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CONTENTS
SECTION
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
SCOPE
FIELD OF APPLICATION
DEFINITIONS
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Wall Slip
Drag Reduction in Polymeric Materials
Transition Delay by Polymeric Materials
Drag Reduction in Suspensions
2
2
3
4
5
5
5
5
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
General
Transition Delay
Pipe Roughness
Pipe Fittings
7
8
8
9
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
NOMENCLATURE
10
FIGURES
1
10
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INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
SCOPE
This guide presents the basis for the prediction of flow rate - pressure drop
relationships for the turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluid through circular pipes
under isothermal conditions. The Guide also deals with drag reduction by
polymeric materials and fibre suspensions.
FIELD OF APPLICATION
DEFINITIONS
The fluids which can exhibit non-Newtonian effects are varied, and the flow can
be complicated by the anomalous effects described in 4.1 to 4.4.
4.1
Wall Slip
Wall slip can occur with the flow of slurries. Wall slip is a misnomer, as the liquid
does not, in fact, slip. What occurs is that under the appropriate circumstances, a
layer of fluid is formed next to the wall which has a viscosity appreciably less
than the bulk of the fluid.
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This is caused both by the wall affecting packing arrangements of particles and
by the steep velocity gradients near the wall causing hydrodynamic lift effects
which move particles away from the wall. The net effect can be considered as an
effective "slip" at the wall, hence its name.
4.2
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4.3
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FIGURE 2
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4.4
Drag reduction can also occur with the flow of suspensions of rigid, elongated
particles. The shape of the particles is all important, as Kerekes and Douglas
(see Ref. [3]) observed that drag reduction did not occur with suspensions of
spherical particles but did with suspensions of particles having an elongated
shape.
Vaseleski and Metzner (see Ref. [4]) have reviewed the work which has been
carried out into pressure drop in fibre suspensions and have drawn a number of
important conclusions; viz drag reduction in fibre suspensions:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Much less work has been carried out on drag reduction in fibre suspensions than
polymeric materials; this makes design procedures less reliable.
5.1
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Any departure of experimental data from the Newtonian friction factor correlation
indicates the presence of anomalous effects. Without experimental data under
turbulent conditions it is impossible to predict how a polymeric material or fibre
suspension will behave under turbulent flow conditions.
5.2
Wall Slip
No procedures are currently available for estimating the effect of wall slip under
turbulent flow conditions. If it is neglected in design calculations and does occur
then it is likely to lead to pressure drop predictions which are high and hence, in
most instances, a conservative design. This does not mean to say that wall slip
can also be ignored in the laminar regime. The viscometric measurements
required to characterize the fluid are described in GBHE-PEG-FLO-302.
5.3
Pipe Roughness
All of the experimental work which has been carried out on the turbulent flow of
non-Newtonian fluids in the absence of wall effects has involved hydraulically
smooth pipes. Wall roughness will no doubt affect the turbulent flow of nonNewtonian fluids as it does with Newtonian fluids. In the absence of any
information, it is recommended that the calculation procedure given in Figure 3
still be followed and wall roughness be included in the calculations in the same
way as it would be for a Newtonian fluid but of course using a Reynolds number
based on the apparent viscosity at the wall.
5.4
Pipe Fittings
In turbulent Newtonian flow through pipe fittings, viscous effects are not normally
significant and pressure drops are based on a number of velocity heads lost. It is
thus recommended that pressure losses for the flow of non-Newtonian fluids be
calculated in the same way as for Newtonian fluids. Some data for laminar
pressure drop in pipe fittings have been given in GBHE-PEG-FLO-303.
FIGURE 3
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6.1
General
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flow and found that for a particular fluid the value was a unique function of
the observed friction velocity and independent of pipe diameter. Thus, for a
particular fluid:
Thus, given the fluid density, the purely viscous laminar flow properties of the
fluid, the pipe diameter and bulk velocity, then v* can be calculated (hence t w
and P) if f(v*) is known. This function f(v*) should be determined
experimentally for each fluid. A typical curve is shown in Figure 4. It should be
noted, however, that this method of correlation does not work with transition
delay phenomena.
If a particular design problem does not warrant experimental measurements,
then an over prediction of the pressure drop will be obtained by following the
calculation procedure shown in Figure 3. It is important to note, however, that a
friction factor obtained in this manner (i.e. from Figure 3) should not be used in
heat transfer calculations otherwise this could lead to a gross over-prediction of
the heat transfer coefficient.
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6.2
Transition Delay
Drag reduction and transition delay behavior are no doubt related. However, the
methods described for dealing with drag reduction do not apply to transition
delay. The small amount of experimental evidence which is available suggests
that the method recommended for correlating pressure drop data in drag
reducing flow (i.e. against v*) does not work effectively with transition delay.
There are currently no reliable methods available for correlating transition delay
data.
6.3
Pipe Roughness
Polymeric materials are just as effective in reducing drag in rough pipes as they
are in smooth pipes. Virk (see Ref. [10]) carried out an extensive study into the
flow of polymeric materials in roughened pipes. Although his data were
characteristic of transition delay rather than drag reduction, one particularly
important result is worth noting. Virk found that the maximum drag
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reduction attainable for a given fluid had the same value for a given Reynolds
number in both smooth and rough pipes.
This implies that the function f(v*) in Equations (2) and (3) should be the same
for both smooth and rough pipes. However, it is recommended that turbulent
pressure drop experiments to determine f(v*) be carried out using pipes with the
same relative roughness (/D) envisaged for the design.
6.4
Pipe Fittings
No investigations have been carried out into the flow of polymeric materials
through pipe fittings under turbulent flow conditions. If pressure drops are
calculated in the same way as for Newtonian flow, then this is likely to lead to an
over-prediction of pressure drop.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
J.W.Hoyt, The effect of additives on fluid friction, Trans ASME 94D, 258285 (1972)
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
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NOMENCLATURE
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GBHE-PEG-FLO-303
Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Laminar Flow of NonNewtonian Fluids (referred to in Clause 0 and 5.4)
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