Motherboard Components and Architectures :

A PC motherboard is a large printed circuit board that is home to many of the

essential parts of the computer, including the microprocessor, chipset,
cache, memory sockets, expansion bus, parallel and serial ports, mouse and
keyboard connectors, and IDE, EIDE or SCSI controllers. The motherboard
binds the PC's operational components together. External devices are either
connected to or controlled by the devices or controllers on the motherboard.

System Bus Types and Functions

The CPU moves data around the computer on pathways that interconnect it
to all the other components on the motherboard. These pathways are called
'buses'.
The internal bus carries data within the motherboard.
External buses carry data to peripherals and other devices attached to the
motherboard.
The lines or pins of a bus are of three types:
Address - the components pass memory addresses to one another over the
address bus.
Control - used to send out signals to coordinate and manage the activities of
the motherboard components.
Data - transferred between peripherals, memory and the CPU. Obviously, the
data bus can be a very busy pathway

Bus Architectures:
Main bus structures:
Bus Type
Data bus
Address bus
Control bus

Description
Carries data to and from the CPU, main memory, and
peripheral devices.
Carries addresses of data and instructions between
memory and the CPU.
Carries control information, such as the status of the
devices, between the CPU and other devices.

As well as the processor bus (also known as the Front-Side Bus or FSB), these
are the other buses you may encounter:
ISA - the original PC expansion slot for 8-bit cards.
EISA - introduced when the 286 processor was available as it could access 16
bits.
PCI - a 64-bit bus, though it is usually implemented as a 32-bit bus. It can run
at clock speeds of 33 or 66MHz.
AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port based on the PCI slot but designed for
graphical throughput.
PCI Express - double the rate of PCI and uses two serial rather than one
parallel data bus

Form Factors
The shape, packaging, and to a certain extent, the function of a motherboard
are defined by its form factor. Many different form factors are available; the
three most commonly used factors are:

AT - patterned after the original IBM PC AT motherboard.

Baby AT - a smaller version of the AT form factor motherboard.

ATX - similar in size to the Baby AT, the ATX adds features. The ATX
motherboard allows for easier installation of full-length expansion
cards and cables and is easier to cool.

BTX - (Balanced Technology eXtended) designed to address some of

the issues with the ATX form factor that was halting performance
improvements, such as its cooling properties. BTX was introduced to
improve airflow and cooling, thus enabling faster (and therefore hotter)
CPUs to be used.

Proprietary - Many motherboard manufacturers chose to develop their

own form factors intending to make use of ideas gained from previous
form factors and their limitations.

Form Factor Table :

Form factor
IBM PC

Width (inches)
8.5

Length (inches) Design type

13
Motherboard

IBM PC XT
AT0
Baby AT
LPX
Micro-AT
ATX
Mini-ATX
Mini-LPX
Micro-ATX
NLX
Nano-ITX

8.5
12
8.5
9
8.5
12
11.2
8-9
9.6
8-9
4.7

13
11-13
10-13
11-13
8.5
9.6
8.2
10-11
9.6
10-13.6
4.7

Motherboard
Motherboard
Motherboard
Backplane
Motherboard
Motherboard
Motherboard
Backplane
Motherboard
Backplane
Motherboard

Types of Motherboards :

AT
After the early success of its PC and PC XT models, IBM introduced its 16-bit
PC AT, which added enough additional circuitry to increase the size of its
motherboard (and case). The size, shape and mounting placements of the
AT's case were the standard that clone manufacturers used for their
motherboards. The popularity of the PC AT and its form factor established it
as the first real motherboard form factor standard.

Baby AT
Following the success of the IBM PC AT, clone manufacturers began releasing
their own 16-bit PCs. Higher integration technology reduced the space

required by support chipsets and circuitry, which allowed the motherboard to

be reduced as much as 3.5 inches in width and 2 inches in height. This new
style board became known as the Baby AT. The number of expansion slots on
these motherboards are less than the number available on the AT
motherboards.

ATX
The ATX form factor is generally based on the smaller Baby AT motherboard
size. However, size is about all they have in common. The ATX form rotates
the motherboard's orientation by 90 degrees and incorporates a new set of
mounting locations and power connections. The I/O ports on an ATX
motherboard are in a two-row block on the back of the PC.

The top row includes a PS/2-type keyboard or mouse connector and a parallel
port. The bottom row includes a second PS/2-type keyboard or mouse
connector, two USB ports and two serial ports.

ATX Detailed :
The ATX mounts the CPU and RAM away from its expansion slots and closer to the
power supply's cooling fan, as shown here. This arrangement improves the amount
of airflow available to cool the CPU and RAM chips.

ATX Examined
The ATX power supply fan originally pulled air into the case, flowing over the
CPU and out of the case's vents. Newer ATX designs vent the case by pulling
hot air away from the CPU and RAM and passing it out of the case. The ATX
design also supports an additional case fan, which
is recommended for PCs with 3-D video accelerators, multiple hard drives
and other high-heat-producing adapter cards.
The ATX design also incorporates a number of features into the power
system. The motherboard can control the power on and off functions of the
power supply, a feature called soft switching. The ATX design provides split
voltages (usually 12V, 5V and 3.3V) to the motherboard, which eliminates
the need for a voltage regulator included on earlier form factor
motherboards.

BTX Form Factor:

The BTX-based motherboard layout differs significantly from ATX/microATX, and

requires designs built specifically for BTX. It has moved the CPU and other
components to the front of the case nearer the intake fan, thus resulting in
improved airflow. BTX also allows for multiple board sizes utilising a common core.
Due to the changes in motherboard layout, the BTX form factor requires a different
case style, than for other types of form factor. Figure above shows a BTX style
case and motherboard.

Chipsets
The bus structures and interfaces supported by the motherboard and CPU are
controlled by functions included on the chipset. The chipset controls the bits (data,
addresses and control signals) that flow between the CPU and system memory over
the motherboard's buses. The chipset manages data transfers between the CPU,
memory and peripheral devices. It also supports the expansion bus and any power
management features of the system. However, the chipset contains only enough
instructions to issue control commands to device drivers, which actually control the
peripheral device.
A PC's chipset is matched to the motherboard and the CPU as a set. Usually, a given
chipset is matched to a single processor type; however, some chipsets support
more than one processor.

Northbridge and South Bridge :

Chipsets, especially two-chip chipsets, are divided into a North Bridge (the
larger chip) and a South Bridge (the smaller chip). The North Bridge provides
support and control for main memory, cache memory and the PCI bus controllers.
The South Bridge provides control for periphera l devices and those controllers that are not

essential to the PC's basic functions, such as the serial port controller.
Other chipsets are on the motherboard include the keyboard controller and a superset of
input/output device controllers called the Super I/O controller.

CPU Mountings
Processor Designed for Socket

Processor Designed for Slot

The two general types of mountings used to attach processors to the

motherboard are sockets and slots.
Slots
Slots
1
2
A
M

Description
SC-242 (Slot Connector - 242 pins) connector is a proprietary
Intel connector that is used for Celeron, Pentium II and Pentium
III processors.
SC-330 connector is an Intel mounting for its Pentium II Xeon
and Pentium III Xeon chips.
For AMD Athlon processors; it looks the same as a Slot 1
connector but uses different pin assignments.
Designed to hold the 64-bit Intel Itanium processor.

Sockets
Socket
4

Description
Mounts the 273-pin PGA package of the Pentium 60 and Pentium
66 processors
5
Mounts the 320-pin Staggered Pin Grid Array (SPGA) of early 3 V
Pentium processors
7
Mounts the 321-pin SPGA of the later-release Pentium
processors and the chips of AMD, Cyrix and IDT
Super 7 An extension of the Socket 7 design that is used for the AMD K6
processors
8
A 387-pin SPGA zero-insertion-force (ZIF) socket for the Pentium
Pro processor
370
Designed for the Celeron processor in Plastic Pin Grid Array
(PPGA) packaging, but used for several later processors. Uses
370 pins

423/478 Used for Pentium P4

A/462
This is an AMD 462-pin socket that replaced the Slot A mounting
for the newer Athlon, Sempron and Duron processors
754/939 Used for the AMD 64 processors and Sempron (754 only)

CPU Characteristics
The microprocessor is an integrated circuit that contains millions of
transistors interconnected by small aluminium wires. The microprocessor's
processing capabilities control and direct the activities of the PC by
interacting with the other electronic components on the motherboard.
The bus carries the various signals, addresses and data that move between
the PC's components. Bus structures have different sizes (width), ranging
from 16 to 64 bits (data channels) on modern microprocessors. The larger
the size of the bus the more data can be moved at the same time.

Main bus structures:

Bus Type
Data bus
Address bus
Control bus

Description
Carries data to and from the CPU, main memory, and
peripheral devices.
Carries addresses of data and instructions between
memory and the CPU.
Carries control information, such as the status of the
devices, between the CPU and other devices.

How to Troubleshoot for Motherboard Failures

Motherboard failures can be divided into three types:

Power failure
Bus failure

Component failure.

Due to the complexity in the structure and components in computer

motherboards, the failure rate is relatively high. Repair the failure using the
following steps .

Step 1 :
Check that there is no sign of physical damage.
Determine whether the motherboard seems burned, blown, foam board, has a
broken connector, corrosion, exploded capacitors or dirty fans and chips, etc.

Step 2:
Check that BIOS battery provides sufficient voltage.

Step 3 :
Clean out the dust using a soft brush. Clean the dust off the motherboard.
Check the motherboard after each step. The failure may have been caused by dust.

Step 4 :
Using a multimeter, measure the motherboard supply voltages (5V, 12V,
3.3V, etc.). If there is an abnormal voltage, check if the power supply is faulty.

Step 5 :
Check the all chip clock, input and output signals, Until you find the faulty
component.

Step 6 :

Remove and replace the failed component(s) with the same type,
then boot to test operation.

Step 7 :
Use the tangent line by line method to find short routes. If you find
some signal line and ground or 5V voltage line short circuit, trace the circuit
board to determine the failure source.

Step 8 :
If the above steps fail to fix the problem, find a motherboard with the
same characteristics and replace it completely .