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CHAPTER 26
CHAPTER 26:
Nucleus
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Nucleus
26.1 Properties of nucleus
26.2 Binding Energy and Mass Defect
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Learning Outcome:
26.1
Properties of nucleus
Define
proton number
nucleon number
isotopes
Use
A
to represent a nucleus.
ZX
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Electron
Figure 13.1
4
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Charge (C)
Mass (kg)
Proton (p)
Neutron (n)
+e
0
(uncharged )
(1.60 10
19
1.672 10 27
1.675 10
27
Table 13.1
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Symbol
Definition
Atomic number
Neutron number
Mass (nucleon)
number
Relationship :
(13.1)
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Mass number
Element X
Atomic number
Figure 13.2
The number of protons Z is not necessary equal to the number
of neutrons N.
e.g. : 24 Mg
12
32
16
Z 12
N A Z 12
S ; 195
78 Pt
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
R R0 A
1
3
(13.2)
where
femtometre (fermi)
1 fm 11015 m
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Example 1 :
Based on the periodic table of element, Write down the symbol of
nuclide for following cases:
a. Z =20 ; A =40
b. Z =17 ; A =35
c. 50 nucleons ; 24 electrons
d. 106 nucleons ; 48 protons
e. 214 nucleons ; 131 protons
Solution :
a. Given Z =20 ; A =40
A
Z
40
20
Ca
50
24
Cr
9
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Example 2 :
What is meant by the following symbols?
1
0
1
1
0
1
n; p ; e
State the mass number and sign of the charge for each entity
above.
Solution :
1
0
Neutron ; A=1
Charge : neutral (uncharged)
1
1
Proton ; A=1
Charge : positively charged
0
1
Electron ; A=0
Charge : negatively charged
10
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Example 3 :
Complete the Table 13.3.
Element Number of Number of
nuclide
protons
neutrons
1
1
9
4
14
7
16
8
23
11
59
27
31
16
133
55
238
92
H
Be
N
O
Na
Co
S
Cs
U
16
Total charge
in nucleus
Number of
electrons
16e
16
15
Table 13.3
11
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
26.1.2 Isotope
2
1
3
1
Oxygen isotopes:
16
8
17
8
18
8
proton(11 p)
equal
deuterium( 21 D)
tritium (31T)
not equal
not equal
12
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Learning Outcome:
26.2
E mc 2
13
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
E mc 2
where
(13.5)
E : amount of energy
m: rest mass
E mc 2
(1)(3.00 108 ) 2
E 9.00 1016 J
14
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
1 eV 1.60 10 J
1 MeV 10 6 eV 1.60 10 13 J
mass of 126 C
1u
12
1 u 1.66 10 27 kg
15
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
E mc 2
(1.66 10 27 )(3.00 108 ) 2
E 1.49 10 10 J
in joule,
1 u 1.49 10 10 J
in eV/c2 or MeV/c2,
1.49 10 10
6
2
E
931
.
5
10
eV/
c
1.60 10 19
1 u 931.5 10 6 eV/ c 2
OR
1 u 931.5 MeV/c 2
16
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
The mass of a nucleus (MA) is always less than the total mass
of its constituent nucleons (Zmp+Nmn) i.e.
M A Zmp Nmn
mn : mass of a neutron
m Zm p Nmn M A
(13.6)
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Binding energy
in joule
EB mc 2
Mass defect in kg
(13.7)
Speed of light in
vacuum
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Binding energy ( EB )
Binding energy per nucleon
Nucleon number( A)
mc 2
Binding energy per nucleon
A
(13.8)
20
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Greatest stability
Figure 13.5
Mass number A
21
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
For the nuclei with A between 50 and 80, the value of EB/A
ranges between 8.0 and 8.9 Mev/nucleon. The nuclei in
these range are very stable. The maximum value of the
curve occurs in the vicinity of nickel, which has the most
stable nucleus.
CHAPTER 26
Line of
stability
Neutron number,
PHYSICS
N=Z
Figure 13.6
Atomic number Z
23
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
The stable nuclei are represented by the blue dots, which lie
in a narrow range called the line of stability.
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Example 5 :
Calculate the binding energy of an aluminum nucleus
27
13 Al
in MeV.
27
13 Al
Z 13 and N 27 13
N 14
m Zmp Nmn M Al
13 1.00782 14 1.00867 26.98154
m 0.2415 u
25
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Solution :
The binding energy of the aluminum nucleus can be calculated by
using two method.
1st method:
1 u 1.66 10 27 kg
EB m c 2
in kg
EB 4.0089 10
28
3.00 10
8 2
3.608 10
EB
1.60 10 13
26
PHYSICS
Solution :
2nd method:
CHAPTER 26
EB m c 2
1 u 931.5 MeV/ c 2
in u
931.5 MeV/ c 2 2
c
m
1u
931.5 MeV/ c 2 2
c
0.2415 u
1u
27
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Example 6 :
Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of a boron nucleus
in J/nucleon.
B
10
5
10
5
Z 5
and
N 10 5
N 5
m Zmp Nmn M B
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Solution :
The binding energy of the boron nucleus is given by
EB m c 2
0.06951 1.66 10
27
3.00 10
8 2
EB 1.04 1011
A
10
29
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Example 7 :
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Solution :
From the aspect of binding energy per nucleon:
12
Z 6 and N 6
Carbon-12 : C
6
The mass defect :
m Zmp Nmn M C
6 1.00782 6 1.00867 12.00000
m 0.09894 u
m c
EB
A
A C
931.5 MeV/ c 2 2
c
0.09894 u
1u
12
2
31
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
238
Uranium-238 : 92 U
The mass defect :
Z 92
and N 146
m 1.93447 u
The binding energy per nucleon:
931.5 MeV/ c 2 2
c
1.93447 u
1u
EB
238
A U
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Exercise 26.1 :
Given c =3.00108 m s1, mn=1.00867 u, mp=1.00782 u
1.
ANS. : 2.781013 J
2.
20
10 Ne
is 19.99244 u. Calculate
33
PHYSICS
CHAPTER 26
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 30 :
Nuclear reaction
34