SELECTED O F F S H O R E ABSTRACTS

Buoys and mooring systems

Cathodic protection

Steady and oscillating drift forces on floating objects

S. K. C h a k r a b a r t i Proc. ASCE J. Waterway Port Coast. Ocean
Div. M a y 1980, 10~(WW2), 205 228

Cathodic protection of steel in offshore concrete platforms

O. E. G j o r v a n d O. V e n n e s l a n d . Mat. Per`~rm. M a y 1980, 19(5),

Wave drift force on a moored floating object is analysed. Both the steady
and oscillating components of the drift force are studied. Data collected
from various sources on the drift forces are presented in nondimensional form. The correlation among these results suggests that the
drift force is highly dependent on the shape of the floating object.
Limited data on drift forces are recorded in a wave tank test with a single
point mooring system. Data are correlated between the measured and
calculated values. A comprehensive bibliography is included (44 refs).

Semi-rigid connection for buoys and marine platforms

L. Cavaleri Ocean Eng. 1980, 7(3), 447 455
Details are given of a system which has the capability of maintaining two
large structures apart, floating or submerged due to current, waves and
wind. Tests were performed on the system, which has been built, and they
show that the developed theory is correct within the specified limits of
validity. A practical test in the sea has proved the system's efficiency and
has shown where possible improvements can be made. The main
characteristics of the systems are simplicity, reliability, and low cost.

Open sea berths for liquid bulk carriers

B. Le M e h a u t e Ocean En,q. 1980, 7(3), 429-445
The trend of evolution in ship mooring and harbour engineering is
reviewed and recommendations are outlined for open sea berth
instrumentation. Ship moorings dynamics, mooring systems and mooring criteria are discussed and comparisons are made of stiff moorings
versus flexible moorings in the case of both long and short waves. The
development of an operational berth code based on marine sensors is
discussed and tabulated.

Dynamic positioning systems for ships --operational experience

R. B o n d GEC J. Sci. Technol. 1980, 46(1), 39-48
Experience in the design and commissioning of a number of dynamically
positioned (DP) ships over the past few years is reviewed. The primary
task of these vessels being diver support in the North Sea, for underwater
inspection and maintenance of fixed platforms. The DP systems on four
of the vessels are described and some of the problems solved are
discussed.

Cables
Vortex-excited vibrations of marine cables
O. M. Griffin et al. Proc. ASCE, J. Waterway Port Coast. Ocean
Div. M a y 1980, 106(WW2), 183 204
The dynamic analysis of ocean structures and cable systems has become
increasingly important in the prediction of stress distributions and
fatigue life in the offshore environment. These factors being particularly
relevant as new and more complex systems must be designed to
withstand deep ocean environment over long time periods. Details are
given of results obtained from several recent investigations of the vortexexcited 'strumming' vibrations of cables and cable structures. Reliable
experimental data are now available for the dynamic response of and
flow-induced forces on a model scale. Based on the experiments
described, semi-empirical prediction models have been developed and
compared favourable with field test data.

49 -52
Concrete cylinders with embedded steel connected to cathodically
protected steel were exposed to fresh flowing sea water at 20C. At
potentials more negative than - 7 8 0 mV vs. SCE the bond strength
increased. Bond strength for as-received steel was 88~ higher than for
polished steel. The applied potential caused a reduced chloride penetration through the concrete.

Cathodic protection of a hot riser in sea water

R. M. V e n n e t t Mat. Per.form. Nov. 1979, 18(11), 26-33
Oil risers at 47 to 5 2 C in North Sea water are not protected by current
densities adequate for other steel in the cold water, hence, a series of tests
have been made to determine densities required. Laboratory apparatus
was devised to simulate the conditions on producing platforms where
risers are covered by a calcareous coating before production of the 82 to
104C oil begins. Highly oxygenated sea water adjacent to the hot pipe
causes rapid attack. The tests indicate that a typical design current
density should be about 300 mA/m z (27.7 mA/ft2), for a riser with a
surface temperature of 50~C. It is recommended that hot riser pipe
should be bare below the splash zone and cathodically protected.

Automatic control and monitoring equipment for cathodic protection of offshore structures
J. H. M o r g a n Mat. Per`l~orm.Oct. 1979, 18(10), 4 9 . 5 2
Details are discussed of difficulties associated with achieving proper
cathodic protection current densities on submerged and buried structures and the usefulness of the three main systems now employed.
Galvanic, impressed current, and combined galvanic-impressed current
systems are considered. Monitoring problems regarding the condition of
the structures, difficulties associated with anode location, reference
electrodes, use of anodes as reference electrodes, multiple systems,
instrumentation requirements related to exposions, instruments for
diver tests, influence of water depth and interpretations of potentials as
they indicate protection or lack of it are considered.

Cathodic protection on concrete offshore platforms

B. Heuze Mat. Per`form. M a y 1980, 19(5), 24 33
Lessons learnt during the past few years on 5 North Sea concrete
platforms where cathodic protection systems were incorporated in the
construction design are discussed. The importance of the duct material
in the safeguard of the prestressing tendons, the cathodic protection
limitation in case of coating cracking and disbondment, and precautions
to be taken against welding stray currents are discussed. An approach is
included to the corrosion prevention ofa hypothetic drilling, storage and
production concrete platform. The approach focuses on design
philosophy, current required by the rebar and well casings, corrosion
protection inside J tubes and tunnels, monitoring systems, lightning
protection, and criteria of the cathodic protection system appraisal.

Coatings and cathodic protection of pilings in sea-water - results

of 5 year exposure
A. K u m a n a n d D. W i t t m e r Mat. Per`[orm. Dec. 1979, 18(12),9 19
Results of 5 year tests of 31 sets of 3 each, ASTM A36 or 690 steel H
pilings exposed at Dam Neck, Virginia, and LaCosta Island, Florida are
described. Included are 25 coatings and four sacrificial anode cathodic
protection systems. Coating performance ratings are given on organic,

Applied Ocean Research, 1981, Vol. 3, No. 2

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