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Chapter 1

Marking Out

Pa g e 1
GMI /I SC / C L5/ R EV 00 /0 2

LESSON PLAN
Basic Cutting Processes 1
PRT 01.10
Chapter

Benchwork Workshop

Location

Marking Out

Prepared by

Objectives
1.

Understand the purpose and application of marking techniques

2.

Master the various marking techniques and to prepare workpiece accordingly

3.

Select and use proper scribing tools

4.

Make an independent judgement on marking quality

5.

Describe layout procedures from print to workpiece

References

Media

1.

1.

Technology of Metal Trade

Overhead Projector

Chapter 1
1.1.

Marking Out

Definition

Marking out is the accurate transference of dimensions from drawings or specifications to a


workpiece. Accurate marking out is fundamental to all metal working processes and the
methods employed are common to all branches of the craft.

1.2.

Marking out tools

1.3.

Surface plates and tables

These provide a true plane of reference for testing other surfaces. They provide a datum of
surface from which measuring and marking out activities of all kinds may be performed.
They are either made form fine-grade cast iron, or gravite. The fine grade cast iron surface
plates are ribbed on the underside to prevent warping.
Their surfaces are very accurately machined and they are often finished by hand to ensure a
perfectly true surface. Surfaces plates and tables should be kept scrupulously clean and be
protected by a cover when not in use.

1.4.

Steel rule

A steel rule is a direct measuring instrument mostly used in 300 mm length.

During measuring.
Place the rule either directly onto the length to be measured or at right angles to the
reference plane.
Use a contact face if possible and read off measurements by looking at the point from
directly above.

1.5.

Scriber

A scriber is used for marking out by scratching or scribing very fine lines on the workpiece. It
is used in conjunction with a square or a straightedge etc., in the same way that a pencil is
used in conjunction with a protractor or a set squares. It is made from tool steel and has a
hardened point, which has an included angle of about 30. In use, the point of the scriber is
first placed exactly on location and the square or straight edge carefully slid up to it.
A steel needle (hardened point) is used for marking hard material. If possible or necessary,
apply layout dye.

A brass needle or pencil is used for marking softer materials and workpieces whose surfaces
must not be scratched.

Guiding the scriber


Place the point of the scriber on the workpiece against the straight edge. Hold the scriber
incline away from the straight edge and in the direction in which it is to be drawn. Draw the
marking line once only.

Marking with one reference plane


Using a steel rule and working from the reference plane 'a', mark the marking measurements
twice at two points as far from one another as possible. Place the steel straight edge on the
marks and draw the marking line with the scriber.

1.6.

Square

A 90 0 back square should be used if a second reference surface is available.

Marking with two reference planes


Using a steel rule and working from the reference plane 'a', mark the marking measurements
once. Place the back square with its edge on reference plane'b'.
Push the long blade of the back square right up to the markings. Draw the marking line with
the scriber.

1.7.

Protractor

In a- simple protractor, the pointer-like measuring arm} can be set against a circular degree
scale from 00 to 180. The measuring error is around 1 degree (1).

Marking with templates


Templates are used for marking in mass production or when the shape of the workpiece is
complicated. These are placed on the workpiece and outlined with a scribing point. Two
fixings must be established for the template to be laid correctly on the workpiece.

1.8.

Vernier height gauge

This is used in conjuncton with a surface table and consists of a heavy base supporting the
column on which the main scale is engraved. It is used for accurately measuring the height
of components, using the surface table as the datum. Readings are obtained by the same
method as that used on a vemier caliper.

Work Technique
Set the dimension surface gauge to the correct dimension.
Place the workpiece with its reference surface (reference plane) on the marking plate.
Draw marking lines by moving the surface gauge smoothly on the marking plate in the
direction of stroke.

Other Marking devices


The centres for shafts and pipes are marked quickly and exactly with the centre square, the
cross square and the centre punch.
The scratch gauge is used to mark parallel lines to a reference plane.

1.9.

Dividers

Dividers have two legs with needle points. The points are harder than the material which has
to be marked. The legs are of equal length.

Work technique
Set the dividers on the rule. Fine setting is achieved by lightly tapping one leg or by turning
the nut.
The beam divider can be fine adjusted by scale and vernier scale. Pick up the dividers by the
joint. Put one needle point into the centre punch mark: Incline the dividers towards the
surface to be marked in order to obtain an even marking line. Put main pressure on the inner
leg.

Pick up the dividers by the joint. Put one needle point into the center punch mark. Incline the
dividers towards the surface to be marked in order to obtain an even marking line. Put main
pressure on the inner leg.
Move the dividers round in a circle keeping the angle of inclination constant. Wrist holding
the joint of the dividers must follow the circular movement.
The centre punch hole must be done with a sharp centre punch to give the divider a good
guidance.
Dividing a boring into segments beam divider
If the centre point of the workpiece to be marked falls within a boring, a piece of wood is
inserted to centre the circle.

1.10.

Centre punch

The layout or prick punch and the centre punch differ only in the angle of the point. The prick
punch is ground to an angle of 45 (30 to 60) and is used to mark permanently the location
of layout lines. The narrow angle of this punch makes a smaller and neater indentation in the
metal surface.
For the prick punch use only a 100-200gr hammer. One centre hole: one stroke only.

The centre punch is ground to an angle of 75 (60-90) and is used to mark the location of
the centre boles. The wider indentation permits easier and more accurate starting of a drill
point.

Use a heavier hammer (500gr). Set the centre punch exactly on the intersection on the two
lines. Use a light vertical stroke. Countercheck the position of the centre hole, and if the
position is correct, use only one heavier vertical stroke to bring the centre hole to the
required size.
The accuracy of the centre punch mark depends on:
1) exact marking out
2) the ground point of the centre punch
3) the placing of the centre punch position
4) the correct use of the hammer

After the layout lines have been scribed on the workpiece, they should be permanently
marked by means of Layouts or prick-punch marks. This step will ensure that the layout line
location will still be visible should the line be rubbed off through handling.
The intersection of the centrelines of a circle should be carefully pricked-punched and then
enlarged with a centre punch.

1.11.

Question sheet for Marking

1) What is the purpose of scribing?


2) What is used to make layout lines stand out so that they can be easier seen?
3) Why is layout blue used for marking?
4) Surface plates are made of cast iron or granite. What are the advantages of the
surface plate made of granite? (Please give 6 advantages)
5) When are you using a beam divider?
6) It is important to have a sharp centre punch hole if you want to use it for a divider
centrehole, why?
7) How many degrees has the point of a scriber?
8) Why should you not use a back square to mark a workpiece which has only one
reference plane?
9) What is the name of the marking device which you can use to find quickly and exactly
the center on the plain end of a shaft?
10) For what purpose is the cross square used?
11) Which advantages have templates if you use them for marking?
12) Give two requirements that must be fulfilled when marking out?
13) When and for which workpieces would you use brass scribers or pencils?
14) What is the difference between a prick and a center punch?
15) Why are prick punchers used and not center punches to make scribing lines on a
workpiece?
16) Why should the center punch hole be bigger than the prick punch holes on a scribing
line?

1.12. Answer Sheet for Marking


1) What is the purpose of scribing?
To transfer the outline and the measurement of a workpiece from the drawing to the
material from which the workpiece is made from.
2) What is used to make layout lines stand out so that they can be easier seen?
Layout die and on prick punched holes
3) Why is layout blue used for marking?
To make working lines "stand out" and to make it easier to center the prick punch
4) Surface plates are made of cast iron or granite. What are the advantages of the
surface plate made of granite?
a) Harder than cast iron
b) Permanently true size stress free
c) Antimagnetic
d) No rusting
e) Smooth sliding
f)

Easier to maintain

5) When are you using a beam divider?


If the (circle) to be drawn is too big for a normal divider.
6) It is important to have a sharp centre punch hole if you want to use it for a divider
centrehole, why?
A sharp divider gives better guidance
7) How many degrees has the point of a scriber?
30 degree and 15 degree
8) Why should you not use a back square to mark a workpiece which has only one
reference plane?
The stop branded on the back square can not be used

9) What is the name of the marking device which you can use to find quickly and exactly
the center on the plain end of a shaft?
Centre square, cross square.
10) For what purpose is the cross square used?
To find quickly and exactly the center on a plain end of shaft.
11) Which advantages have templates if you use them for marking?
Fast, exact, cost saving, no measuring or marking error.
12) Give two requirements that must be fulfilled when marking out
a) Clarity in marking
b) No damage to the surface of the workpiece
13) When and for which workpieces would you use brass scribers or pencils?:
To mark softer materials and workpieces whose surfaces must not be scratched.
14) What is the different between a prick and a center punch
The point angle.
15) Why are prick punchers used and not center punches to make scribing lines on a
workpiece?
Prick-punchers have a smaller point angle and give smaller and neater indentations
in the metal surface.

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