Field Work 1: Tachimetry

FIELD WORK 1 : TACHIMETRY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
a. Horizontal Sight
Based on principle distance-elevation stadia formulae derived for the horizontal
sights.
Figure 1 : Measurement of horizontal sight method (based on stadia principle)
b. Inclined Sight
This method is frequently required to reduce the inclined observations into horizontal
distance and difference in elevation.
PURPOSE :
Know the following field work :
a. Tachymentry by vertical staff fixed stadia method .
1.2.1 Follow standard procedure
1.2.2 Conduct the task according to the requirement
1.2.3 Accomplish the task within a given time frame.
1.2.4 Document the task and produce the report.
c. Tangential System
In this method , the stadia hairs are not used, the readings being taken against the
horizontal cross-hair. To measure the staff intercept, two pointings of the instruments
are, therefore , necessary .

2.0 OBJECTIVE
a. Horizontal Sight
To understand the common principle of tachymetry horizontal sight method.
b. Inclined Sight
i.
Revise the basic princples of traversing and experience of the field works
procedure, so that students are able to establish the control points by surveying
approach with minimize errors and practicable.
ii.
To develop skill in using EDM thus could be explored more function that
assist on the instrument .
To know the following field work
b. Tachymetry by tangential
1.2.1 Follow the standard procedure
1.2.2 Conduct the task according to the requirement
1.2.3 Accomplish the task within a given time frame
1.2.4 Document the task and procedure the report.

3.0 INSTRUMENT
Figure 2 :Theodelite
A Theodelite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical
planes.
Figure 3 :Staff Level

Staff Level is a graduated rod used by surveyors to measure differences in level.
Figure 4 :Tripod
Tripod is used to setting up the theodelite and also approximate adjust the bubble by leg
adjustment.
Figure 5 : Compass
Prismatic Compass is one of the two main kinds of magnetic compasses included in the
collection for the purpose of measuring magnetic bearings.
Figure 6 : Wooden Peg

Wooden Peg is usually used to mark or set in a certain point.
Figure 7 : Hammer
Hammer is used to hammered the wooden peg into the ground.

4.0 FIELD WORK PROCEDURE
a. Horizontal Sight
Figure 8 : Traverse Tachimetry
1. A relatively flat area is selected and placed with three point of station.
2. Known the distance to be measured which are 1-2, 2-3 and 3-1.
3. The instrument at point 2 is set up and levelled . Point 1 is the reference object and
point 3 of the line to be measured. The theodolite vertical angle is set as 900000
4. The levelling staf is placed over the other end (point 1) of the line.
5. The bearing 2 to 1 in the theodolite is set and point 1 is observed.
6. Stadia hair readings is measured.(upper, middle and lower)
7. Then , levelling staff is placed over point 3 and the bearing and stadia readings is
observed. (upper, middle and lower)
8. The distance between point 2 to 1 and point 2 to 3 is compute.
Horizontal Sights
Hd = Ks + C
Where :Hd = horizontal distance
K = stadia interval factor =100

s = stadia intercept (upper rdg. lower rdg.)
c = stadia additive = 0 (for internal focusing telescope)

b. Inclined Sight
(I)
TRAVERSE CONTROL
Traverse are a series of established stations tied together by angle and distance. A
traverse is a form of control survey that is used in a wide variety of engineering
and property surveys. A closed traverse is beginning and ends at known points .
PROCEDURE :
1. Positions for stations ischoosed as close as possible to the objects to be located.
2. The stations is marked by peg/picket with the ground and should be visible each
other.
3. The chosen distance between point >30m and 100m .
4. The prismatic compass is used to assume the baseline.
5. Observations of angle and distance could be clockwise from baseline.
6. A total station/theodeliteis set up on the face left at station 2, centre it over the
ground station mark and is level accurately with levelling screws.
7. Sight the telescope towards station 1, clamp the upper and lower plates and sight
the signal at 1 accurately. Set up the angle and target distance 2-1.
8. Then the upper plate is unclamp , swing the TS/theodolite clockwise and sight the
signal at 3. Accurate bisection of the signal is made by using upper tangent screw
only. Read the angle and distance 2-3
9. Step 7-8 is repeated to get the face right at station 2-1 and 2-3
10. Both of the angle is read and find the average reading.
11. The TS/theodolite is shifted to the next traverse stations in turn and the step 6-10
is repeated at every traverse station in the same sequential order.
12. The areas , accuracy ratio is calculated and correction of traversing is applied .

(II)
DETAILING MEASUREMENT
Detailing measurement is a important method to preparation of topographic maps which

require both elevations and horizontal distances.
THEORY :
As height differences between staff positions and instrument increase, it will become
impossible to use the horizontal line of sight which so far has only been considered.
Figure 9 : Traverse Tachimetry
1. On one end of the designated line, set up and level the instrument at point 2.
2. Direct the STAFman to hold vertically a levelling STAF at the other end of the line
(point 1) and take a BACKSIGHT on the staf. Set the bearing 2 to 1 based on
compass bearing.
3. Observe through the telescope the apparent location of the stadia hairs on the staf and
record the upper, middle and lower stadia hair readings.
4. Read the vertical angle and record this quality. Indicate its corresponding sign. An
angle of elevation is a plus (+) angle and an angle of depression is a minus (-) angle.
5. Using the stadia staf, measure the actual height of the instrument above the occupied
point and record this as the Hi.

6. Then, place the staf at point 3, observe bearing (H), vertical angle (V) and stadia
readings.
7. Move the instrument at point 3 and repeat step 2 to 6 (but bearing to setting is refer to
bearing 2 to 3). Follow this step until instrument move at point 1.
Figure 10 : Incline sight vertical staff method diagram
Inclined Sights Formulae

HD = Ks (cos )
VD = Ks sin2
Where : HD = Horizontal distance

VD = Vertical distance
K = Stadia interval factor
s = Stadia intercept (upper rdg lower rdg)
c = Distance from center of instrument up to principal focus = 0 ( for internal focusing
telescope )

Figure11 : Line of traverse

1. The instrument is set up at station 2. Assume station 1 as a Reference station.
2. Compass at station 1 is set up and the reference bearing is obtained.
3. Then the theodolite is set up at the same point (stn 2)
4. The reference bearing from compass is setting at the theodolite. (from 2 to 1)
5. The rod staff is placed at point 1. The vertical angles is measured twice for one single
observation.
6. State the first reading of vertical angle as and taken cross-hair stadia
readings(middle).
7. Then the stadia intercept is measured by opening the second verticle angle .
8. The verticle angle can indicate the maximum intercept. The staff and verticle angle
value reading is taken.
9. The staf is transfered at point 3. The bearing is opened from point 2 to 3.
10. The procedure 6-8 is repeated.
Figure 12 : Tangential method diagram

5.0 DATA
a. Horizontal Sight
b. Inclined Sight

Stnocc
Stnobs
Horizontal
Vertical
Stadia
Circle
Circle
Readings
2834920 a=854520
a=4.945
=740100
b=2.340
2044800 a=882920
a=4.865
b=724440
b=1.725
a=934740
a=4.935
b=715000
b=0.620
3303920 a=904940
a=4.940
b=764300
b=1.180
1503920 a=893840
a=4.955
b=763440
b=1.505
1034920 a=911000
a=4.960
b=733640
b=1.115
244800
HD
VD

6.0 DATA ANALYSIS
a. Horizontal Sight
b. Inclined Sight

Stnocc
Stnobs
Horizontal
Vertical
Stadia
Circle
Circle
Readings
HD
VD
2834920 a=854520
a=4.945
12.275
3.516
=740100
b=2.340
2044800 a=882920
a=4.865
11.047
3.431
b=724440
b=1.725
a=934740
a=4.935
16.481
5.408
b=715000
b=0.620
3303920 a=904940
a=4.940
16.965
4.007
b=764300
b=1.180
1503920 a=893840
a=4.955
14.843
3.542
b=763440
b=1.505
1034920 a=911000
a=4.960
14.046
4.131
b=733640
b=1.115
244800
7.0 CONCLUSION
Our field work was carried out successfully . We work in a group when doing this field work.
Based on the result that we have collected, we know to measure of horizontal of sight (based
on stadia principle), tachymetry by vertical staff fixed stadia (inclined sights), and tachymetry
by tangential (tangential system) by using vertical staff formulae, normal/incline staff
formulae and tangent formulae. From the result that we have gained from the fieldwork ,we
managed to corrected the bearing. But we really enjoyed when doing this fieldwork.

Field Work 1: Tachimetry

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FIELD WORK 1 : TACHIMETRY

Figure 1 : Measurement of horizontal sight method (based on stadia principle)