Int. j. econ. manag. soc. sci., Vol(3), No (8), August, 2014. pp.

470-475

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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences

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2306-7276

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Investing industrial development of the Yemen during the Rasulid Era

(626-858/1227-1459)
Ebrahim Mohammadi *
Ph.D Candidate, Department of History& Civilization of Islamic Nations, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding author: mohammadi_ebrahim2000@yahoo.com

Keywords

Abstract

Yemen
Industry
Rasulid rulers
Textile
Carnelian
Leather Tanning

Industry flourished in the Yemen during the Rasulid era as sultans encouraged craftsmen and local
industries.
The Rasulid rulers of the Yemen became interested in industrial development because of the evident
economic prosperity of the country that they foresaw would accrue through its encouragement and also
because of the availability of factors facilitating the establishment and expansion of industries that we have
outlined at the beginning of this section of our study. During the Rasulid period, the Yemen reached a
relatively high level of industrial progress when compared with the rest of the Arabian Peninsula and some
of its manufactured products, such as textiles and perfumes, acquired an international reputation.

Introduction
Industry flourished in the yemen during the Rasulid era as sultans encouraged craftsmen and local industries. They also imported many skilled
workers from various countries, especially from Egypt and Syria, and they induced them to live in the yemen.
Al-Khazraji states that in 720/1320, Amir Badr al-Din Hasan arrived from Egypt accompanied by a large company of Egyptains who had been
requested by al-Muayyad (d. 721/ 1322), among them Hasan b. Ahmad al-Mukhtar, an expert in astronomy and engineering who, as al-Khazraji
put it, also had knowledge of every art and science, so that al-Muayyad was glad to receive him.1
The following were some of the elements that helped to promote the industries of the Yemen during the Rasulid era:
The presence in many parts of the yemen of various metals in their raw forms. Thus, iron was found in Sana, Aden, and Sadah,2 while
gold and copper were mined in the Wadis Mawr and Dhamar. Local supplies were, however, insufficient to satisfy demand, so that the
Rasulids embarked on a policy of expanding the mining industry. In 736/1335, the existing mining centres were enlarged and new
mines were commenced in such places as al-Baydah,3 al-Hudaydah, al-Mansurah,4 Suq al-Ahad,5 and Shawka.6 Copper and Silver
mines were also established in al-Hathjah and Udaynah.7
2. The presence of superior forms of stone, such as marble and carnelian in Siham and Sana. 8
3. The existence of varieties of plants from which materials were extracted for use in industries such as tanning, textiles, and perfumes.9
4. In addition to the above external factors, the Yemeni people themselves were highly motivated in the pursuit of handicrafts,10 so that it
was mockingly said of them.

(There is not one of you who is not a leather-tanner or, cloak-weaver, or monkey-trainer.)11
In addition, we should not overlook the encouragement that the rulers brought to various crafts and industries. Indeed, al-Muzaffar (d.
694/1295), the second Rasulid sultan, actually compiled a treatise on industry under the title al-Mukhtara fi funun min al-sunu. 12
1.

The following were the main industrial activities in the Yemen during the Rasulid period.

1.

The Textiles Industry

The textile products of the Yemen had acquired some considerable fame long befor the advent of Islam and Yemeni textiles were highly sought
after outside South Arabia13. Thus, for example, Hashim b. Abd Manaf, the head of the Quraysh tribe of mecca and great-grandfather of the

. Uqud, I, 435: Asjad, 146b.

. Hamdani, Sifah, 139, 321:Jawharatayn, 45: Himyari, Azminah,164: Shabi, Sadah,Iklil, II,105.
. See Hajari, Majmu,I,132.
4
. A village at the southern foot of the mountains of al-Dumluwah. See Ibn Hatim, Simt, 39.
5
. Situated in Taizz. See Maghafi, Mujam, 335.
6
. Situated in Wusab. See Hajari, Majmu, II, 459: Maghafi, Mujam, 368.
7
. Afdal Abbas, Bughyah, 220b.
8
. Hamdani, Sifah, 322: Umari, Masalik, I, 326: Ibn al-MUJAWIR, Mustabsir,II, 184.
9
. See e.g. Muzaffar, Mukhtara, 56, 70, 75, 95, 100.
10
. Shuja, Nuzum,107.
11
. Hamawi, Mujam, v, 17: Hamdani, Sifah,41.
12
. Edited and published by Muhammad Salihiyyah in 1989.
13
. Serjent, Textiles, 122: Baldry, Textiles, 6 f.
2
3

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Investing industrial development of the Yemen during the Rasulid Era (626-858/1227-1459)
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (8), August, 2014.

prophet, is said to have sought permission from the Byzantine emperor to trade in Syria in Yemeni textiles.14 It is also recorded that the
PERSIAN king Khusraw Anushirwan (reg.A.D. 571-9) received gifts in the form of Yemeni textiles, and further that al-Numan b. al-mundhir of
al-Hirah (reg. A.D.580-602) purchased such textiles at the fair of Ukaz.15 These notes indicate that the Yemen had a long history of textile
manufacture. We may note also that it is believed that the south Arabian Tubba Asad bu Karib of the Yemen was the first ruler to have covered
the Kabah with the wasail, the Yemeni cloth from Maafir, a large region in the southern highlands.16
The textile industry continued to flourish during the Rasulid era. Al-janadi mentions the names of some of thos who worked in this industry,
including Mansur b. Ali (d. 696/1296), a skilled weaver, and Abd al-karim b. Ismail (d. 717/1317), who was first a weaver and later a tailor.17
The people of the yemen knew many methods of preserving textiles. In his Mukhtara al-muzaffar devotes a complete chapter to the subject
entitled The science of removing blemishes and stains from clothing. In it he specified successful methods of removing stains left by certain fruit
juices e.g.
Pomegrantes, bananas, mulberries, and quinces, and he notes also how to remove wine stains. All these methods were probably in use in yemen
during his time.18
Cotton was the main material in use in textile manufacturing. According to baldry, during the sixth century A.D. South Arabia had a
considerable cotton industry19. The cotton plant was cultivated on a large scale in the Yemen, as is noted in sultan al-Ashrafs Milh, where
seasons for planting and harvesting cotton are noted and it is stated that the cotton crop grew in abundance in the Tihamah, Lahj, and Abyan. 20
Linen (kattan) was cultivated in Zabid 21. Silk goods were imported from india and china 22, and silk thread from china was turned in to garments
in the Yemen23. Al-Khazraji informs us that in 787/1385 the Egyptian sultan sent a number of artisan specialists in silk as a gift to the sultan in
the Yemen24. The Yemenis also used other materials in the textile industry, including wood, goats hair, and leather.25
Dyeing materials
The textile manufacturers of the Yemen took an active interest in different dye-stuffs. Al-Muzaffar mentions several groups of artisans who
dyed silk in orange, red, yellow, green, gold, and other colours. In each case the author gives details of materials used for colouring, whether
vegetable matter, animal products, or metallic ingredients, and he describes their blending and the methods used in treating each cloth separately
to obtain the colour required26. The following are the main ingredients that al-Muzaffar mentions as being used in dyeing:
1.
2.

3.

Zafaran (saffron), popularly known as wars, which was derived from a plant similar to sesame cultivated in the Yemeni mountains. It
was used on a large scale in the textiles industry27. Saffron was also imported from Kish and Egypt.28
Fuwwah (madder), a considerable amount of which was produced in the Yemen in Rasulid times. According to al-Afdal Abbas, two
crops of Fuwwah were grown each year in the Yemen.29 As a result of the local demand, a great quantity was consumed in the textile
industry.30
Nil (indigo), a blue dye-stuff extracted from a plant of the leguminous family31 . Al-Maqdisi asserted that there is no nil any where in
the world like the nil of Zabid 32. Nil was also imported to the Yemen from India.33

Textile centres in the Yemen

Many towns and villages in the Yemen attained world fame for their textile productions. As Serjeant has noted, the country was known as a
wealthy province which produced textiles34. Some centres specialized in particular types of cloth which became their most important products
and were known by the name of the locality from which they came. These are as follows.
a.Sana. According to Serjeant, Sana was the most important textile manufacturing centre of the Yemen35. In Sana were produced anta
(leathermats), burud (striped cloaks), and Washy (multi-coloured garments).36 b.Zabid was among the Yemeni towns famous for their woven
goods37. In Zabid, cloths were died with indigo and sent to the mountains of the Yemen. The woven cloth was lined with silk and cotton to
produce garments of great quality which were distributed to all regions of the Yemen and also exported overseas.c.Hajjah. Al-wazir (d.
822/1419) stated, It has been said that a man who was contemporary with Imam al-Mahdi {d.773/1371} came to Hajjah seeking a futah38 made
of silk. The people of Hajjah were well known for the manufacture of the futah and embroidered clothing. However, they had no time to help the

14

. Ali, Mufassal, vII,302.

. Serjeant, Textiles,123-134.
. A white cotton covering. See Ibn sidah, Mukhassas, IV,73: Ibn Manzur, Lisan, Vi,4852.
17
. Suluk, I,414,415: khazraji, Uqud, I,306,422.
18
. Mukhtara,179-200.
19
. Textiles, 7.
20
. Milh,82. See also afdal, Atayah,15b.
21
. Husayni, Mulakhkhas, 23a.
22
. Daftar,108.
23
. Daftar,101a.
24
. Asjad, 194a: Uqud,II,186.
25
. Muzaffar, Mukhtara,79, 86.
26
. Mukhtara, 159-178.
27
. See e.g. Muzaffar, Mukhtaraa,75,79,82.
28
. Daftar, 103a, 118a: Husayni, Mulakhkhas, 21b.
29
. Bughyah,198b.
30
. Mawardi, Nabat,III, 174: Muzaffar, Mukhtara, 163, 168-170.
31
. See e.g. Muzaffar, Mukhtara, 79, 82: Mutamad, 531: Dimyati, Mujam, 89.
32
. Ahsan,98.
33
. Husayni, Mulakhkhas, 18b: Goitein, Letters, 214.
34
. Textiles,123.
35
. Textiles,128.
36
. Serjeant, Textiles, 128.
37
. Serjeant, Textiles, 132.
38
. Pl. fuwat, a waist-wrapper. See Ibn Manzur, Lisan, VII,373.
15
16

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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (8), August, 2014.

man for they were engaged in producing the imams clothing. The visitor went around all the shops in Hajjah but could not find any artisan who
was not engaged in working on the imams orders.39
The above indicates that Hajjah was a well-known centre for the production of futahs and that their manufacturers were kept busy fulfilling
demands for their goods.

2.

The carnelian Industry

The carnelian industry is a specialist craft in which the Yemenis excelled and for which they were famed well beyond the borders of their land 40.
Carnelian was of seven varieties: liver red, blood red, yellow, white, black, blue, and variegated41. A L-Akfani (d. 749/1348) stated that the best
carnelians came from the Yemen. 42
Nasir khusraw described the processes involved in the preparation of carnelian. He stated that it was hewn from the mountains by hand and then
heated over a fire in a crucible surrounded by sand. Still covered in the sand, it was then exposed to the heat of the sun and, after that, was
polished on a grinding wheel43. The jewellers craft was well advanced in the Yemen, so that polished stones were employed in the manufacture
of highly decorative objects. The historical sources inform us of a gift sent by Ali b. Muhammad al-Sulayhi (reg. 439-549/1047-1067) in
453/1062 to al-Mustansir (d. 487/1094), the Fatimid caliph, which contained seventy swords whose pommels were of carnelian44. Nasir khusraw
stated that he had seen a sword brought to al-Mustansir from the Yemen having a hilt formed of one piece of red carnelian of a hue similar to
sapphire45. This may well have been part of the gift from al-Sulayhi sent to the caliph.
During the Rasulid era, the carnelian industry continued to flourish and diversify. The products inlaid with carnelian comprised seals (signets),
womens belts, hair-grips, and other items46. Carnelian was produced in many towns of the Yemen, including Sana and Sadah.47 According to
Jazim, who refers as his authority to a unique manuscript on the subject which is in his possession, one of those who worked in this craft in
694/1294 was Ibrahim b. Rahdam.48 During Rasulid times, a gift was sent by al-Ashraf II to the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, Barquq, containing a
sword with a gold ornament inlaid with carnelian, scepters (amidah) crowned with large pearls, a horses head fashioned out of carnelian, and a
chessboard made of red and white carnelian. 49 Al-Bayhaqi (d. 915/1509) provides a list of articles made in the Yemen out of carnelian, including
a seal plated with carnelian sold at two or three silver dirhams, knife handles made of carnelian sold at three to five derhams, an engraved stoneencrusted ring sold at one or two dirhams. These were the prices for red or yellow carnelian; other kinds were sold at much lower prices50. In
Aden it was reported that the tax due on a hundred mithqal of carnelian was ten dinars and two qirat51. They also imported red carnelian. 52

3.

Leather Tanning

Leather Tanning requires three prerequisites: an appropriate site (on account of the unpleasant smells exuded), a plentiful supply of animal skins,
and easy access to and from the site by suppliers and merchants. There must also be available the plants used in the tanning process such as the
qart (Acacia nilotica), and the salam (Acacia ehrenbergiona).53
This craft was considered one of the oldest in the Yemen54. The animals needed to provide the skins-camels, sheep, and cattle- were in
abundance locally and could also be imported from neighbouring countries, especially from Zayla in Somalia. On each goat coming from Zayla
to Aden there was imposed a tax of a quarter of a dinar55 . Animals were also brought from Mecca. For taxation purposes, ten cows hides were
taxed at a half plus a third of a dinar, ten camels hides were taxed at three and a quarter dinars plus two fils, and ten goatskins were taxed at four
dinars plus two qirats and three fils.56
Ibn al-Mujawir states that the craft of tanning was widespread throughout the Yemen57. So that the country gained considerable fame for its
Leather Tanning alongside its weaving industry, both of which were cited as models of such crafts. From Leather, the Yemenis fashioned many
articles, such as tents, basins, water-skins, buckets, saddles, oilskins, cushions, sandals, belts, butter-skins, and writing and binding materials58.
The Yemen had been a centre for Tanning since ancient times and its people had always exported their Leather products after satisfying the local
demand. Some cities in the Yemen attained great fame for their leather products and we may note in particular the contribution made by the city
of Sadah.
Sadah was the domicile of the Khawlan tribe and had a great reputation for its Leather Tanning and trade centred in its wadis which were fertile
and fit for animal husbandry59, and therefore able to provide the necessary animal hides for the industry. According to Hamawi, it was a
39

. Kashifah,227b.
. Maytami, Sinaat, 170: Asiri, Hayah, 275.
41
. Bayhaqi, Madin al-nawadir, 100: Dimashqi, Isharah,35.
42
. Nukhab, 86.
43
. Safarnameh,126. Cf, Dimashqi, Nukhbah,69.
44
. Janadi, suluk,II,477: Khazraji, Iqd (cam), 53a.
45
. Safarnameh,126.
46
. Ibn al-Baytar, Jami,II,128: Jazim, al-Hiraf, 11: Maytami, Sinaat,170.
47
. Maqdisi, AHSAN, 101: Tifashi, Azhar, 146.
48
. Al- Hiraf,11.
49
. Ibn Taghribirdi, Nugum,xII,67.
50
. Madin al-nawadir,100.
51
. Daftar,106b.
52
. Husayni, Mulakhkhas,21a:cf. Daftar,106a.
53
. Ibn Sidah, Mukhassas, Iv, 106: Dimyati, Mujam,75: Dinawari, Nabat, 106.
54
. Maytami, Sinaat,170.
55
. Daftar,106b.
56
. Daftar, 101b: Husayni, Mulakhkhas, 21b.
57
. Mustabsir,13.
58
. Muzaffar, Mukhtara,103-122: Crone, Meccan trade,100: Asiri,Hayah,276.
59
. Ibn Khurradadhbih, Masalik, 136: Ibn Hawqal, Surah,31: Hamawi, Mujam,III,95.
40

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Investing industrial development of the Yemen during the Rasulid Era (626-858/1227-1459)
International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (8), August, 2014.

prosperous town and the meeting point for merchants from all quarters, It had ideal cattle for the kind of Leather required to produce sandals
(nial)60 . The Leather industry prospered in this town during the Rasulid era and it became a destination for merchants who exported Leather
goods to mecca.

4.

Timber Industries

Native to the Yemen are various species of trees, especially in the mountains and the wadis. Ibn al-Mujawir lists the wadis in which trees were
felled to supply timber. They included the wadis of Dhual (to the north-east of Zabid), Kadra, and Surdud61. The most important of these trees
may be sescribed below.
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Talab (one of the trees of the anacardiaceoe family): a tree valued for its ability to provide shade. It has strong branches which are
made in to arrows and triangular leaves which resemble in shape crows feet. It grows mainly in the mountains and produces an oil
which is used in lanterns.62
Shawhat (ptosopisstephanion): a plant growing to a metre in height, found in Sana and Taizz 63. It produces an edible fruit similar to
grapes and its timber is used in the manufacture of bows.64
Talh (Acacia stenocarpa): it grows on the hills and in the valleys. Its wood is strong and therefore it is used in building and the
manufacture of ropes.65
Awsaj (Lycium arabicum): a thorny tree growing in the hills. It produces an edible red fruit with a sweet taste. One of its wood, the
Yemeni women construct looms.66
Samar (Acacia Arabica): a plant with small leaves and tiny thorns. Its wood is employed by builders in constructing frames and
roofs.67
Luban (Frankincense): it grows on the plains and, if pressed, produces a fragrant oil used in the perfume industry. 68
Sidr (Zizyphus spina Christi): a tree growing to a height of a few metres. Its broad leaves provide useful shade and are also used in
washing. It grows in the wadis and on the eastern side of al-sarawat mountains. 69
walnut: a tree which grows wild on the mountains of al-Sarawat and was often cultivated by farmers throughout the Yemen. It grows
to a considerable height and produces an edible fruit. It has many branches and wide leaves, and its wood is solid and strong. 70

The Yemenis also imported hard varieties of timber such as teak, ebony, and sandalwood, as well as Khayzuran (cane) from India, China,
Sarandib (Srilanka), and east Africa71. As well as being employed in the building industry and in the production of furniture, wood was used in
the manufacture of plates and cups. Bowls were made of walnut and anointed with grease until they became blackened. Wood also entered in to
the manufacture of agricultural implements including ploughs, axe handles, chisels, spades, and buckets. Ibn jubayr (d. 614/1217) said that the
best camel litters (hawadij) were made in the Yemen72. There were various types of tools and weapons used in warfare pr hunting which were
fashioned out of timber, such as the bows which were made principally from the extremely tough and flexible talh wood. Certain other types of
timber were useful for making tent poles and pegs.73

5.

The Construction Industry

The Yemen under the Rasulids saw a marked growth in building and construction. Al-Umari states that the Rasulid sultans had palaces in all
parts of the Yemen so that, wherever they went, they could find a residence prepared for their comfort74. The Rasulid sultans commissioned the
building of various royal leisure palaces. Such as the palaces of al-Maqali and Thabat 75. Among the persons charged with decorating the Rasulid
palaces was al-Khazraji (d. 812/1409), who decorated many palaces and schools throughout the Rasulid kingdom, including Dar al-Dibaj in
Thabat in 767/136576. Among the many schools founded in the Yemen during this period were those established by al-Mansur in Aden and
Zabid. Many mosques were also built in the Tihamah77. Al-Muzaffar founded mosques in al-Mahjam and al-Mahalib, as well as schools in Zafar
al-hubudi78. Al-Ashraf I built a school in Zabid79. Al-Mujahid built mosques in Thabat and Zabid, as well as two schools in Taizz80. Al-Afdal
built a school in Taizz81 and during his reign there are said to have been more than 230 mosques and schools in Zabid alone. 82
60

. Mujam al-buldan,III,406.
. Mustabsir,63.
. Dimyati, Mujam, 27.
63
. Ibn al-Mujawir, Mustabsir,192.
64
. Dinawari, Nabat,III,73: Dimyati, Mujam,84.
65
. Dinawari, Nabat,III,111: Dimyati, Mujam,84.
66
. Dinawari, Nabat,III,161.
67
. Dinawari, Nabat,III,46.
68
. Dinawari, Nabat,III,252.
69
. Demyati,Mujam,71.
70
. Demyati,Mujam,37.
71
. Muzaffar, Mukhtara,146: Husayni, Mulakhkhas, 21a.
72
. Rihlah,42. Al-Muzaffar gave a description of the way in which the Yemenis made the hawdaj (Mukhtara,158).
73
. Muzaffar, Mukhtara,120.
74
. Masalik,IV,5.
75
. Imad al-Din, Kanz al-Akhyar,196a: Khazraji,Asjad,137b.
76
. Khazraji, Asjad, 52b: Iqd, 214b: Burayhi, Tabaqat,290.
77
. Khazraji, Asjad, 99-100.
78
. Ibn al-Dayba, Qurrah,II,49.
79
. Ibn Asir, Jawhar, 291b: Khazraji, Iqd (camb.)71a.
80
. Khazraji, Iqd (camb.) 42b: Uqud,II,126.
81
. Khazraji, Uqud, II,159: Iqd (camb.), 3b.
61
62

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International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences Vol(3), No (8), August, 2014.

Furthermore, the walls and ditches erected by the state around the principle cities played a considerable role in protecting them against enemy
raids. So, for example, in 739/1338 al-Mujahid ordered the walls and ditches of Zabid to be restored and the work was completed in 741/134083.
Under the Rasulids, the Yemen was fortunate in experiencing a time of prosperity, so that when in 771/1369 the cost of building walls around
the city of Zabid came to more than 109000 dinars, this sum was paid in full by the treasury84. Such a large number of construction projects may
lead us to the following conclusions:
a)

b)

6.

Artisans and skilled workers, such as stone masons, carpenters, and blacksmiths, who were employed in the building industries, must
have been available in the local markets. So, for example, when the Qurtub Gate in Zabid collapsed because of torrential rains in
788/1386, it was reconstructed in only two days.85
The raw materials needed for all of these buildings were readily available, either through local production or via imports from abroad.

The Metal Industries

We noted at the beginning of this study that the Yemen is endowed with ores of various metals such as iron, silver, and gold and that people
have mined these ores since ancient times86. During the Rasulid era, the metals industries advanced considerably and historical sources specify
the names of some of those who worked in gold and silver. In 666/1267, a certain Najm al-Din b. Taizzi was sent by al-Muzaffar to Mecca to
adorn the Kabah doors with gold and silver87 . Referring to the Daftar in his possession, Jazim cites a number of goldsmiths of the Rasulid period,
among them Muhammad b. Ali b. Umar in the city of Damar, Mansur Muhammad b. Khawan al-Sakakini, Ali b. Mamun, and a jew called
Salim88
Metal vessels and equipment such as saucepans, plates, knives, handles, cups, and bowls were widely used in the daily life of the Yemenis.
These objects were made of bronze or copper and some of them destined for the households of the wealty were made of gold and silver.89
The Yemen was famous for the manufacture and export of weapons, including iron shields, helmets, and other protective head-coverings for
battle wear90. Ibn al-Mujawir states that swords were made in Sana and that they acquired a high reputation for their sharpness91. Therefore, in
792/1389, al-Tahir Barquq, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, warned Timur Lang (d.807/1404) that he had a strong army ready to fight against him
armed with Yemeni swords.92
Additional quantities of ores had to be imported from abroad to sustain the Yemeni industries, so that, for example, lead and iron ore were
imported from Egypt, India, and China.93

Conclusion
Industry flourished in the yemen during the Rasulid era as sultans encouraged craftsmen and local industries. They also imported many skilled
workers from various countries, especially from Egypt and Syria, and they induced them to live in the yemen.
The textile industry prospered in the Yemen and there were many reputable centres where the trade was practised, such as the city of Zabid
where many types of cloth were made, such as cottons, silks, and Kattan (flax or linen). There also the leather tanning industry produced
footwear, saddles, shields, straps, and belts.
The mining industry was well established in the Yemen and many iron products were manufactured there such as swords, shields, and lances. In
addition, the timber industry had developed considerably in the country and the making of spears and arrows were two examples of the industrys
activities.
Finally and in summary, the Yemen under the Rasulids attained a relatively high level of industrial progress, so that the production of
manufactured products was not only able to satisfy most of the local demand, but also facilitated the exportation of goods abroad.

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82

. Ibn al-Dayba, Qurrah,II,159. For further details about the schools in the yemen, see Akwa, Madaris.
. Khazraji, Uqud,II,68: Asjad, 165.
. Ismail, Fakihah,220b.
85
. Chronicle, 45.
86
. See e.g. Hamdani, Jawharayn,46.
87
. Ibn Hatim, Simt, 378: Khazraji, Uqud, I,169.
88
. Al-Hiraf,,II.
89
. Khazraji, Uqud, II,233.
90
. Jazim, al-Hiraf, 11.
91
. Mustabsir, I,29.
92
. Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum, Xii, 51.
93
. Daftar, 101: Husayni, Mulakhkhas, 18.
83
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