Stay same
IF
Increase
choke size
Decrease
choke size
Decrease casing
(choke ) pressure
Increase casing
(choke ) pressure
Decrease
BHP
Increase
BHP
Volumetric and stripping

operations
Page 74
Non-routine
techniques
Drillers and Wait and Weight only work with bit below the influx.
Other problems may
be;Unable to circulate
Hole packed off
Bit off bottom
No pipe in the hole
In these situations it may be necessary to use other well control techniques.

Stripping.
Volumetric.
STRIPPING
Non Return
Valve
psi
Volume to Bleed
= Closed end Displacement
psi
Casing Pressure rises as

you strip into bubble
By how much approx???
Page 75
VOLUMETRIC
- WHEN OFF BOTTOM
- WHEN OUT OF HOLE
- WHEN BIT PLUGGED
STEPS
CHOOSE SAFETY FACTOR
CHOOSE WORKING PRESSURE
e.g. - 100 psi
CALCULATE WORKING VOLUME in bbls
ANNULAR VOLUME is at SURFACE PIPE
Page 76

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Actions and Data Required

Before the Kill

- Shut In Drillpipe Pressure

SIDPP - Tells you how much the formation

Why are they different?

The hydrostatic in the

What Effects Shut in Pressures

What Effects Shut in Pressures

Shut in Horizontal well

Gas Circulated into

Shut In Pressures - Gas

Shut In Pressures- Gas

The gas cannot expand so will

How Can You See Gas migration

How Can You See Gas migration

How Can You See Gas migration

How Can You See Gas migration

How Can You See Gas migration

Gas migration - how to deal with it

Bleed mud through choke, allowing

Gas migrates - SIDPP increases

Well shut in - stabilised

Float in drill string

- Pump slowly down drillpipe and watch

Pressure losses in the circulating

Friction losses around the system.

Circulating System Surface BOP

Pump pressure 2,300 psi

ECD = BHCP TVD 0.052

minimize annular pressure loss

What pump rate do we use?

APL100SPM = 200 psi

WE CAN NORMALLY IGNORE APL

Circulating System Surface BOP

SUBSEA WELL CONTROL

Determining Slow Circulating Rate Pressure (SubSea)

Pump down drillstring with

Determining Chokeline Friction Pressure (SubSea)

and up choke line. Open choke fully.

Pump at same pump rates used to obtain

Pressure on gauge divided by 2 is CLFP.

How to Measure CHOKE LINE FRICTION PRESSURE (SubSea)

Line up surface equipment to pump down choke line

CHOKE LINE FRICTION PRESSURE (SubSea)

New M.W.( ppg)

Circulating system - summary

Fractures and MAASP

Formation fracture pressures

Primary Well Control

What is fracture pressure?

Usually measured at the

Leak Off Tests

Leak off tests

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH