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CHEMISTRY REVIEWER

2nd quarter
I. STATES OF MATTER
~Type of energy
1.) Translational
2.) Rotational
3.) Vibrational
4.) Electronic
~ Energy States of Matter
1.) Solid least energy
2.) Liquid intermediate energy
3.) Gas highest energy
~ Molecular Motions
1.) Gas - translation, rotation & vibration
2.) Liquid - rotation & vibration
3.) Solid - vibration
~ Kinetic Molecular Theory - states that matter consists of small particles that are in constant
motion interacting with each other
Postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory
(1) gas particles are in constant, random, straight-line motion.
(2) temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the system.
(3) the molecules of a gas are so tiny compared to the space they occupy that their volume
can be considered to be zero.
(4) the molecules of a gas never attract each other.
(5) molecules collide with each other and with the walls of the container in perfectly elastic
manner.
~ Nature of Gases and KMT
1.) Expansion - no shape no volume (4)
2.) Low Density gas density is 1/1000th that of liquid or solid (3)
3.) Compressibility crowding particles closer together (3)
4.) Fluidity ability to flow (1)
5.) Effusion escape of gas particles into a smaller opening (1)
6.) Diffusion spontaneous mixing of two particles (1)
~ Ideal and Real Gas
1.) Ideal gas - conforms exactly to kmt and the gas laws
- never would condense
2.) Real gas- are not described exactly by the kmt and the gas laws because they have
molecular volume and attractive forces
-will form liquids and solids upon cooling.
II. GAS LAWS
~Boyles Law - states that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant temperature varies
inversely with the applied pressure when the temperature and mass are constant.
P1V1 = P2V2
~Charles Law states that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant pressure is
directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2

~Gay-lussacs Law - states that the pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is
directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
P1 / T1 = P2 / T2
~Avogadros Law - Gives the relationship between volume and amount when pressure and
temperature are held constant. Remember amount is measured in moles. Also, since volume is
one of the variables, that means the container holding the gas is flexible in some way and can
expand or contract.
V1 / n 1 = V2 / n 2
~ Combined Gas Law
P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2
~ Ideal Gas Law
PV = nRT
Where n = 0.0821 Latm / Kmole.
~ Daltons Law of Partial Pressures - states that the total pressure of a mixture of nonreacting
gases is the sum of their individual partial pressures.
Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc + ...
III. CHEMICAL KINETICS The area of chemistry concerned with the speed or rate at which chemical
reactions occur
~ Collision Theory
1.) The reacting particles must collide with one another
2.) The reacting particles must possess enough activation energy
3.) The reacting particles must collide with the proper orientation, alignment or collision
geometry
~ Kinds of Reaction
1.) Exothermic Reaction release of energy
2.) Endothermic Reaction absorption of energy
~ Factors affecting Reaction
Temperature of the substances used (reactants)
Concentration of the substances used (reactants)
Particle size (surface area) of the substances used (reactants)
Presence of a catalyst
Pressure on the reaction (Only for gases)
!V. STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM
~ Chemical equilibrium - occurs when a reaction and its reverse reaction proceed at the same rate.
~As a system approaches equilibrium, both the forward and reverse reactions are occurring.
~At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions are proceeding at the same rate.
~A System at Equilibrium
Once equilibrium is achieved, the amount of each reactant and product remains constant.
~Depicting Equilibrium
In a system at equilibrium, both the forward and reverse reactions are running
simultaneously.
~We write the chemical equation with a double arrow
~Types of Equilibrium
Homogeneous equilibrium applies to reactions in which all reacting species are in the same phase.
Heterogeneous equilibrium applies to reactions in which reactants and products are in different
phases.

Since concentrations of pure liquids and solids remain constant, these substances are
omitted from the equilibrium constant expression
~Whenever a system is in Chemical equilibrium:
1. The rates of the opposing reactions are equal.
2. Concentrations remain constant at equilibrium even though the opposing reactions are
continuing.
3. Attainment of equilibrium does not occur immediately. It often requires time.
~Equilibrium concentration - When a reaction is at equilibrium at a specific temperature, the
concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant.
~Equilibrium Constant

~ Le Chteliers Principle
If a change in conditions is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium position will shift
in the direction that tends to reduce the effects of that change
~The Haber Process
The transformation of nitrogen and hydrogen into ammonia (NH3) is of tremendous
significance in agriculture, where ammonia-based fertilizers are of utmost importance.

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