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PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 21:
Alternating current
(5 Hours)
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Learning Outcome:
24.1
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I
I0
0
I0
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I
I0
0
I0
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
I
I0
0
I0
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
t
4
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
V
V0
0
V0
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
V0 : peakmaximum voltage
I 0 : peak maximum current
T : period
5
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
21.1.1 Terminology in AC
Frequency (f)
Period (T)
is defined as a time taken for one complete cycle.
1
T
f
(21.1)
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I I 0 sin t
V V0 sin t
where
(21.2)
phase
(21.3)
t : time
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Learning Outcome:
21.2
I rms
I0
and
Vrms
V0
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I av
2I 0
I0
(21.4)
Note:
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I : instantaneous AC
The average power, Pav over one cycle of AC is given by
P I 2R
where
Pav I R
2
where I
given by
I 2 I rms
Therefore
Pav I rms R
2
(21.5)
10
PHYSICS
Since
CHAPTER 21
I I 0 sin t thus the square value of current is given by
I 2 I 0 sin 2 t
2
I2
I0
I0
2
1
T
T
2 Figure 21.2
3
T
2
2T
From Figure 21.2, the shaded region under the curve and
above the dashed line for I02/2 have the same are as the
shaded region above the curve and below the dashed line for
2
I02/2.
I
2
0
(21.6)
I
Thus
11
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I rms
I0
I rms
I rms
I0
2
I0
(21.7)
I0
I rm s
0
Figure 21.3
I0
0.707 I 0
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
t
12
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Vrms
V0
(21.8)
Note:
Equations (21.7) and (21.8) are valid only for a sinusoidal
alternating current and voltage.
13
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Example 21.1 :
An AC source V=500 sin t is connected across a resistor of
250 . Calculate
a. the rms current in the resistor,
b. the peak current,
c. the mean power.
Solution : R 250
By comparing V 500 sin t to the V V sin t
0
Thus the peak voltage is V0 500 V
a. By applying the formulae of rms current, thus
I rms
I rms
I0
and
2
V0
V0
I0
R
R 2
500
250 2
14
PHYSICS
Solution :
CHAPTER 21
R 250
I rms
I0
2
I0
1.41
2
Pav I rms R
2
1.41 250
2
15
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Example 21.2 :
I (A)
0.02
20
40
60
80
t (ms )
and
0.02
Figure 21.4
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
R 10 10 3
From the graph, I 0 0.02 A; T 40 10 3 s
Solution :
I rms
I0
2
I rms
0.02
2
1
f
40 10 3
1
f
T
Pav I rms R
2
1.41 10
10 10
2 2
17
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Learning Outcome:
21.3
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
b.
c.
d.
e.
19
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
V0
I0
0
I0
V0
1
T
2
Note:
3
T
2
2T
Figure 21.5a
positive value
negative value
radian
Leads
Lags behind
In antiphase
20
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Vrms
Z
I rms
OR
V0
Z
I0
(21.9)
I0
2
(21.10)
21
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Figure 21.6
Pure resistor means that no capacitance and self-inductance
effect in the AC circuit.
VR
I
AC source
Figure 21.7
22
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I I 0 sin t
VR IR
I 0 sin t R and I 0 R V0
VR V0 sin t V
t t 0
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
V0
I0
0
I0
V0
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
Figure 21.8a
Vrms V0
Z
R
I rms I 0
(21.11)
24
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
VC
I
AC source
V
Figure 21.9
VC V V0 sin t
25
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Q CVC
Q CV0 sin t
dQ
I
dt
Hence the equation of AC in the capacitor is
d
I CV0 sin t
dt
d
CV0 sin t
dt
CV0 cos t and CV0 I 0
I I 0 cos t
OR
I I 0 sin t
2
26
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
t t
2
rad
2
/2 radians.
/2 radians.
27
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
rad
V0
I0
V
0
I0
V0
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
V0
and I 0 CV0
Z
I0
V0
CV0
28
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
1
Z
XC
C
1
XC
2fC
and
2f
(21.12)
f : frequency of AC source
C : capacitanc e of the capacitor
Vrms V0
XC
I rms I 0
(21.13)
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
XC
1
X C
f
0
Figure 21.11
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
L
VL
I
AC source
Figure 21.12
The alternating current passes through the inductor is given by
I I 0 sin t
When the AC passes through the inductor, the back emf caused
by the self induction is produced and is given by
dI
B L
dt
d
L I 0 sin t
dt
B LI 0 cos t
(21.14)
31
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
V B
LI 0 cos t and LI 0 V0
V V0 cos t
OR
V V0 sin t
2
t t rad
2
2
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
rad
V0
I0
V
0
I0
V0
Figure 21.13b: phasor diagram
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
Figure 21.13a
33
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
V0
Z
I0
and
V0 LI 0
LI 0
I0
Z L X L
and
X L 2fL
2f
(21.15)
f : frequency of AC source
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Vrms V0
XL
I rms I 0
(21.16)
XL
X L f
0
Figure 21.14
35
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Example 21.3 :
A capacitor has a rms current of 21 mA at a frequency of 60 Hz
when the rms voltage across it is 14 V.
a. What is the capacitance of the capacitor?
b. If the frequency is increased, will the current in the capacitor
increase, decrease or stay the same? Explain.
c. Calculate the rms current in the capacitor at a frequency of
410 Hz.
Solution : I rms 21 10 3 A; f 60 Hz; Vrms 14 V
a. The capacitive reactance of the capacitor is given by
Vrms I rms X C
14 21 10 3 X C
1
XC
2fC
1
667
2 60 C
36
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Solution :
f 410 Hz
1
XC
2fC
1
XC
2 410 3.98 10 6
Vrms I rms X C
14 I rms 97.5
37
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Example 21.4 :
A rms voltage of 12.2 V with a frequency of 1.00 kHz is applied to a
0.290 mH inductor.
a. What is the rms current in the circuit?
b. Determine the peak current for a frequency of 2.50 kHz.
3
3
Solution : V
12
.
2
V;
f
1
.
00
10
Hz;
L
0
.
290
10
H
rms
a. The inductive reactance of the inductor is given by
X L 2fL
2 1.00 103 0.290 10 3
Vrms I rms X L
12.2 I rms 1.82
38
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
3
3
12
.
2
V;
f
1
.
00
10
Hz;
L
0
.
290
10
H
rms
b. Given f 2.50 10 3 Hz
Solution : V
X L 2fL
2 2.50 103 0.290 10 3
Vrms 2 I 0 X L
12.2 2 I 0 4.56
39
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
VR
VC
I
AC source
Figure 21.15a
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
VC
Based on the phasor diagram, the rms supply voltage V (or total
voltage) of the circuit is given by
V VR VC
2
IR IX C
2
V I R2 X C
(21.17)
41
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I
2
2
Z R XC
(21.18)
VC
tan
VR
IX C
tan
IR
XC
tan
R
(21.19)
XC
Figure 21.15c
42
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
RL series circuit
VR
VL
I
AC source
Figure 21.16a
The rms voltages across the resistor VR and the inductor VL
are given by
VR IR
and
VL IX L
43
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
VL
VR
V VR VL
2
IR IX L
2
V I R XL
2
(21.20)
44
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I
2
Z R2 X L
(21.22)
VL
tan
VR
IX L
tan
IR
XL
tan
R
(21.23)
XL
Figure 21.16c
45
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
VR
VL
VC
I
AC source
Figure 21.17a
The rms voltages across the resistor VR, the capacitor VC
and the inductor VL are given by
VR IR
and
VC IX C
VL IX L
46
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
VL VC
VC
VR
V VR VL VC
2
IR 2 IX L IX C 2
V I R X L X C
2
(8.24)
47
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
V
2
2
R X L X C
I
Z R X L X C
2
and
V
Z
I
(21.25)
VL VC
tan
VR
IX L IX C
IR
X L XC
tan
R
(21.26)
48
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
XL
X L X C
XC
Figure 21.17c
49
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
X C , X L , R, Z
Z
XL f
R
Figure 21.18
fr
1
XC
f
50
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Z R2 X L X C
Z min R 2 0
Z min R
I max
V
V
Z min R
(8.28)
51
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
I max
fr
Figure 21.19
PHYSICS
Note:
CHAPTER 21
X L XC
1
L
C
1
2
and 2f r
LC
1
2
2f r
LC
1
fr
2 LC
(21.29)
53
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Example 21.5 :
A 2 F capacitor and a 1000 resistor are placed in series with an
alternating voltage source of 12 V and frequency of 50 Hz.
Calculate
a. the current flowing,
b. the voltage across the capacitor,
c. the phase angle of the circuit.
Solution : C 2 10 6 F; R 1000 ; V 12 V; f 50 Hz
a. The capacitive reactance of the inductor is given by
1
XC
2 50 2 10 6
1
XC
2fC
Z R XC
2
1000 1592
2
54
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Solution : C
2 10 6 F; R 1000 ; V 12 V; f 50 Hz
V IZ
12 I 1880
VC IX C
6.38 10 3 1592
XC
tan
R
XC
tan
R
1 1592
tan
1000
OR
55
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Example 21.6 :
153 V
115 V
314 V
Figure 21.20
Based on the RCL series circuit in Figure 21.20 , the rms voltages
across R, L and C are shown.
a. With the aid of the phasor diagram, determine the applied voltage
and the phase angle of the circuit.
Calculate:
b. the current flows in the circuit if the resistance of the resistor R is
26 ,
c. the inductance and capacitance if the frequency of the AC source
is 50 Hz,
d. the resonant frequency.
56
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Solution : V
VL
VL VC
VC
VR
VL VC
tan
VR
VL VC
tan
VR
1 314 115
tan
153
1
OR
57
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Solution : V
b. Given
R 26
VR IR
153 I 26
c. Given
f 50 Hz
VL IX L
314 5.88X L
X L 2fL
53.4 2 50L
58
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Solution : V
115 5.88X C
X C 19.6
VC IX C
1
XC
2fC
1
19.6
2 50C
fr
1
2 LC
1
0.1701.62 104
59
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Exercise 21.1 :
An AC current of angular frequency of 1.0 104 rad s1 flows
through a 10 k resistor and a 0.10 F capacitor which are
connected in series. Calculate the rms voltage across the
capacitor if the rms voltage across the resistor is 20 V.
ANS. : 2.0 V
2. A 200 resistor, a 0.75 H inductor and a capacitor of
capacitance C are connected in series to an alternating
source 250 V, 600 Hz. Calculate
a. the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance when
resonance is occurred.
1.
b. the capacitance C.
c. the impedance of the circuit at resonance.
d. the current flows through the circuit at resonance. Sketch
the phasor diagram of the circuit.
ANS. : 2.83 k, 2.83 k; 93.8 nF; 200 ; 1.25 A
60
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Exercise 21.1 :
3.
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Learning Outcome:
21.4
Apply
a)
average power,
Pav IV cos
b)
instantaneous power,
dW
P
dt
c)
power factor,
Pr Pav
cos
Pa IV
in AC circuit consisting of R, RC, RL and RCL in series.
62
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
P IV
I 0 sin t V0 sin t
I 0V0 sin 2 t and I 0V0 P0
P P0 sin 2 t
(8.30)
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
P
P0
P P0 sin 2 t
P0
2
Pav
0
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
Figure 21.21
The average (or mean) power Pav being absorbed by the
resistor is given by
Pav P0 sin 2 t
1
1
Pav P0 I 0V0
2
2
(21.31)
64
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
P IV
I 0 cos t V0 sin t
I 0V0 sin t cos t
1
P P0 sin 2t
2
and
1
sin t cos t sin 2t
2
(21.32)
65
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
P
P0
2
0
P0
1
P P0 sin 2t
2
1
T
2
3
T
2
2T
Pav
Pav
P0 sin 2t
Pav 0
66
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
P IV
I 0 sin t V0 cos t
I 0V0 sin t cos t and
1
P P0 sin 2t
2
1
sin t cos t sin 2t
2
67
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
P
P0
2
1
P P0 sin 2t
2
1
T
2
P0
2T
Pav
Pav
Note:
3
T
2
P0 sin 2t
Pav 0
The term resistance is not used in pure capacitor and inductor because no
heat is dissipated from both devices.
68
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Pav IVR I 2 R
(21.33)
rms values
From the phasor diagram of the RCL series circuit as shown in
VL
Figure 21.24,
VL VC
Figure 21.24
VC
VR
I
69
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
VR
We get cos
V
VR V cos
IZ
Pav I 2 Z cos Pr
(21.34)
Pr
Pr
cos 2
I Z Pa
(21.35)
cos
2
IZ
70
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Example 21.7 :
A 100 F capacitor, a 4.0 H inductor and a 35 resistor are
connected in series with an alternating source given by the
equation below:
Calculate:
a. the frequency of the source,
b. the capacitive reactance and inductive reactance,
c. the impedance of the circuit,
d. the peak current in the circuit,
e. the phase angle,
f. the power factor of the circuit.
71
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
R 35 ; C 100 10 6 F; L 4.0 H
By comparing V 520 sin 100t to the V V0 sin t
Thus V 520 V; 100 rad s 1
0
Solution :
2f
100 2f
1
XC
2fC
1
XC
2 15.9 100 10 6
X L 2fL
2 15.94.0
72
PHYSICS
Solution :
CHAPTER 21
R 35 ; C 100 10 6 F; L 4.0 H
Z R X L X C
2
V0 I 0 Z
520 I 0 302
73
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Solution :
R 35 ; C 100 10 6 F; L 4.0 H
e. The phase angle between the current and the supply voltage is
X L XC
tan
R
X L XC
tan
1 400 100
tan
35
OR
f. The power factor of the circuit is given by
74
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Example 21.8 :
A 22.5 mH inductor, a 105 resistor and a 32.3 F capacitor are
connected in series to the alternating source 240 V, 50 Hz.
a. Sketch the phasor diagram for the circuit.
b. Calculate the power factor of the circuit.
c. Determine the average power consumed by the circuit.
Solution : R 105 ; C 32.3 106 F; L 22.5 103 H
V 240 V; f 50 Hz
1
XC
6
2 50 32.3 10
1
XC
2fC
X L 2fL
2 50 22.5 103
75
PHYSICS
Solution :
CHAPTER 21
R 105 ; C 32.3 106 F; L 22.5 103 H
V 240 V; f 50 Hz
XL
X C X L
XC
b. From the phasor diagram in (a),
the impedance of the circuit is
Z R X C X L
76
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Solution :
R
cos
Z
105
cos
139
V
I
Z
cos
Z 2
240
0.755
139
77
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Exercise 21.2 :
1.
78
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PHYSICS
CHAPTER 21
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 25 :
Quantization of light
79