"Energi &

Hukum I Termodinamika"

Teknik Problem Solving

Dengan

menggunakan teknik problem

solving di dalam penyelesaian soal maka
diharapkan solusi yang didapatkan akan
menjadi lebih sistematis, terstruktur dan
cepat selesai.

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Step 1: Problem Statement

In your own words,

briefly state the

problem, the key
information given, and
the quantities to be
found.
This is to make sure that
you understand the
problem and the
objectives before you
attempt to solve the
problem.
3

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Step 2: Schematic
Draw a realistic sketch of the physical system involved, and

list the relevant information on the figure.

The sketch does not have to be something elaborate, but it
should resemble the actual system and show the key features.
Indicate any energy and mass interactions with the
surroundings.
Listing the given information on the sketch helps one to see
the entire problem at once.
Also, check for properties that remain constant during a
process (such as temperature during an isothermal process),
and indicate them on the sketch.

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations

Step 4 : Physical Laws
State any appropriate assumptions and

approximations made to simplify the

problem to make it possible to obtain a
solution.
Justify the questionable assumptions.
Assume reasonable values for missing
quantities that are necessary.
For example, in the absence of specific
data for atmospheric pressure, it can
be taken to be 1 atm.
However, it should be noted in the
analysis that the atmospheric pressure
decreases with increasing elevation.

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Apply all the relevant basic physical

laws and principles (such as the

conservation of mass), and reduce
them to their simplest form by
utilizing the assumptions made.
However, the region to which a
physical law is applied must be clearly
identified first. For example, the
increase in speed of water flowing
through a nozzle is analyzed by
applying conservation of mass
between the inlet and outlet of the
nozzle.

Step 5: Properties
Determine the unknown properties
at known states necessary to solve
the problem from property
relations or tables.
List the properties separately, and
indicate their source, if applicable.

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Step 6: Calculations
Substitute the known quantities
into the simplified relations and
perform the calculations to
determine the unknowns.
Pay particular attention to the units
and unit cancellations, and
remember that a dimensional
quantity without a unit is
meaningless.
Also, dont give a false implication
of high precision by copying all the
digits from the screen of the
calculatorround the results to an
appropriate number of significant
digits

Step 7 : Reasoning, Verification & Discussion

Check to make sure that

the results obtained are

reasonable and intuitive,
and verify the validity of
the questionable
assumptions.
Repeat the calculations that
resulted in unreasonable
values.

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

A step-by-step approach can greatly

simplify problem solving.

Energi
Energi berasal dari bahasa Yunani :
energeia yang berarti aktivitas
energos yang berarti aktif
Energi merupakan suatu besaran fisik
skalar yang menggambarkan jumlah kerja
yang dapat dilakukan oleh suatu gaya

Energi
The term energy was

coined in 1807 by Thomas

Young, and its use in
thermodynamics was
proposed in 1852 by Lord
Kelvin.

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

The term internal energy

and its symbol U first

appeared in the works of
Rudolph Clausius and
William Rankine in the
second half of the
nineteenth century, and
it eventually replaced
the alternative terms
inner work, internal work,
and intrinsic energy
commonly used at the
time.

Energi
Satuan SI untuk

energi dan kerja

adalah joule (J)

10

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Dinamakan untuk

menghormati James
Prescott Joule dan
percobaannya dalam
persamaan mekanik
panas.
1 Joule = 1 newton
meter
= 1kg m2 s2

Bentuk Energi

Energi Dalam
Internal energy is represented

by the symbol U, and the

change in internal energy in a
process is U2 - U1.
The specific internal energy is
symbolized by u or
respectively, depending on
whether it is expressed on a
unit mass or per mole basis.

12

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

The change in the total

energy of a system is

 When work is done to

compress a spring, energy

is stored within the spring.
When a battery is charged,
the energy stored within it
is increased.
When a gas (or liquid)
initially at an equilibrium
state in a closed, insulated
vessel is stirred vigorously
and allowed to come to a
final equilibrium state, the
energy of the gas is
increased in the process.
13

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Energi Dalam

Energi Mekanis
The mechanical energy

can be defined as the

form of energy that can be
converted to mechanical
work completely and
directly by an ideal
mechanical device such as
an ideal turbine.
Kinetic and potential
energies are the familiar
forms of mechanical
energy.
14

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Thermal energy is not

mechanical energy,
however, since it
cannot be converted
to work directly and
completely (the
second law of
thermodynamics).

Energi Kinetik & Potensial

The

change in kinetic
energy
of the body is

The quantity mgz is the

gravitational
potential
energy, PE.
The change in gravitational
potential energy,
is

15

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Energi Potensial

Gravitasi bumi, salah satu gaya yang

menimbulkan energi potensial.

16

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Energi potensial dari kereta roller

coaster akan maksimum saat berada

pada lintasan tertinggi.

Energy Transfer by Heat

Energi dapat

berupa panas &

kerja

Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed

system in the form of heat and work.

17

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

 Temperature

difference is the
driving force for heat
transfer.
The larger the
temperature
difference, the higher
is the rate of heat
transfer.

18

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Proses Adiabatik
A process during which

there is no heat transfer

is called an adiabatic
process.
The word adiabatic
comes from the Greek
word adiabatos, which
means not to be passed.

19

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

There are two ways a

process can be
adiabatic: Either the
system is well insulated
so that only a negligible
amount of heat can pass
through the boundary,
or both the system and
the surroundings are at
the same temperature
and therefore there is
no driving force
(temperature
difference) for heat
transfer.

 During an adiabatic

process, a system
exchanges no heat
with its surroundings.

20

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Proses Adiabatik
NO HEAT EXCHANGE : Q = 0

Q = U + W ; W = -U or U = -W

Work done at EXPENSE of internal energy

INPUT Work INCREASES internal energy

U = -W

W = -U
Work Out
U
21

Q = 0

Work In
+U
Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Energy Transfer by Work

If the energy crossing

the boundary of a
closed system is not
heat, it must be work.
The work done per
unit time is called
power and is denoted
W

22

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

 Heat and work are

Specifying the directions of heat and work

23

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

directional quantities,
and thus the complete
description of a heat or
work interaction
requires the
specification of both
the magnitude and
direction.

Example : Heating of a Potato in an Oven

A potato initially at

room temperature
(25C) is being baked
in an oven that is
maintained at 200C.
Is there any heat
transfer during this
baking process?

24

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Solution
A potato is being baked in

an oven.
It is to be determined
whether there is any heat
transfer during this
process.

Analysis : This is not a well-defined

25

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

problem since the system is not

specified.
Let us assume that we are observing
the potato, which will be our
system.
Then the skin of the potato can be
viewed as the system boundary.
Part of the energy in the oven will
pass through the skin to the potato.
Since the driving force for this
energy transfer is a temperature
difference, this is a heat transfer
process.

Example : Burning of a Candle in an Insulated Room

A candle is burning in a

well-insulated room.
Taking the room (the air
plus the candle) as the
system, determine
(a) if there is any heat transfer

during this burning process

and
(b) if there is any change in
the internal energy of the
system.

26

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Solution : A candle

burning in a well-insulated
room is considered.
It is to be determined
whether there is any heat
transfer and any change in
internal energy.

Analisa
Analysis
(a) The interior surfaces of the
room form the system
boundary, as indicated by the
dashed lines in Figure.
As pointed out earlier, heat is
recognized as it crosses the
boundaries.
Since the room is well insulated,
we have an adiabatic system and
no heat will pass through the
boundaries.
Therefore, Q= 0 for this process.
27

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

(b) The internal energy involves

energies that exist in various

forms (sensible, latent,
chemical, nuclear).
During the process just
described, part of the chemical
energy is converted to sensible
energy.
Since there is no increase or
decrease in the total internal
energy of the system, U = 0
for this process.

Mechanical Forms of Work

The work done is proportional to the

force applied (F) and the distance
traveled (s).
The Force is constant

If there is no movement, no work is done.

The Force is not constant

28

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Shaft Work
Shaft work is proportional

to the torque applied and

the number of revolutions
of the shaft.

Energy
transmission
through rotating shafts is
commonly encountered in
practice

29

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

EXAMPLE Power Transmission by the Shaft of a Car

Determine the power

transmitted through the

shaft of a car when the
torque applied is 200 Nm
and the shaft rotates at a
rate of 4000 revolutions
per minute (rpm).
Solution The torque and
the rpm for a car engine
are given.
The power transmitted is
to be determined.
30

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Analysis A sketch of the car is given

in Figure.
The shaft power is determined
directly from

Discussion Note that power

transmitted by a shaft is
proportional to torque and the
rotational speed.

Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body

When a body is raised

in a gravitational
field, its potential
energy increases.
Likewise, when a
body is accelerated,
its kinetic energy
increases.

The energy transferred to a body while

being raised is equal to the change in
its potential energy.

31

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

EXAMPLE Power Needs of a Car to Climb a Hill

Consider a 1200-kg car

cruising steadily on a level

road at 90 km/h.
Now the car starts climbing a
hill that is sloped 30 from
the horizontal .
If the velocity of the car is to
remain constant during
climbing, determine the
additional power that must be
delivered by the engine.
32

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Solution The power required to

accelerate a car to a specified

velocity is to be determined.

Analisa & Diskusi

Analysis
The work needed to
accelerate a body is simply
the change in the kinetic
energy of the body,

33

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Discussion
This is in addition to the
power required to
overcome friction, rolling
resistance, and other
imperfections.

Electrical Energy

34

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU

Bagaimana perbedaan energi dengan exergi ?

35

Tulus B.S. - Teknik Mesin USU