World Applied Programming, Vol (4), Issue (2), February 2014.

88-93
ISSN: 2222-2510
2014 WAP journal. www.tijournals.com

Simulating a Methode for Estimating the Unknown Load

Impedance at the End of Transmission Line,
Using Meta-Material at Microwave Frequencies
Mani Dargahi Fadaee *

Alireza Kashaniniya

Ghafar Darvish

Master of science student of

electrical and electronic engineering
of Islamic Azad university of central
Tehran branch, Iran.
M_dargahy@yahoo.com

Assistant professor of electrical and

electronic engineering of Islamic
Azad university of central Tehran
branch, Iran.
Ali.kashaniniya@iauctb.ac.ir

Assistant professor of electrical and

computer department, science and
research branch of Islamic Azad
university ,Tehran , Iran.
Darvish_gh@srbiau.ac.ir

Abstract: In this paper a method for estimating the unknown loaded impedance in transmission lines and
identifying the type of the load in the microwave frequencies using Meta Materials properties is presented. In
this method, using meta-material, causes changes in the structure of the micro-strip transmission lines. This is
lead to changes in the S11 graph. The result of these changes is to detect the type of load.
Keywords: Transmission line, Meta-material, Load Impedance, Measurment system

INTRODUCTION
In this paper, the properties of meta-materials are used. Meta-materials are referred to those kinds of material which have
unconventional electromagnetic properties in their structures. These materials have a negative refraction of light [1,2,3].
Metamaterial, has received so much attention considering the left handed materials. In this paper, one-dimensional metamaterial is used to identify load at the end of the transmission line, Due to the reflection and transmission in the
Transmission line. Measuring the impedance of the unknown load and scattering parameters at high frequencies is often
difficult and unusual [4]. On the other hand the measurement of parameters such as unknown loaded impedance in
describing microwave devices and detecting the biological tissues in the body seems to be necessary. Here we attempt to
provide a loaded impedance measurement system and identifying the type of the load using meta-material transmission
line structure. It helps to be able to measure loaded impedance with greater accuracy. The following method is used to
estimate the impedance. This method is divided into two parts [5].
1- The reliable method for estimating the propagation constant of lines which have reflection.
2- The calculation of scattering parameters involved in the transfer of all components and their input and output
ports as the two lines.
THE CALCULATION OF PROPAGATION CONSTANT
The two transmission line with length of L1,L2 is considered. Characteristic impedance is the same. Propagation constant
is given by the following equation [6].

(1)

L1 , L 2 represent the length of the lines and 1,2 is obtained from the following equation:

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Mani Dargahi Fadaee, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (4), No (2), February 2014.

(2)
m
a

,b

is obtained from the following equation :

(3)

(4)

In the above equations, the parameters are specified with the (t) Is equal to the multiplication of the scattering
parameters, Transmission line, including input and output ports.


The unit vector n is in the direction of the vector S E H . Then it is clear that the three vectors of K , E , H is
backward, so the refractive index should be negative.

According to equation 3 and 4 Vector of n and K are in opposite directions. And equation 4 shows that Refractive index
should be negative. Thus, due to the negative index of refraction, a different behavior against the propagation of
electromagnetic waves in these materials is expected.

T1=TATL1TB
T2=TATL2TB

(5)
(6)
(7)

T L 1 ,T L 2 are obtained by measuring the scattering parameters.

In the figure below, the structure used to estimate propagation constant is shown.

Fig.1 Transmission Line Structure

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Mani Dargahi Fadaee, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (4), No (2), February 2014.

THE ESTIMATION OF LOAD IMPEDANCE

To estimate the loaded impedance by the scattering parameters .at first the reflection coefficient is estimated [5].

(8)
2
In the above equation, X is equal to and A 0, B 0 ,C 0 , D 0 By the following relations are obtained.

After calculating the , and choosing it in the range of [0,1] the loaded impedance can be estimated By using the
following equation .

(14)

THE PROPOSED METHOD

As noted above, the S11 scattering parameters are used to estimate the loaded impedance at high frequencies. Scattering
parameters, particularly S11, In the transmission lines are totally dependent on the frequency[7]. S11 diagram of the
microstrip transmission line is sinusoidal. The diagrams for various impedance loads, and different frequency ranges, are
overlapping. So, in a desired frequency range, with a specified load, s11 Cannot be attributed S11 to a specific value.in
the proposed method ,in Micro-strip transmission line substrate layer of meta-materials with negative magnetic
permeability coefficient and negative electrical permittivity has been used. Meta material substrate has made significant
changes in the S11 diagram. In the new s11 graph , At each frequency, only one s11 value for each load with specific
impedance is exist. Therefore at any desired frequency or frequency range, A S11 can be attributed to unknown load and
the type of load can be detected after the estimating loaded impedance.
SIMULATION
Advanced Design System software is used for simulation. To simulate the micro-strip transmission line from the alumina
substrate, coefficient of permeability and permittivity with a positive value is used. Simulations have been performed
with the following values for the loads: 25, 26 27,28,29.30. As it is shown in the Fig 2, Figure S-11, at different
frequencies for different loads is overlapping.
By changing the transmission line substrate, Meta-materials are used instead of alumina. Simulation results for the
previous loads are as shown in Fig 3.
At low frequencies, this method does not create a change in transmission lines. As the graph S11, at low frequencies, for
the alumina substrate and meta-materials is quite the same. In the Fig 4 for each line, with loads of 25 and 26 ohms, it is
simulated, and the results are quite similar.

90

dB(faramavad_26_ohm_100_hz_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(faramavad_25_ohm_100hz_MomUW_a..S(1,1))

dB(faramavad_25_ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(faramavad_26_ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(faramavad_27_ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(faramavad_28_ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(faramavad_29_ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(S(1,1))

dB(alumina_30_ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(alumina_29_ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(alumina_28_ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(alumina_27_ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(alumina_26ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(alumina_25ohm_MomUW_a..S(1,1))

Mani Dargahi Fadaee, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (4), No (2), February 2014.

-4

-6

-8

-10

-12

-14
0

10

20

30

3
4

freq, GHz

40

91

50

60

70

80

90

10

Fig.2-Simulation for different loads with alumina substrate

-8

-9

-10

-11

-12

-13

freq, GHz
9
10

Fig.3-Simulation for different loads with Meta- Material substrate

-50

-100

-150

-200

freq, Hz

100

Fig.4- Transmission Line- Meta material , Alumina substrate -25 ohm load

dB(alumina_25ohm_100hz_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(S(1,1))

Mani Dargahi Fadaee, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (4), No (2), February 2014.

-50

-100

-150

-200
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

freq, Hz

Fig.5-Transmission Line Metamaterial . Alumina substrate 26 ohm

RESULTS

dB(alumina_25ohm_1mhz_MomUW_a..S(1,1))
dB(S(1,1))

Meta-material changes, causes in Figure S11, is almost higher than the frequency of 300 MHz.

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

-10
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

freq, GHz

Fig.6 - Comparison of Transmission line with alumina substrate and meta-material

The negative coefficient of permittivity and permeability, S -11 plot is the more linear and Consequently, the resolution
is to be more accurate.
Following figure,is corresponding to transmission line, with the meta-material substrate . The value of load is 25 ohms. It
can be seen that, by changing the substrate, S 11 curve is more linear.
0

dB(S(1,1))

-50

-100

-150

-200
0

10

freq, GHz

Fig.7 S11 of Transmission line Meta material substrate-25 ohm load

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Mani Dargahi Fadaee, et al. World Applied Programming, Vol (4), No (2), February 2014.

MEASUREMENT SYSTEM USED IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN TISSUE

One of the applications of estimating the characteristic impedance of the load is to differentiate and distinguish tissues
and lesions, especially tumors cancerous. Tissues of the human body at different frequencies, have quite different
impedance[8,9,10], especially tumors, compared to the impedance of the tissue surrounding it is about 20 to 40 times
lower. Therefore, we can provide comprehensive data from healthy tissue impedance, in a specific condition like the
temperature of the examination, gender, frequency, age and Comparing the impedance of suspicious
tissue, to discover the lesions.
CONCLUSION
In this article we have tried, to estimate the unknown load impedance at the end of the transmissionline. After estimation,
we can specify the type of load. The estimation of the unknown loaded impedance at high frequencies, due to the
reflection and transmission in transmission lines, as well as the irregular behavior of the scattering parameters, is very
difficult and unusual. Hence, in order to estimate the impedance we used a method with lesser degree of uncertainty in
comparison with other works, the degree of uncertainty is lesser. The procedure was divided into two parts: the
estimation of propagation constant, and the estimation of the reflection coefficient. In this method, the scattering
parameter S 11, to estimate propagation constant, and the reflection coefficient is used. Figure S 11, for different loads at
different frequencies, is overlapping. The graphs for different loads at different frequencies have overlapping. Hence, the
impedance is estimated by using S11, cannot be determined the impedance is relate to which load. In the proposed
method, the meta-material is used, which makes the state of s11 diagram separable, and each load, with the specified
impedance in Figure S 11, will be unique. Ii is expected from this method, the detection and differentiation of various
tissues of the body, may be used.
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