World Applied Programming, Vol (3), Issue (8), August 2013.

320-327
ISSN: 2222-2510
2013 WAP journal. www.tijournals.com

An Iterative Method for Solving Partial Differential

Equations and Solution of Korteweg-de Vries Equations for
Showing the Capability of the Iterative Method
Farshad Ehsani

Amin Hadi

Farzad Ehsani

Rohoallah Mahdavi

Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Yasouj branch,
Islamic Azad University,
Yasouj, Iran.
F.ehsani87@gmail.com

Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Yasouj branch,
Islamic Azad University,
Yasouj, Iran.
Amin.Hadi@live.com

Young Researchers Club,

Yasouj Branch, Islamic
Azad University, Yasouj,
Iran.
F.ehsani20@gmail.com

Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Hamedan branch,
Islamic Azad University,
Hamedan, Iran.
rohoallah.mahdavi@gmail.com

Abstract: In this paper demonstrated an iterative method as a semi-analytical method for solving nonlinear
partial differential equations. Many non-linear PDE that arising in various engineering applications have no
exact solution so a semi-analytical solution of these equations is very important. Here has been considered some
nonlinear partial differential equations with appropriate initial/boundary conditions and clearly demonstrated
the capability of the method. Then the Korteweg-de Vries equations are solved by iterative method .the results
shown that the iterative method is accurate, convenient, fast, time saver and have a high order of convergence
and have no need to the restriction assumptions and small perturbation parameter.
Keywords: An iterative method, PDE, semi-Analytical solution, Korteweg-de Vries equations, kdv
I.

INTRODUCTION

There are some non-linear partial differential equations (PDE) in the solving of many physical problems that solution of
these problems is very important. Despite of many efforts that have been done for obtaining the exact solution of nonlinear partial differential equations, so far not presented an exact solution for many problems. The researchers are
looking for semi-exact and analytical methods.
The Adomians decomposition method (ADM) [1] was presented in 1988 by Adomians. This method had been
introduced a semi-exact and approximation solution for partial differential equations (PDEs) and ordinary differential
equations (ODEs). For years the researchers were using of this method for solution of PDE and ODE. Many researchers
after1988 improved this method until Ji-Huan He presented the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) [2-7] in1998.the
benefits of this method relative to past methods is better accurate, little computational volume, easy using, etc.
There are many standard methods for solving nonlinear partial differential equations [8]; for instance: Backland
transformation method [9], Lie group method [10] ,inverse scattering method [11], Hirotas bilinear method [12],
homogeneous balance method [13],VIM that was proposed by He[14-18]; H. Temim and A.R. Ansari introduced a semianalytical iterative technique for solving nonlinear ordinary differential equations[19].but The goal of this paper is
presentation of a semi-exact and analytical method for solving partial differential equations.
Despite of past methods iterative method is easier to use, has more accurate, no need restriction assumptions, has little
computational volume. Another advantage of iterative method is on the provision of a rapidly convergent series and after
fewer iterative the results will be converged and could be approached the close form of exact solution.
II.

BASIC IDEA OF ITERATIVE METHOD

To illustrate the basic concepts of iterative method, considering the following partial differential equation
A u x , t f x , t 0
r

(1)

Subject to boundary condition

B u , u / n 0

(2)

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Farshad Ehsani, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (8), August 2013.

Where A is a general differential operator, B a boundary operator

boundary of domain and

f x is a known analytical function, is the

u
denotes differentiation along the normal drawn outwards from . The operator A
n

can, generally speaking, be divided into two parts: a linear part

rewritten as follows:
L u x , t N u x , t f x , t 0

and a nonlinear part

. Eq. (1) therefore can be

In this method by the elimination of non-linear term, the initial guess is obtained as follows
L u 0 x , t f x , t
B u 0 ,u 0 / n 0
x

(3)
(4)

Then by replacing the u n x , t and u n1 x , t respectively in the non-linear and linear term of PDE, next iterations
obtained as Eq. (5)
L u n1 x , t N u n x , t f x , t
(5)
In fact each u i x , t is separately the solution of problem. The iterative method is easy to use and each solution is a
betterment of the previous iteration, Continuing this manner, until could be obtained u n x , t which is in the good
approximate with the exact solution.
III.

APPLICATION OF ITERATIVE METHOD

III.1 Example 1.solution Korteweg-de Vries (kdv) equation by iterative method

Considering the following K (2, 2) equation:
2

u t u x u xxx 0
With the following initial condition:

(6)

u x, 0 x

(7)

x
1 2t
For solution of Eq.(6) with initial condition (7) it is used of iterative method:
Exact solution

L u x ,t u t
N u x ,t u

(8)

(9)
2
x

(10)

xxx

f x , t 0

(11)

u 0
t

(12)

0, u 0 x ,0 u 0 x

u n 2 3 u n 2
u n 1
, u n 1 x ,0 x
t x
3

x
By assuming above initial conditions a solution for equation (6) by iterative method is as follows:
u0 x

(14)

u1 x 1 2t

(15)

8t 3
u 2 x 1 2t 4t 2

(16)

32
32
64
128 7

u 3 x 1 2t 4t 2 8t 3 t 4 t 5 t 6
t
3
3
9
63

(17)

321

(13)

Farshad Ehsani, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (8), August 2013.

416 5 128 6 3712 7 4544 8 44032 9

2
3
4
1 2t 4t 8t 16t 15 t 3 t 63 t 63 t 567 t

u4 x
22528 t10 10240 t 11 2048 t 12 8192 t 13 16384 t14 32768 t 15

189
63
567
3969
59535
315

(18)

2752 6 1664 7 60352 8 895232 9

2
3
4
5
1 2t 4t 8t 16t 32t 45 t 15 t 315 t 2835 t

7045888 t10 1512448 t11 9102848 t12 53825536 t13 4173824 t14
14175

2025
8505
36855
2205

2073657344
88807424
8847466496
678428672

t15
t16
t17
t18

893025
33075
3036285
229635
85028503552
2164129792 20 108794478592 21 584056832 22
u5 x
t19
t
t
t

30541455
893025
56260575
416745
10263461888
17749245952 24 44535119872 25 33554432 26
23

t
t
t
t
11252115
33756345
168781725
297675

268435456 27 872415232 28 536870912 29 1073741824 30

t
t
t
t

78764805
236294415
3544416225
6751269

2147483648 31

109876902975

(19)

Each of above terms is the solution of equation (6) but must be choose the best answer by comparing un 1 and un
Until that

un un1 e , e computational accurate

Here are written more iteration for better solution; although next iteration is better that previous iteration. Everyone can
probe this statement by comparing each un with exact solution alone. In this example after five iterations, it could be
obtain the analytical solution (19) as a close form of exact solution
Obviously it is shown that u5 converges to

x
as an exact solution
1 2t

III.2 Example 2.solution Korteweg-de Vries (kdv) by iterative method

Considering the KdV equation as:
1
2
u t u x u xx 0
2
With the following initial condition:

u x ,0 x

(20)

(21)

Exact solution

x
1 2t

To solve Eq (20) with initial condition (21) there is used of iterative method that the correction functional defined as:
L u x , t ut
(22)

N u x, t

1 2
u x u xx
2

(23)

f x , t 0

(24)

u0
t 0,u0 x, 0 u0 x

(25)

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Farshad Ehsani, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (8), August 2013.

1 un 2
un 1
t 2 x

2 un
2 , un 1 x, 0 x
x

(26)

By Assuming above initial conditions a solution for equation (20) by iterative method is as follows:
u0 x

(27)

u1 x 1 t

(28)

u 2 x 1 t t 2 t 3
3

2
1
1
1

u 3 x 1 t t 2 t 3 t 4 t 5 t 6 t 7
3
3
9
63

13
2
29
71 8 86 9

2
3
4
5
6
7
1 t t t t 15 t 3 t 63 t 252 t 567 t

u4 x
22 t10 5 t 11 1 t 12 1 t13 1 t14 1 t15

189
126
567
3969
59535
315

43 6 13 7 943 8 3497 9 27523 10

2
3
4
5
1 t t t t t 45 t 15 t 1260 t 5670 t 56700 t

1477 t11 17779 t12 13141 t13 1019 t14 63283 t15 43363 t16

4050

68040
73710
8820
893025
1058400

1080013
2588
162179
16511
207509

u5 x
t17
t18
t19
t 20
t 21
48580560

229635
30541455
7144200
225042300

557 t 22 2447 t 23 16927 t 24 5309 t 25 1 t 26

1666980

22504230
540101520
675126900
595350

2
13
1
1
1

t 27
t 28
t 29
t30
t 31
315059220
236294415
3544416225
109876902975
6751269

(29)
(30)

(31)

(32)

After trying the higher iterations, the exact solution could be obtained.
Fortunately, in this example after four iterations, the analytical solution (32) obtained that was at a close form of exact
solution, although u4 could be the solution but for the little error must be choice u5 as the analytical solution.
IV.

CONCLUSION AND RESULTS

Table (1) and (2) show the Difference between iterative method and exact solution in solving the example1 and
example2 for different values of x and t .In the figures (1) and (2), two-dimensional plots are shown the for the
comparison of each iteration that it is obtained from iterative method with Exact solution for different values of x and
t=0.6. In the end at the figure (3)

u x, t u4 and u x, t u5 are shown by Three-dimensional plots for 0 t 1 ,

x
after sentence 5 of iterative method in example 1.
1 2t
x
At Figure (4) is shown u x, t u3 , u x, t u4 and u x, t
for 0 t 1 , 0 x 3 at the example 2.
1 2t

0 x 3 also the results converged to the u x, t

In this paper, iterative method has been successfully applied to find the solution of kdv Equations. Then the solution is
compared with exact solution that shown the Iterative method has the best accurate against of past methods. The best
advantage of iterative method is its simplify and accurate. The results of the iterative method are in approximately
agreement with exact solution. The iterative method is capable to solve other partial differential equations and it can be
used instead of other methods for finding semi-analytical solution of PDE.

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Farshad Ehsani, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (8), August 2013.

Table 1. Difference between the iterative method and exact solution of KdV equation in the example 1 for different values of x, t

Table 2. Difference between the iterative method and exact solution of KdV equation in the example 2 for different values of x, t

Figure1.The comparison of Exact solution and

u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 , u5

324

of example 1 for different values of x and

t 0.6

Farshad Ehsani, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (8), August 2013.

Figure2. The comparison of Exact solution and

u1 , u2 , u3 , u4

of example 2 for different values of x and

(c)
Figure3. Three-dimensional plot for the solution obtained by (a) u4 , (b) u5 , (c) Exact solution

325

t 0.6

Farshad Ehsani, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (3), No (8), August 2013.

( u4 And u5 are the terms of iterative method in the example 1)

(c)
Figure 4. Three-dimensional plot for the solution obtained by (a) u3 , (b) u4 , (c) Exact solution
( u3 And u4 are the terms of iterative method in the example 2)

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