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Estimating Gas Turbine Performance


The following is a method for estimating gas turbine performance using
performance curves and site data (i.e., elevation, ambient temperature, inlet and
exhaust pressure drops, and the type of fuel). Both full load and part load
performance calculations are described and illustrated. Typical examples are
provided for package power plants.
Performance curves are based on the ISO standard (59F, 60% relative humidity
and 14.7 psia). Theses curves do not include the water or steam injection for NOx
control due to the many different NOx levels offered. However, the effect of a
known water or steam flow can be calculated separately per the dilutent effects
curves.
This procedure should be used only for the approximation of performance at site
conditions and not for performance guarantees. Performance guarantees for this
proposal are shown in the Performance Specifications section. The

performance curves included are to illustrate the calculation


procedure and do not reflect current ratings. Performance curves
applicable to the equipment offered in this proposal are listed under Turbine and
Generator Performance Curves in the Engineering Data Section.
Nomenclature
D

differential; i.e. DP is pressure drop

fa

inlet DP factor for output

fb

exhaust DP factor for output

fc

compressor inlet temperature factor for output

fd

compressor inlet temperature factor for exhaust flow

fe

compressor inlet temperature factor for heat rate

ff

inlet DP factor for heat rate

fg

exhaust DP factor for heat rate

fh

humidity factor for output

fi

humidity factor for heat rate

HC

heat consumption (fuel consumption in Btu/h)

HR

heat rate (Btu/kWh)

KW

power output (kW)

barometric pressure (psia)

Pc

effective pressure (psia) at the inlet flange of a package power plant

Tx

exhaust gas temperature (F)

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 1

Wx

exhaust flow (lb/h)

EFF

thermal efficiency (%)

(LHV) =

based on fuel lower heating value

Subscripts s, i, o
s

denotes at site conditions

denotes at ISO conditions

denotes at site altitude, actual inlet and exhaust DPs, and compressor
inlet conditions of 59F @ 60% RH.

I. Full Load Performance


A. Method
1.

Output (KWs) = (KWi) x (Ps/14.7) x fa x fb x fc x fh

2.

Heat Rate (HRs) = (HRi) x fe x ff x fg x fi


Note: Altitude has no effect on heat rate

3.

Heat Consumption (HCs) = (KWs) x (HRs)

4.

Exhaust Temperature (Tx) Read from appropriate curve. Add


temperature increase for additional inlet and/or exhaust pressure
drops.

Exhaust Flow (Wxs) = (Wxi) x (Pc/14.7) x fd


Where Pc = Ps (0.0361 x additional DP (inches of H2O) at inlet)

B. Notes
1.

Round off calculations as follows:


Output To nearest 10 kW or maximum of 4 significant figures
Heat Rate To nearest 10 Btu/kWh
Heat Consumption To nearest 0.1 x 106 Btu/h or maximum of 4
significant figures
Exhaust Temperature To nearest degree F
Exhaust Flow To four significant figures (lb/h)

2.

The ratio Ps/14.7 can be read directly from the altitude correction
curve 416HA662

C. Sample Full Load Calculation


Package Power Plant MS7001(EA) Simple Cycle Model PG7111(EA)
with an aircooled generator.

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 2

Site Conditions:

1.

2.

Altitude

= 600 ft

Barometric Pressure Ps

= 14.39 psia (from Curve


416HA662)

Compressor Inlet Temperature

= 90F

Inlet DP

= 2.5 H2O (included in rating)

Exhaust DP

= 10 H2O (5.5 H2O is included


in rating)

Fuel

= Distillate Oi1

Mode

= Base Load

Design Conditions (ISO) from Curve 499HA733


Output KWi

= 82100 kW

Heat Rate HRi

= 10560 Btu/kWh (LHV)

Exhaust Flow Wxi

= 2358 x 103 lb/h

Calculation of factors.

The ratings for the package power plant include a standard inlet and exhaust
pressure drop as stated with the ratings. Therefore the pressure drops used
to calculate fa, fb, ff, fg, Pc, and exhaust temperature increase are the pressure
drops in excess of the standard pressure drops.
The resulting performance decrease effect of additional pressure drop is
subtracted from unity to obtain the output multiplication factor. The heat rate
percentage effect is added to unity to obtain the heat rate multiplier for
additional pressure drops.
Output :

f a + 1.0
1 + 0.9953
f b + 1.0 * 0.42 x 4.5
100
4
(curve 499HA733 with additional 4.5 H2 O)
f c + 0.890 (from Curve 499HA734)
f h + 0.9982 (from Curve 498HA697)

Heat Rate :

f e + 1.025 (from Curve 499HA734)


f f + 1.0
1 + 1.0047
f g + 1.0 ) 0.42 x 4.5
100
4
(curve 499HA733 with additional 4.5 H2 O)
f i + 1.0048 (from Curve 498HA697)

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 3

Exhaust Flow :

3.

P c + 14.39 psia * 0 + 14.39 psia


f d + 0.930 (from Curve 499HA734)

Calculation of Full Load Conditions at Site:


Output KW s + 82100 x 14.39 x 1.0 x 0.9953 x 0.890 x 0.9982
14.7
+ 71063 or 71060kW
Heat Rate HR s + 10560 x 1.025 x 1.0 x 1.0047 x 1.0048
+ 10927 or 10930 BtukWh (LHV)
Heat Consumption HC s + 71060 x 10930
+ 776.7 x 10 6 Btuh (LHV)

Exhaust temperature is calculated by adding the temperature increase


due to pressure drops to the value read from Curve 499HA734:
T x + 1006 ) 1.9 (0 ) 4.5) F
4
T x + 1008.1 or 1008 F
Exhaust Flow + 2358 x 10 3 x 14.39 x .930
14.7
+ 2146.7 x 10 3 or 2147 x 10 3 Ibh

II. Part Load Performance


Part load output, heat rate and heat consumption are calculated in a similar
manner as base load using the part load heat consumption curve. Before using the
output % off the heat consumption curve, all part load performance must be
referenced to 59F site performance kWo.
A. Method
1.

At site barometric pressure with site inlet and exhaust pressure drops
and at 59F compressor inlet temperature, calculate the following
base load performance parameters:
Output, kWo
Heat rate, HRo
Heat consumption, HCo
This data then becomes the corrected values on which to base the part
load calculations.

2.

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

Calculate percentage of load:

page 4

% load = required load/kWo


3.

From the applicable performance curve, at the percent of load


calculated from (2) above and at the compressor inlet temperature,
read the percent of design heat consumption.
HCs = HCo x % design heat consumption.

4.

Heat rate at required load:


HRs = HCs kWs

5.

Exhaust flow and temperature are calculated in an analogous manner


as base load using corrected design outputs as shown above, and the
Effects of Modulated Inlet Guide Vanes Curve at the appropriate
ambient. The extreme right hand point of each ambient curve on the
Modulated Inlet Guide Vane Curve represents the full open IGV
position, the knee point in each curve represents the closed IGV
position, Note that this curve is for combined cycle machines only.
Simple cycle machines, which are not normally concerned with part
load Exhaust conditions, operated on a different schedule and can not
be calculated using this curve.

B. Sample Part Load Calculation


The following sample part load calculations are for the MS7001(EA) simple
cycle package power plant used previously.
Site conditions:
Altitude
Barometric pressure
Compressor inlet temperature
Relative Humidity
Inlet DP
Exhaust DP
Fuel
Load required
1.

= 600 ft
= 14.39 psia
= 90F
= 60%RH
= 2.5 H2O (included in
rating)
= 10 H2O (5.5 H2O is
included in rating)
= Distillate Oil
= 75 percent base load

Calculation of site performance at full load and 59F at 60%RH:


KWo = KWi x (14.39/14.7) x fa x fb
KWo = 821000 x 0.9789 x 1.0 x 0.9953 = 79990 kW
HRo = HRi x ff x fg
HRo = 10560 x 1.0 x 1.0047 = 10610 Btu/kWh (LHV)
HCo = KWo x HRo
Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 5

HCo = 79990 x 10610 = 848.7 x 106 Btu/h (LHV)


2.

Calculation of site performance for 90F @ 60%RH:


Site output (base load) = KWo x fc x fh
= 79990 x 0.891 x 0.9983 = 71150 kW
At 75% base load, required load = 71150 x 0.75 = 53360 kW
% load = 53360/79990 = 66.7%

3.

From Curve 499HA733 at 66.7% design load and 90F, % design heat
consumption = 71%
Part load, site heat consumption, HCs = HCo x % design heat rate
HCs = 848.7 x .71 = 602.6 x 106 Btu/h (LHV)

4.

Site heat rate HRs = HCs kWs


HRs = 602.6 x 106 53360 = 11290 x Btu/kWh (LHV)

5.

Entering the Modulated Inlet Guide Vane Effects Curve (516HA129)


at the 66.7% output calculated in Step 2 and, for the 90F ambient
curve;
Exh Temp. = 990F
Wexh % design = 75.5%
Wexh = Wi x % design
Wexh = 2358 x .755 = 1780 x 103 lb/h

Performance With Water or Steam Injection


The amount of steam or water injection required to meet a given NOx emission
level is not available from a curve because of the many variables impacting this
value. In fact, the exact flow is typically not finalized until the field Emissions
Compliance Testing. However, given a specific flow value, the resulting effect on
output and Heat Rate can be determined using the Injection Effects Curves.
For example, taking the dry Output and Heat Rate Performance calculated
from Example I and, assuming GE has reported (for the specific conditons given)
an estimated steam flow to meet 65 ppmvd @ 15% O2 NOx of 42590 lb/h (11.83
pps); The resulting output and Heat Rate would be:

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 6

KW = 71060 x (1 + 0.059) (from curve 499HA899A)


= 75250 KW
HR = 10930 x (1 .0275) (from curve 499HA900A)
= 10630 Btu/Kwh (LHV)

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 7

SI and Metric Units Conversion


The following is a list of conversion factors most
commonly used for gas turbine performance calculations.

Conversion Factors
To Convert
atm
atm
bars
bars
Btu/h
Btu/h
Btu/hph
Btu/lb
F
C
C
ft3/min
ft3/min
gal/mln
in. of mercury
in. of water
(at 4C)
in. of water
(at 4C)
J
kg
kg/cm2
kg/m3
kW
lb/in2
l/min
l/min
scf
W

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 8

To
kg/cm2
lb/in2
atm
lb/in2
kcal/h
kJ/h
kJ/kWh
kJ/kg
R
F
K
l/s
m3/min
l/s
kg/cm2

Multiply By
1.0333
14.7
0.9869
14.5
0.2520
1.0548
1.4148
2.326
F + 459.7
(C x 9/5) + 32
C + 273.2
0.4720
0.02832
0.06308
0.03453

kg/cm2

0.00254

lb/in2
Btu
lb
lb/in2
lb/ft3
hp
Pa
ft3/s
gal/s
Nm3
Btu/h

0.03613
9.478 x 104
2.205
14.22
0.06243
1.341
6894.8
5.886 x 104
0.004403
0.0268
3.4129

GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL PG7111(EA) GAS TURBINE


ESTIMATED PERFORMANCE CONFIGURATION: NATURAL GAS & DISTILLATE
Compressor Inlet Conditions 59 F (15.0 C), 60% Rel. Humidity
Atmospheric Pressure 14.7 psia (1.013 bar)
FUEL
DESIGN OUTPUT
DESIGN HEAT RATE (LHV)
DESIGN HEAT CONS (LHV) X106
DESIGN EXHAUST FLOW X103
MODE: BASE LOAD

kW
Btu (kJ)/kWh
Btu (kJ)/h
lb/h (kg)/h

NATURAL GAS
83500
10480 (11060)
875.1 (923.5)
2351 (1066)

DISTILLATE
82100
10560 (11140)
867.0 (914.6)
2358 (1070)
PPB 061088

NOTES:
1. Altitude correction on curve 416HA662 REV A
2. Ambient temperature correction on curve 499HA734 REV A
3. Effect of modulated IGVs on exhaust flow and temp. on curve 516HA129
4. Air cooled generator 7A6
5. Humidity correction on curve 498HA697 REV B all performance
calculated with specific humidity of .0064 or less so as not to
exceed 100% relative humidity.
6. Plant performance is measured at the generator terminals and includes
allowances for excitation power, shaft driven auxiliaries, and
2.5 in. H2O (6.2 mbar) inlet and 5.5 in. H2O (13.7 mbar) exhaust
pressure drops.
7. Additional pressure drop effects:
%Effect on
Output Heat Rate
4 in. H2O (10.0 mbar) inlet
1.42
0.45
4 in. H2O (10.0 mbar) exhaust 0.42
0.42

Effect on
Exhaust Temp.
1.9 F (1.1 C)
1.9 F (1.1 C)

HEAT CONSUMPTION PERCENT DESIGN

130
0F

120
59 F

110
100
120 F
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

10

DATE: 10/17/89
DA JAQUEWAY

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130


GENERATOR OUTPUT PERCENT DESIGN

499HA733
REV A

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 9

GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL PG7111(EA) GAS TURBINE

EXHAUST TEMPERATURE (DEG. F)

Effect of Compressor Inlet Temperature on


Output, Heat Rate, Heat Consumption, Exhaust Flow
And Exhaust Temperature at 100% Speed
FUEL: NATURAL GAS & DISTILLATE OIL
DESIGN VALUES ON CURVE 499HA733 REV A
DESIGN MODE: BASE LOAD
1040
1030
1020
1010
1000
990
980
970
960
950
940
130
125
120
PERCENT DESIGN

115
110
HEAT RATE

105
100
95
90

EXHAUST
FLOW

85

HEAT CONS.

80
OUTPUT

75
70
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

COMPRESSOR INLET TEMPERATURE (DEG. F)


DATE 10/17/89
DA JAQUEWAY

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

499HA734
REV A

page 10

GENERAL ELECTRIC MODEL PG7111(EA) GAS TURBINE


Effect of Modulated Inlet Guide Vanes on Exhaust Flow and Temperature
As a Function of Output and Compressor Inlet Temperature.

EXHAUST FLOW PERCENT DESIGN

EXHAUST TEMPERATURE (DEG. F)

FUEL: NATURAL GAS & DISTILLATE OIL


DESIGN VALUES ON CURVE 499HA733 REV A
DESIGN MODE: BASE LOAD
1100
1050
1000
950
900

0F

850
800
750

30 F
59 F
90 F

700
650

120 F

600
550
500
115
110
105
100
95
90
0F

85
30 F

80
59 F

75
90 F

70
120 F

65
0

10

20

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130


GENERATOR OUTPUT PERCENT

DATE 10/17/89
DA JAQUEWAY

516HA129

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 11

GENERAL ELECTRIC GAS TURBINE


ALTITUDE CORRECTION FACTOR
ALTITUDE VS ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
AND
ALTITUDE VS CORRECTION FACTOR
FOR GAS TURBINE OUTPUT AND FUEL CONSUMPTION
NOTES:
1. Heat Rate and Thermal Efficiency are not affected by altitude.
2. Correction Factor = P(atm)/14.7
15.5

15

0.95
CORRECTION FACTOR

14.5

0.9

14

0.85

13.5

0.8

13

0.75

12.5

0.7

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

12

0.65

11.5

0.6

11

0.55

10.5

0.5
0

ALTITUDE THOUSAND FEET


416HA662
REV A

4/24/90
F.J. BROOKS

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 12

GENERAL ELECTRIC MS6001, MS7001 AND MS9001 GAS TURBINES


CORRECTIONS TO OUTPUT AND HEAT RATE
FOR NONISO SPECIFIC HUMIDITY CONDITIONS
For operation at base load on exhaust
temperature control curve
1.01
1.009
ISO SPECIFIC HUMIDITY
0.0064 lb. water vapor/lb. dry air

1.008
1.007
1.006

HEAT RATE

1.005

CORRECTION FACTOR

1.004
1.003
1.002
1.001
1
0.999
POWER OUTPUT

0.998
0.997
0.996
0.995
0.994
0.000

0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
SPECIFIC HUMIDITY (lb. water vapor/lb. dry air)

10/10/89
DA JAQUEWAY

0.03
5

498HA697
REV B

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 13

GE MODEL PG7001(EA) GAS TURBINE


EFFECT OF STEAM INJECTION ON OUTPUT
BASE LOAD NATURAL GAS / DISTILLATE

12
11
100F

PERCENT INCREASE IN OUTPUT

10
9
59F

8
45F

7
0F

6
5
4
3
2
CURVE 499HA899A
KH CONWAY 4/14/89

1
0
0

10

12

14

STEAM INJECTION LB/S

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 14

16

18

20

GE MODEL PG7001(EA) GAS TURBINE


EFFECT OF STEAM INJECTION ON HEAT RATE
BASE LOAD NATURAL GAS / DISTILLATE

6.0
5.5
5.0
100F

PERCENT DECREASE IN HEAT RATE

4.5
4.0
59F

3.5

45F

3.0

0F

2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
CURVE 499HA900A
KH CONWAY 4/14/89

0.5
0.
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

STEAM INJECTION LB/S

Reference GTS111D
Estimating Gas Turbine Performance

page 15

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