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Chapter 21

Crude Oil Properties and Condensate


Properties and Correlations
Paul Buthod,

U. of Tulsa*

Introduction
All crude oils are composed primarily of hydrocarbons,
which are made by the combination of the elements carbon and hydrogen. In addition, most crudes contain
sulfur compounds and trace quantities of oxygen,
nitrogen, and heavy metals. The difference in crude oils
is caused by the amount of sulfur compounds and by the
types and molecular weights of the hydrocarbons making
up the oil.
The hydrocarbons found in crude oil range in size from
the smallest molecule, methane, which contains 1 atom
of carbon, to the largest ones, which contain nearly 100
atoms of carbon. The types of hydrocarbon compounds
are paraffin, naphthene, and aromatic, found in raw
crude, and olefin and diolefin, which are sometimes
found in refined products after thermal treatment. Since
any crude oil will have several thousand different compounds in it, it has been impossible so far to develop exact analyses of the actual compounds present. Three
methods of reporting analyses are available-ultimate
analysis, chemical analysis, and evaluation analysis.
Ultimate analysis lists the composition in percentages
of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and
sulfur. This tells very little about the type of compounds
present or the physical characteristics of the oil. It is
useful, however, in determining the amount of sulfur
that must be removed. Table 21.1 shows the ultimate
analysis of several crude oils.
Chemical analysis gives composition in percentage of
paraffin, naphthene, and aromatic-type compounds present in the crude. This type of analysis can be determined
with fair accuracy by means of chemical reaction and
solvency tests. An analysis of this sort gives an idea of
the usefulness of refined products but does not give any
This author also wrote the tiginal

chapter on this topic in the 1962 edation.

means of predicting the amount of various refined products. Table 2 1.2 gives the chemical analysis of several
fractions of four crude oils.
The crude-oil evaluation consists primarily of a fractional distillation of the oil followed by physicalproperty tests (for parameters such as gravity, viscosity,
and pour point) on the distillation products. Since the
primary means of separating products in the refinery is
fractionation, this analysis makes it possible to predict
yields of refined products and physical properties studied
in the evaluation. The evaluation curves shown in Fig.
2 1.1 make it possible to predict the physical properties of
the refined products. As an example of the use of evaluation curves, Table 2 1.3 shows product yields and properties when a refinery is operated for maximum gasoline
yield, and Table 2 1.4 shows product yields and properties when the objective is to produce lubricating oils and
diesel fuel.
Since the early 1970s, much research has-been performed on the use of the gas chromatograph to generate
simulated distillations. This has the advantage of producing crude-oil evaluation curves with very small samples
of crude and in a period of about an hour, compared with
about a gallon of crude for a fractional distillation column and about 2 days for the analysis. The simulated
distillation is called ASTM Test Method D2887. I

Base of Crude Oil


Since the beginning of the oil industry in the U.S., it has
been convenient to separate crude oils into three broad
classifications or bases. These three, paraffin, intermediate, and naphthene, are useful as general
classifications but lead to ambiguity in many instances.
Because a crude may exhibit one set of characteristics for

21-2

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

TABLE Pl.l-ULTIMATE
Specific
Gravity
-r

Petroleum

0.862
0.897
0.912

Pennsylvania pipeline
Mecook, WV
Humbolt, KS
Healdton, OK
Coalinga, CA
Beaumont, TX
Mexico
Baku, USSR
Colombia, South America

CHEMICAL ANALYSES

Temperature
PC)
15
0

0.951
0.91
0.97
0.897
0.948

C
85.5
83.6
85.6
85.0
86.4
85.7
83.0
66.5
65.62

15
15
20

HANDBOOK

OF PETROLEUM

H
14.2
12.9
12.4
12.9
11.7
11.0
11 .o
12.0
11.91

Component
WI
N
0

--

Base

paraffin
paraffin
mixed
mixed

3.6

1.14
2.61
1.7*

0.37
0.76
0.60
0.70
4.30

naphthene

naphthene
naphthene

1.5
0.54

Combined mtrogen and oxygen.

TABLE 21.2-CHEMICAL

Fraction
(0
140 to
203 to
252 to
302 to
392 to
482 to

203
252
302
392
482
572

Grozny
(High Paraffin)
45.3% at 572OF
Aromatic

ANALYSES OF PETROLEUM, %

Grozny (ParaffinFree Upper Level),


40.9% at 572OF

Oklahoma
64% at 572OF

Naphthene

Paraffin

Aromatic

Naphthene

Paraffin

Aromatlc

Naphthene

Paraffin

25
30
35
29
23
22

72
65
56
57
59
61

4
8
13
21
26
35

31
40
52
55
63
57

65
52
35
24
11
8

5
7
12
16
17
17

21
28
33
29
31
32

73
65
55
55
52
51

3
z
14
18
17

TABLE 21.3-EVALUATION

Percent Distilled
Gas loss
Straight-run gasoline (untreated)
Catalytic charge

Range

54.5 octane number


900F cut

0 to 1.3
1.3 to 32
32 to 80.5

remainder

80.5 to 100

charge or asphalt

Aromatic

-A

i
11

17
25
29

Naohthene

Paraffin

31
46
64
61
45
40

65
46
25
22
30
31

WHEN OPERATING PRIMARILY FOR GASOLINE

Basis

Material

V&breaker
Crude oil

California
(Huntmgton Beach),
34.2% at 57ZF

(Davenport),

Topping follwed by YaWUrn flashing to produce a gas 011for catalflic cracking.


breaker chargestock.

Midpoint
~16.6
56.2

Yield
1.3
30.7
48.5
19.5
100.0

Gravity
(OAPI)
56
28.8
6.4$
32.0

Other Properties
390DF ASTM endpoint7
165OF aniline point or 47.5
diesel index
110 penetration
11.65 characterization factor

The Cycle stcck IrOm catalytic cracking is thermally cracked along wtth the asphalt or vis-

Average gravity from instantaneouscurve of API gravity.


?At about 400aF endpoint the truebOiling.pCint cut point is about 2PF higher than the ASTM end point
*By a material balance.

TABLE 21.4-EVALUATION

WHEN OPERATING PRIMARILY FOR LUBRICATING-OIL


Percent Distilled

Material

Basis

Gas loss

Light gasoline (untreated)


Reforming naphtha
Diesel fuel

300 EPb
445 EPb
156 aniline point

Light lube or cracking stock


Lube stock (untreated)
Asphalt
Crude oil

remainder
100 Ws

viscosity at 2lOOF

100 penetration

Range
0 to
1.3 lo
21 .O to
38.5 to
56.5 to
74.9 to
80.9 to

Midpoint

-13
1.3
21.0
10.5
38.5
29.7
56.5
47.5
74.9
65.7
80.9
77.9
100.0

Yield
19.7
17.5
18.0
18.4
6.0
19.1
100.0

API
Gravity
61.2C
41.3e
32.1
25.9
19.1

Viscosity,
SUS

STOCK0

Other Properties

63.8 octane numberd


0.16% sulfur
41 (estimated) 50 diesel Index; 0.82% sulfur
145 at 100F 1.49% sulfur
100 at 210F

100 penetration at 77OFg


32.0

CRUDE-OIL & CONDENSATE

21-3

PROPERTIES & CORRELATIONS

TABLE 21.5-BASES

OF CRUDE OILS

API Gravity
at 60F
Low-Boiling

Part
paraffin
baraffin
paraffin
intermediate
intermediate
intermediate
naphthene
naphthene
naphthene

Approximate

UOP* *

Characterization Factor

High-Boiling

Key Fraction

Part

Key Fraction
2

LowBoiling

HighBoiling

paraffin
intermediate
naphthene
paraffin
intermediate
naphthene
intermediate
paraffin
naphthene

40+
40+
40+
33 to 40
33 to 40
33 to 40
333333-

30+
20 to 30
2030+
20 to 30
2020 to 30
30+
20-

12.2+
12.2+
12.2 +
11.5 to 12.0
11.4 to 12.1
11.4 to 12.1
11.511.511.4-

12.2+
11.4 to 12.0
11.412.2+
11.4 to 12.1
11.411.4 to 12.1
12.2+
11.4-

USBM, Repon3279 (Sept.1935).


Universal

Oil Products Co.. Chicago

its light materials and another set for the heavy-lube fractions, the USBM has developed a more useful method of
classifying oils.
Two fractions (called key fractions) are obtained in
the standard Hempel distillation procedure. Key Fraction
1 is the material that boils between 482 and 527F at atmospheric pressure. Key Fraction 2 is the material that
boils between 527 and 572F at 40 mm absolute
pressure. Both fractions are tested for API gravity, and
Key Fraction 2 is tested for cloud point. In naming the
type of oil, the base of light material (Key Fraction 1) is
named first, and the base of the heavy material (Key
Fraction 2) is named second. If the cloud point of Key
Fraction 2 is above 5F, the term wax-bearing is added. If the pour point is below 5F, it is termed waxfree.
would mean
Thus, paraffin-intermediate-wax-free
a crude that has paraffinic characteristics in the gasoline
portion and intermediate characteristics in the lube portion and has very little wax. Table 21.5 shows the
criteria used in establishing bases of oil by the USBM
method.
Several attempts have been made to establish an index
to give a numerical correlation for the base of a crude oil.
The most useful of these is the characterization factor K
developed in Ref. 2,

K=- 3%
Y

in which TB is the molal average boiling point (degrees


Rankine) and y is the specific gravity at 60F. This has
been used successfully in correlating not only crude oils,
but refinery products both cracked and straight-run.
Typical numerical values for characterization factors are
listed in Table 2 1.6.
In addition
to the relationship
between
the
characterization factor and the specific gravity and boiling point defined above, a number of other physical
properties have been shown to be related to the chamcterization factor. Among these properties are viscosity,
molecular weight, critical temperature and pressure,
specific heats, and percent hydrogen.
Table 21.7 shows characterization factors for a

TABLE 21.6-TYPICAL
CHARACTERIZATION
FACTOR VALUES

Product
Pennsylvania stocks (paraffin base)
Mid-Continent stocks (intermediate)
Gulf Coast stocks (naphthene base)
Cracked gasoline
Cracking-plant combined feeds
Recycle stocks
Cracked residuum

Characterization
Factor
12.1
11.8
11 .o
11.5
10.5
10.0
9.8

to
to
to
to
to
to
to

12.5
12.0
11.6
11.8
11.5
11.0
11 .O

number of worldwide crudes and products and typical


hydrocarbon compounds that have the same characterization factor as the oil in question.

Physical Properties
Fig. 21.2 shows the relationship of carbon-tohydrogen ratio, average molecular weight, and mean
average boiling point as a function of API gravity and
characterization factor. The API Technical
DataBook3
has published a number of correlations for physical properties of petroleum. For the most accurate data, this
reference should be consulted.
When oil is heated or cooled in a processing operation,
the amount of heat required is best obtained by the use of
the specific heat. Fig. 21.3 shows the specific heat of
liquid petroleum oils as a function of API gravity and
temperature. This chart is based on a characterization
factor of 11.8, and if the oil being studied is other than
that, there is a correction shown at the lower right side of
the chart. The number obtained for the specific heat
should be multiplied by this correction factor. Certain
paraffin hydrocarbons are also shown on the chart. No
correction need be applied to these.
If vaporization or condensation occurs in a processing
operation, the heat requirements are most easily handled
by the use of total heats. Fig. 2 1.4 gives total heats of
petroleum liquid and vapor, with liquid at 0F as a
reference or zero point. This eliminates the necessity of
selecting a latent heat, specific heats of both vapor and
liquid, and deciding at what temperature to apply the latent heat. Certain corrections must be applied for
characterization factor and for pressure.

21-4

PETROLEUM

TABLE 21.7-CHARACTERIZATION
Characterization
Factor

FACTORS OF A FEW HYDROCARBONS,

Hydrocarbons

14.7
14.2
13.85
13.5 to 13.6
13.0 to 13.2
12.8
12.7
12.6
12.55
12.5
12.1 to 12.5
12.2 to 12.44
12.0 to 12.2
11.9 to 12.2

propane
propylene
isobutane
butane
butane-l and isopentane
hexane and tetradecened
P-methylheptane and tetradecane
pentene-1, hexene-1, and cetene
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
hexene-2 and 1.3-butadiene
2,2,3,3tetramethyl
butane
2,l l-dimethyl dodecadiene

11.9
11.8 to 12.1
11.85
11.7 to 12
11.75
11.7
11.6
11.5 to 11.8
11.5

hexylcyclohexane

11.45
11.4
11.3to 11.6
11.3

PETROLEUMS,

Typical Crude Oils

HANDBOOK

AND TYPICAL STOCKS

Miscellaneous Products

94.5 API adsorption gasoline


Four Venezuelan paraffin waxes
paraffin wax*: MC. 82.2 API natural gasoline
CA 81.9 API natural gasoline
Cotton Valley (LA) lubes
Pennsylvania-Rodessa
Big Lake (TX)
Lance Creek (WY)
Mid-Continent (MC.)
Oklahoma City (OK)

debutanized E. TX natural gasoline


San Joaquin (Venezuela) wax distillate
Panhandle (TX) lubes
Six Venezuelan wax distillates

(LA)

paraffin-base gasolines

Fullerton (W. TX)


Illinois; Midway (AR)
W. TX; Jusepin (Venezuela)
Cowden (W TX)
Santa Fe Springs (CA)
Slaughter (W. TX); Hobbs (NM)
Colombian
Hendrick and Yates (W. TX)

butylcyclohexane
octyl or diamyl benzene

ethylcyclohexane and 9-hexyl-l l-methylheptadiene


methylcyctohexane

Elk Basin, heavy (WY)


Kettleman Hills (CA)
Smackover (AR)

cyclobutane and 2,6,10,14tetramethyl

Lagunillas (Venezuela)
Gulf Coast light distillates

hexadiene

Middle East light products


cracked gasoline from paraffinic feeds
E. TX gas oil and lubes
light cycloversion gasoline from M.C. feeds
Middle East gas oil and lubes
cracked gasoline from intermediate feeds
E. TX and IA white products
cracked gas oil from paraffinic feeds
catalytic cycle stocks from paraffinic feeds
cracked gasoline from naphthene feeds
Tia Juana (Venezuela) gas oil and lubes
naphthenic gasoline: catalytic (cracked)
gasoline
catalytic cycle stocks from MC. feeds
cracked gasoline from hrghly naphthenrc feeds
high-conversion catalytic cycle stocks from
parafbnic feeds
typical catalytic cycle stocks
liaht-ail coil thermal feeds
catalytic cycle stocks from
11.7~characterization-factor feeds
gasoline from catalytic re-forming

12.66 (range 12.1 to 13.65) calculated lrom factors of raw and dewaxed lube stocks

ENGINEERING

*.-

IO

20

(YIELD1

30
40
50
60
i-0
PERCENTAGEDISTILLED

80

90

100

Ftg. 21 .l-Evaluation
curves of a 32.0API intermediate-base
crude oil of characterization factor 11.65.

CRUDE-OIL 8 CONDENSATE

PROPERTIES & CORRELATIONS

21-5

9.0

8.0

7-o

6.0

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100
IO

20

30

40

50

Fig. 21.2-Petroleum
properties as a function of API gravity and characterization factor. Note: the parameters in the curves refer to
the characterization factor.

21-6

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

200

400
600
TEMPERATURE,F

III

HANDBOOK

000

Fig. 21.3-Specific
heats of Mid-Continent liquid oils with a correction factor for other bases of oils.

7
/
L
o-

o-

o-

1,.,!,,,,,,.,

o-

K=CHARACTEklZATIONFACTOR
=
3MOLAL AVG. BOILINGPOINT,R
/ SPEClF(CG.,ilTYf~

9
3-

I
I
000
, OF

34
0

Fig. 21.4-Heat

I
900

I
1,000

/
1,100

content of petroleum fractions including the effect of pressure.

I
1,200

CRUDE-OIL

& CONDENSATE

PROPERTIES

21-7

& CORRELATIONS

TABLE 21.8-TRUE-BOILING-POINT

CRUDE OIL ANALYSES


Location

Atlanta,
AR
(limestone)

Kern
River,
CA

Santa
Maria,
CA

Coalinga
(East),
CA

Coalinga,
CA

20.5
2.30
270
413139

44.5
0.48c
35

10.7
1.23
6,000 +

15.4
4.63
368
812154

20.7
0.51
178

31.1
0.31
40

11.62
11.48
11.47
11.55
11.53
I
0

11.82
12.05
12.08
12.25
12.05
IP
1.5

6.0
73.2a
a9.0a
11 .o
66.0b
14.4
good b

45.3d

2.P

24.1
41.9
good

56.3d
57.4

6.1 d
29.5b

9.5
38.0
16.0b
0.29b

15.0d
46.0
27.0b
0.06b
excellent

43.0b
Ob
0.82 b

Smackover,
AR
Gravity, API
Sulfur, %
Viscosity, SUS at lOOoF
Date
Characterization factor
At 25OF
At 450F
At 550F
At 750DF
Average
Base
Loss, %
Gasoline
% at 300F
Octane number, clear
Octane number, 3 cc TEL
% to 400F
Octane number, clear
Octane number, 3 cc TEL
% to 450F
Quality
Jet stock
% to 550F
API gravity
Qualitv
Kerosene distillate
%, 375 to 500F
API gravity
Smoke point
Sulfur, %
Quality
Distillate or diesel fuel
%, 400 to 700F
Diesel index
Pour point
Sulfur, O/O
Quality
Cracking stock (distilled)
%, 400 to 900F
Octane number (thermal)
API gravity
Quality
Cracking stock (residual)
% above 550F
API gravity
API cracked fuel
% gasoline (on stock)
% gasoline (on crude oil)
Lube distillate (undewaxed)
% 700 to 900Fc
Pour point
Viscosity index
Sulfur, %
Quality
Residue, % over 900F
Asphalt quality

N
0

11.90
11.42
11.29
11.11
11.48
IN
0

25.2d

7.0

1.2d

21 .6d
72.ob

39.2d

1.2d

13.2
59.8e
70.30
17.0

9.6d
67.0 b

31 .6d
66.7b

15.6d
good b

35.6d
excellent b

25.0
43.0
good

29.3d
36.9

46.2d
46.0d
good

2.7d
32.5d
13.0b
0.38b

8.5
34.5
1.8d

16.0d
34.0d
14.5b
o.ub

Il.Od
37.0
17.0b
0.06b

35.0d
76.0d
high
0.15b

19.7d
mob
- 30.0b

23.8
33.0
- 3.0
2.56

38.4d
33.0b
-25.ob
0.35b

28.0d
48.5
20.0b
0.W

48.2
71.4b
25.7

51.4d
64.5 b
35.5

41.8d
7.5.6b
20.0
good

39.8
75.6d
22.8

59.46
22.3
excellent

45.6d
70.4b
28.0
good

75.9

42.2d

27.1
9.6
54.9
23.2

93.9d
9.1

75.0

14.7
4.8
35.5
27.0

i::
15.0
11.0

67.7d
11 .o
4.2
27.5
18.6

52.P
18.2
5.0
42.2
22.2

19.0

16.4d

16.0

13.06

17.6d

0.67b

56.0b
0.43b

28.0d
excellent

21.7d
good

29.2

37.0b
2.45 b
40.8
good

11.13
11.15
11.15

48.5b

113.0b
0.8b
excellent
7.9d

0.8b

22.2d

1.5b
57.0d
excellent

a Simply aviation gasoline, not always 300-F cut point


Esbmated from general cotrelat~ons.
Sour oils (1.e.. oils containing more than 0.5 cu ft hydrogen sulfide per 100 gal before stabilization.)
dApproximat.+d from data on other fractions of same oil.
Research method Octane number

47.0
excellent

11.28
11.20
11.23
N
3.0

11.5
11.53
11.59
11.72
11.58
I
1.1

21-8

PETROLEUM

TABLE 21.9-ANALYSIS

Chapel Hill
Palusy
Zone
Sampling pressure
Sampling temperature
Total fluid mol wt
Liquid/gas ratio,
bbl per million scf
Gas mol WI
Gas analysis, mol%
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
Methane
Ethane
Propane
i-butane
n-Butane
i-pentane
n-Pentane
Hexanes
Heptane plus
Total
Liquid gravity, OAPI
Llquld mol wt
Liquid analysts
Light gasoline
Naphtha
Kerosene dtstlllate
Gas oil
Nonviscous lube
Residuum and loss

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

OF CONDENSATE LIQUID AND GAS FROM SELECTED TEXAS ZONES


Carthage
Upper
Pettite
Zone

Carthage
Lower Pettile
Zone

Old Ocean
Chenault
Zone

Old Ocean
Larson
Zone

Seellgson
21 D Zone

Seeligson
21 A Zone

Saxet

67
20.19

752
85
20.76

702
85
20.51

810
80
20 64

410
85
20.63

1087
88
21.34

645
82
25.03

607
70
19.62

88.74
20.18

16.23
18.25

29.28
18.25

29.33
18.70

28.71
18.17

29.88
18.42

24.48
18.69

41.33
18.89

0.794
1.375
76.432
7.923
4.301
1.198
1.862
0.937
0.781
1.415
2.992
100.00
71.8
68.64

0.695
1.480
89.045
4.691
1.393
0.401
0.394
0.283
0.191
0.379
1.098
100.00
61.0
91.51

0.646
1.967
88.799
3.363
1.536
0.335
0.583
0.302
0.254
0.574
1.641
100.00
64.8
81.55

0.448
0.370
87.584
5.312
2.302
0.584
0.630
0.416
0.207
0.505
1.642
100.00
54 0
85.93

0.468
0.414
90.162
4.067
1.616
0.464
0.390
0.274
0.123
0.418
1.604
100 00
47.6
110.07

0.130
0 075
89.498
4 555
1 909
0 465
0 493
0.286
0209
0 385
2015
100.00
52.7
94.49

0.200
0.253
88.731
5.224
1.795
0.488
0.452
0.172
0.241
0.414
2.032
100.00
52.1
103.22

0.299
0.281
86.733
4.816
2.873
0.836
0.788
0.583
0.256
0.633
2.102
10000
60.0
68.73

Vol %
---__
55.1
37.2
21.1

5.6

632-

OAPI Vol %

OAPI

Vol %

API

Vol %

82.9
60.5
50.8

74.8
59 2
48.1

40.7
47.0
79

76.6
59.3
47.6

21.2
55.3
15.0
3.8

29.1
48.4
18.2

4.3

4.4

4.7

=APl Vol %
--71.2
14.7
52.9
36.9
42.6
17.4
37.8
21.3
74
2.3

API

Vol %

70.9
52.2
42.1
36.6
29.8

22.6
47.7
15.9
7.3
6.5

OAPI Vol %

API

Vol %

OAPI

70.1
53.4
43.8
37.4

68.4
53.1
43.0
37.0

35.7
47.6
10.0
2.4

73.6
55.9
44.9
38.2

20.7
49.5
16.1
7.2
6.5

4.3

An important
physical property of petroleum
necessary in studying flow characteristics is viscosity.
Viscosity of petroleum is often reported in Saybolt
Universal Seconds (SUS), derived from one of the common routine tests for oils. For engineering calculation,
however, the viscosity should be obtained in centipoise.
The relation between these two systems, according to the
U .S Bureau of Standards, is
5 =0.219ts
Yo

--,

149.7
tsu

where
FL0 = viscosity, cp
Yo = specific gravity of oil at measured
temperature, and
tSU = Universal Saybolt viscosity, seconds.
An accurate correlation for viscosity is difficult,
especially for viscous oils, but an estimate of viscosity
may be obtained from Fig. 21.5. Four characterization
factors are given, and interpolation must be made for
other factors.

True-Boiling-Point

Fig. 21.5-Approximate
relation
between
viscosity,
ture, and characterization factor.

tempera-

Crude-Oil Analyses

A number of true-boiling-point crude-oil analyses are included in Table 21.8. In addition to the gravity, viscosity, sulfur content, and characterization factor, there is a
breakdown of typical products made from each crude.
This table may be used either to estimate the value of the
products listed or to plot and evaluate any set of products
obtained (see Fig. 21.1). The table is separated first according to state, and within each group according to
gravity.

CRUDE-OIL

& CONDENSATE

PROPERTIES

& CORRELATIONS

When the quality of a product is indicated as good or


excellent, it means not only that the quality is good but
that it is present in normal amounts and that a salable
product can be made without excessive treatment.
Table 21.9 shows the analysis of the gas and liquid
phases after a stage separation of several condensates.
Nelson4 gives a compilation of 164 crudes and lists
the gravity, characterization factor, sulfur content, and
viscosity of each. Those tables include yields of typical
refined products, along with their physical properties and
an indication of their quality. A true-boiling-point curve
can be generated by plotting the end points of these products against the cumulative volume percent yield. If the
characterization factor is plotted on the same graph, the
characterization factor at any instantaneous boiling point
can be calculated. When instantaneous temperatures and
characterization factors at different percents are known,
specific gravity, API gravity, and viscosity curves may
be estimated. Thus, evaluation curves such as those in
Fig. 21 .l may be produced for any of the 164 crudes
listed. A typical page of these data is shown in Table
21.8.
More recently, a series on evaluations of non-U.S.
crude oils was published. 5 The format is similar to those
in Nelsons compilation, 4 but the physical properties are
usually more complete. An example of an analysis from
this series is shown in Table 21.10.
The USBM in Bartlesville, OK, began making distillation analyses before 1920. This laboratory [U.S. DOE
Bartlesville Energy Technology Center (BETC)] has
continued to evaluate crude oil up to the present time and
has two publications6,7 that show the distillation data
along with gravity and viscosity of the distilled fractions.
They also show the percentage composition of the fractions in terms of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics.
This set of tables uses the correlation index rather than
characterization factor as a correlating number. In
general, low correlation index (1,) numbers indicate
highly paraffinic (pure paraffin hydrocarbons, I, =O).
High numbers indicate a high degree of aromaticity
(benzene, I,. = 100). The correlation index is defined as
follows.
1,=413.7

y-456.8+87552/T~,

where y is the specific gravity of the fraction at 60F and


T, is the average normal boiling point in degrees
Rankine .
All U.S. DOE analysis data have been built into the
BETC Crude Oil Analysis Data Bank.8 The data
retrieval system, Crude Oil Analysis System (COASYS),
is available by telephone hookup, and customers may
search, sort, and retrieve analyses from the file. More
than 30 keywords are available for searching; for example, YEAR, APIG, LOC, GEOL and SULF, allow a search on
year analyzed, API gravity, location by state and country, geological formation, and percent sulfur in the oil,
respectively. Table 21.11 shows the type of information
obtained in a typical analysis retrieved from a computer
search by COASYS.

Bubblepoint Pressure Correlations*


In the study of reservoir flow properties, it is important
to know whether the fluid in the reservoir is in the liquid,
The rematnder of this chapter was written by M.0

Standing in the 1962 editon.

21-9

TABLE Pl.lO-TYPICAL
CRUDE OIL EVALUATION,
EKOFISK, NORWAY
Crude
Gravity, API
Basic sediment and water, vol%
Sulfur, wt%
Pour test, OC
Viscosity, SUS at lOOoF
Reid vapor pressure, psi at 1OOF
Salt, lbm/l,OOO bbl
Nitrogen compounds and lighter, ~01%

36.3
1 .o
0.21
+20
42.40
5.1
14.5
1.0

Gasoline
Range, OF
Yield, VOWI
Gravity, OAPI
Sulfur, wt%
Research octane number, clear
Research octane number, - 3 mL tetraethyl
lead per gallon

60

to 200
10.7
77.2
0.003
74.4
90.0

Gasoline
Range, OF
Yield, ~01%
Gravity, OAPI
Paraffins, ~01%
Naphthenes. vol%
Aromatics, ~01% (0 + A)
Sulfur, wt%
Research octane number, clear
Research octane number, + 3 mL tetraethyl
lead per gallon

60 to 400
31.0
60.1
56.52
29.52
13.96
0.0024
52.0
76.0

Kerosene
Range, OF
Yield, ~01%
Gravity, OAPI
Viscosity, SUS at lOOoF
Freezing point, OF
Aromatics, VOW (0 + A)
Sulfur, wt%
Aniline point, OF
Smoke point, mm

400 to 500
13.5
40.2
32.33
-38
13.1
<0.05
146.2
21

Liaht Gas Oil


Range, OF
Yield, ~01%
Gravity, OAPI
Viscosity, SUS at lOOoF
Pour point, OF
Sulfur, wt%
Aniline point, OF
Carbon residue, Ramsbottom, wt%
Cetane index

500

to 650
15.7
33.7
43.83
-25
0.11
164.3
0.08
56.5

TopPed Crude
Range, OF
Yield, ~01%
Gravity, OAPI
Viscosity, SUS at 122OF
Pour point, OF
Sulfur, wt%
Carbon residue, Ramsbottom, wt%
Nickel, vanadium, ppm

650 +
38.8
21.5
80.25
-85
0.39
4.0
5.04, 1.95

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

21-10

TABLE 21.11-ADAPTATION

HANDBOOK

OF BETC COMPUTER SEARCH PRINTOUT

Crude Petroleum Analysis: BETC Sample-B75008


lndentification
Webb W Field, Grant County, OK
Red Fork, Des Moines, Middle Pennsylvanian-4,464

to 4,482 ft

General Characteristics
Gravity, specific [OAPI]
Sulfur, wt%
Viscosity, SUS
at 77OF
at 1 OOF
Pour point, OF
Nitrogen, wt%
Color

0.820[41.1]
0.24
42

39
<5
0.054

brownish-black

Distillation. USBM Method (First droo at 79OF)


Stage l-Distillation
Fraction Cut
Number (OF) Vol%
-1221
167
212
257
302
347
392
437
482
527

2.2
5.5
7.4
5.8
6.7
6.0
59
6.8
5.1

Stage 2-Distillation
392
437
482
527
572

Restduum
Carbon
Sulfur

Gravity at
6OOF

Cumulative
VOW0

Specific

3.7
9.2
16.6
22.4
29.1
35.1
41.0
47.8
52.9

0.670
0.712
0.738
0.757
0.773
0.785
0 798
0.812
0.823

-1.5
1.5

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12
13
14
15

at Atmospheric Pressure 746 mm Hg

0.639

Correlation
API

89.9
79.7

Index

Refraction
Index
Specific
at 20C
Dispersion

Viscosity Cloud
at lOOoF point
(SW

(OF)

~~-

67.2
60.2
55.4
51.6
48.8
45.8
42.8
40.4

7
17
21
22
23
22
23
24
25

1.38560
1.39755
1.41082
1.42186
1.43039
1.43770
1.44415
1.45102
1.45771

126.3
131.1
133.0
134.0
134.7
135.2
135.5
137.6
138.0

30
30
33
35
38

1.46481
1.47017
1.47736

141.2

40

14

148.4
145.6

i:
96
179

ii
76
98

wwo
Residuum Crude

continued at 40 mm Hg

7.2
6.2
5.6
4.8
5.1

60.1
66.3
72.1
76.9
82.0

0.842
0.851
0.863
0.874
0.887

38.6
34.8
32.5
30.4
28.0

17.0

99.0

0.934

20.0
7.1
0.67
0.235

Nitrogen

1.4

Approximate Summary

Light gas
Gas+ Naoh

9.2
35.1

Kerosend

17.8

Gas oil
Non viscous
lub
Med viscous
lub
Viscous lub
Restdue
Loss

0.690

11.6

0.743
0.311
0.845

73.6
58.9
43.1
35.9

10.3

0.854 to 0.875

34.3 to 30.3

5oto 100

6.0
1.3
17.0
1.0

0.875 to 0.890 30.3 to 27.4


0.890 to 0.894 27.4 to 26.8
0.934
20.0

loot0 200
>200

vapor, or two-phase state. With crude oils, the fluid may


be subcooled liquid, but with some dissolved gas. Upon
reduction in reservoir pressure, a point where the gas
starts to come out of solution, called bubblepoint
pressure,
is reached. At this point the flow
characteristics change. Some of the earliest work in this
field was done by Lacey , Sage, and Kircher. 9
Several empirical correlations have been developed to
predict the bubblepoint pressure, and some of these arc
presented later.

Dewpoint-Pressure Correlations
The dewpoint, like the bubblepoint, is characterized by a
substantial amount of one phase in equilibrium with an
infinitesimal amount of the other phase. At the dew-

point, the liquid phase is at its minimum. In general,


petroleum-reservoir
systems that involve dewpoint
behavior at reservoir conditions are characterized by (1)
surface gas/oil ratios (GORs) greater than 6,000 cu
ft/bbl in most instances; (2) lightly colored tank oils,
usually straw-colored to light orange for reservoir
systems at 3,000 to 5,000 psi but grading to brown for
systems at 7,C00 psi and greater; (3) tank oil gravity
usually greater than 45API; and (4) methane content
usually greater than 65 mol% .
Few dewpoint-pressure
correlations of reservoir
systems have been published. Sage and Olds published a very general correlation of the behavior of
several San Joaquin Valley, CA, systems. A correlation
developed by Organick and Golding I1 is discussed in

CRUDE-OIL & CONDENSATE

PROPERTIES & CORRELATIONS

TABLE 21.11-ADAPTATION

21-11

OF BETC COMPUTER SEARCH PRINTOUT

(continued)

Hvdrocarbon-tvpe Analvsis for Crude Petroleum Analvsis 875008


Fraction
Number

vow0 of
Crude

Specific
Gravity

Correlation
Index

1
2
3
4
5
a
7
a
9
10
11
12

1.5
2.2
5.5
7.4
5.8
6.7
6.0
5.9
6.8
5.1
72
6.2

0.639
0.670
0.712
0.738
0.757
0.773
0.785
0.798
0.812
0.823
0.842
0.851

Aromatics
(VOW0of
Fraction)

P-N *
(vol% of
Fraction)

0.0
2.4
5.9
7.5
9.1
10.2
10.6
10.7
11.5
10.4
13.0
16.2

100.0
97.6
94.1
92.5
90.9
89.8
89.4
89.3
88.5
89.6
87.0
83.8

7
17
21
22
23
22
23
24
25
30
30

Correlation
index of P-N

5
13
16
17
17
16
16
17
18
22
21

Gravity
of P-N
0.639
0.665
0.702
0.727
0.746
0.761
0.772
0.784
0.796
0.809
0.825
0.831

Analvsis of Naotha Fractions


Fraction
Number
2
3
4
5
6
7

Vol% of P-N
ANaphtha
7.1
23.7
38.6
44.0
43.6
43.6

Vol% of Fraction

Paraffin

Naphtha

Paraffin

92.9
76.3
61.4
56.0
56.4
56.4

6.9
22.3
35.7
40.0
39.2
39.0

90.7
71.8
56.8
50.9
50.7
50.4

Fraction
Number

Number
of Total

Aromatic
Rings

Naphthenes
per mol

12
14

1.4
1.7

0.3
0.6

1.1
1.1

Summarv Data for Blends


Naphtha Blend
(Fractions 1
through 7)

Gas/oil Blend
(Fractions 8
through 12)

35.1
7.9
92.1
32.6
59.5
35.3
64.7
20.0
80.0

31.2
12.5
07.5

VOW of Crude in Blend


Aromatic, VOW of Blend
Paraffin-Naphthene, vol% of Blend
Naphthene, ~01% of Blend
Paraffin, ~01% of Blend
Naphthene, ~01% of P-N in Blend
Paraffin, vol% of P-N in Blend
Naphthene Ring, wt% of P-N in Blend
Paraffin + Side Chains, ~1% of P-N in Blend

28.3
71.7

Parafbn-Naphtha

detail. Calculation of the dewpoint pressure by means of


the composition and equilibrium ratios is discussed in
Chap. 23.

Sage and Olds Correlation


Laboratory studies on five San Joaquin Valley systems
resulted in the correlation shown in Table 21.12. The
basis for the 160F data presented in this table is shown
in Fig. 21.6. Although the five systems correlate within
themselves, it is not known how representative the correlation is of systems from other fields. The data are
reproduced here more as a guide to dewpoint-pressure
behavior than as a means of estimating precise values of
dewpoints.
Organick and Goldings Correlation
This correlation relates saturation pressure of a system
directly to its chemical composition by geans of two
generalized composition characteristics TB, the molal
average boiling point, and W,, a modified weight
average equivalent molecular weight. The saturation
pressure may be either bubble-point pressure, dewpoint
pressure, or the very special case of critical pressure.
The 15 working charts (Figs. 21.7 through 21.21) cover

primarily conditions that pertain to dewpoints, and it is


in this capacity that they will be discussed. The reader
should be aware, however, that the charts also may be
used to estimate critical pressure and temperature of the
more volatile systems. The correlation has limited
usefulness as a bubblepoint-pressure correlation because
it covers primarily high-volatility systems.
system. The short-cut method suffices for most
calculations.
Calculation of Ts. The molal average boiling point of
the system is defined as
TB=CyxTa,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(l)

where y is the mole fraction and T, the atmospheric boiling point.


Boiling points of the pure compounds (methane,
ethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc.) are listed in
Chap. 20. The boiling point of the CT + fraction is taken
as the Smith and Watson I2 mean average boiling point
(MABP). The MABP can be calculated from the ASTM
distillation curve, the procedure being first to calculate
the ASTM volumetric average boiling point (VABP, F)
and then to apply a correction factor to obtain the

21-12

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

9
2

TABLE Pl.lZ--RELATION
OF DEWPOINT PRESSURE OF
CALIFORNIA CONDENSATE SYSTEMS
Tank-Oil
Gravity
(API)

hi 4500
5
z

GOR (cu ft/bbl)


15,000

20,000

25,000

35,000
30,000 -~

4000

40,000

lOOoF

3500

52
54
56
58
60
62
64
16OOF

4,440
4,190
3,970
3,720
3,460
3,290
3,080

4,140
3,920
3,730
3,540
3,340
3,190
3,010

3,000
3,710
3,540
3,380
3,220
3,070
2,920

3,680
3,540
3,390
3.250
3,100
2,970
2,840

3,530
3,410
3.280
3,140
3,010
2,880
2,770

3,420
3,310
3,180
3,060
2,930
2,800
2,700

52
54
56
58
60
62
64
220F

4,760
4,400
4,090
3,840
3,610
3,390
3,190

4,530
4,170
3,890
3,650
3,430
3,240
3,060

4,270
3,950
3,690
3,470
3,280
3,100
2,930

4,060
3,760
3,520
3,320
3,150
2,990
2,820

3,890
3,610
3,380
3,200
3,040
2,090
2,740

3,650
3,490
3,270
3,110
2,960
2,810
2,670

54
56
58
60
62
64

4,410
3,990
3,700
3,430
3,150
2,900

4,230
3,780
3,480
3,210
2,970
2,740

4,050
3,600
3,280
3,030
2,800
2,590

3,890
3,440
3,110
2,880
2,670
2,470

3,750
3,300
2,970
2,760
2,570
2,380

Methane
Ethane
Propane
i-butane
n-Butane
i-pentane
n-Pentane
Hexanes
Ethylene
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide

x
GAS-OIL

CU

FT/EEiL

TABLE 21.13-CORRECTION
TO ADD TO ASTM
VOLUMETRIC AVERAGE BOILING POINT TO OBTAIN MEAN AVERAGE BOILING POINT
Slope of ASTM
Curve (OF/%)
10 to 90% points

3,620
3,180
2,850
2,660
2,480
2,300

ASTM VABP (OF)


200
-13-17
-22
-27
-33
-

2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

300

400

-11.5
- 15.5
-20
-25
- 30.5
-

- 10.5
- 14
- 18.5
-23
- 28.5
- 34.5

500
-9.5
_._
-13
-17
-21.5
-26.5
-32.5

TABLE 21.15-CORRECTION
TO ADD TO
ASTM VOLUMETRIC AVERAGE BOILING
POINT TO OBTAIN CUBIC AVERAGE
BOILING POINT

MABP. The VABP is the average of the temperatures at


which the distillate plus loss equals 10, 30, 50, 70, and
90% by volume of the ASTM charge, that is,

RATIO,

Fig. 21.6-Influence
of gas/oil ratio and tank-oil gravity on
retrograde dewpoint pressure at 160F.

16.0
30.1
44.1
54.5
58.1
69.0
72.2
85
26.2
28.0
44.0
34.1

= TlOW + T30% + Tsox + T70% + T90%

3000

TABLE 21.14-VALUES
OF
EQUIVALENT MOLECULAR
WEIGHTS FOR NATURALGAS CONSTITUENTS

y,

HANDBOOK

. . . . (2)

where TI/ is the ASTM volumetric average boiling point.


The correction to add to TV to obtain the mean average
boiling point is given in Table 2 1.13 as a function of TV
and the slope of the ASTM curve between the 10 and
90% distilled points. In the correlation, r, is in degrees
Rankine (i.e., F+460).
Calculation of W,. The modified weight average
equivalent molecular weight, W,, is a more complex
function to evaluate. It is defined as the equivalent
molecular weight multiplied by the summation of the
weight fractions. The equivalent molecular weight of a
paraffin hydrocarbon compound is its true molecular

Slope of ASTM
Curve (oF/%)
10 to 906/o points

200

400

2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5

- 5.0
- 6.5
-8.0
- 10.0
- 12.5
- 15.0

-4.0
- 5.5
-7.0
-8.5
-10.0
-12.5

ASTM VABP (OF)


600
-3.5
-4.5
- 5.5
- 7.0
- 8.5
-

10.0

weight. For other than straight-chain paraffin compounds (isoparaffns


and olefins), the equivalent
molecular weight is defined as the molecular weight that
an n-paraffin would have if it boiled at the same
temperature as the isopamftin or olefin in question.
Values of the equivalent molecular weights for naturalgas constituents are given in Table 21.14.
The equivalent molecular weight of the C 7 + fraction
is determined by calculating the Watson characterization
factor, Kw , and using Fig. 21.7. Use of the
characterization factor permits some account to be taken
of the paraffinicity of the heavy-end material.

Kw=

........................(3)

where Tc is the cubic average boiling point, R. The


cubic average boiling point (Fc) is obtained by adding
the corrections in Table 21.15 to the ASTM TV, F.

CRUDE-OIL & CONDENSATE

SLOPE

Fig. 21.7-Equivalent
Organick
correlation.

OF

21-13

PROPERTIES & CORRELATIONS

ASTM
lo%-90%,

DISTILLATION
OF/%

CURVE
TEMPERATURE.F

molecular weight of C, + fraction.


and Golding
dewpointlpressure

Fig. 21.10-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter T,

at W, =80.

POOC

TEMPERATURE,

TEMPERATURE.F

Fig. 21.8-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter Ta.

at W,

= 100.

Fig. 21 .ll-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter T,.

v
3

E
a

5000-

4000-

at W, = 70.

TEMPERATURE,

Fig. 21.9-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter Ta

;:

3000-

2
2

2000-

TEMPERATURE,F

at W, = 90.

Fig. 21 .12-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter Ts.

at W, =60.

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

21-14

HANDBOOK

8000
$

7000

6000

4
g
a

5000

5
F

4000

i
3

3000

&
m

2000
0

100

200

300
TEMPERATURE.F

TEMPERATURE.F

Fig. 21.13-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter T,

at W, = 55.

Fig. 21.16-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter T,

L
O-50

I
0

at W,

= 50

I
200

=40.

I
300

OF

Fig. 21.17-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter T,.

O-50

at W,

=35.

I
0

100

200

10 C

TEMPERATURE,F

TEMPERATURE.F

Fig. 21.15-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter i;,

TEMPERATURE,

TEMPERATURE.F

Fig. 21.14-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter T,.

I
100

at W,

at W, = 45.

Fig. 21.18-Saturation
pIessure vs. temperature at W, =X.5.
Parameter T,.

CRUDE-OIL & CONDENSATE

TEMPERATURE,

OF

Fig. 21.19-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter T,.

TEMPERATURE,

at W, =30.

Example Problem 1. The dewpoint pressure at 200F


for a well effluent having the composition shown in
Table 21.16 is predicted as follows.
1. Calculating first the properties of the separator liquid CT+, we have
TV=

21-15

PROPERTIES & CORRELATIONS

232+260+313+383+497

=337F

Fig. 21.20-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature at W, = 27.5.
Parameter 1,.

nw
2 4000
9
g

3000

6
c

2000

2
2
::

and

1000

130

200

300

TEMPERATURE,OF

497 -232
lo-90%

slope=

=3.31.

80

From Table 21.13, MABP is 337-22.5=315F


or
775R. From Table 21.15, CABP is 337-8.3=329F
or 789R, giving

Kw=

3vTiG

= 12.3.

0.7535
From Fig. 21.7 the W, for the CT + material from the
separator liquid is estimated to be 142.
Properties of the C 7 + material from the separator gas
are assumed to be equal to those of n-octane (i.e.,
Tg=718R,
W, = 114).
2. Calculating values of TB and W, for the well effluent, we obtain the results shown in Table 2 I. 17.
3. Having calculated Ts and I@, for the well effluent,
we can now determine the desired dewpoint pressure at
200F by interpolation between Figs. 21.14 and 21.15.
At TB =240F, the dewpoint pressure is
w, =50 w, =45
4,850

4,ooO

and the calculated dew point (at W, =49)is 4,680 psia.


It will be noticed that at 4,680 psia and 200F the
material is about 200F and 900 psi above the critical
temperature and pressure of the system. (From Figs.
21.14 and 2 1.15, the locus of critical states line gives
Tc=OF and pc=3,800psia.)

Fig. 21.21-Saturation
pressure vs. temperature
Parameter Ts

at W, =25.

Accuracy of Organick-Golding
Correlation. About
50% of the 2 14 points that form the basis for the correlation were in error less than 5 % and 82 % were in error
less than 10%. Standard deviation of all points is about
7.0%.

Total Formation Volume Correlations


The total formation volume factor (FVF) defines the
total volume of a system regardless of the number of
phases present. Vink etal.I3 have shown that it is possible to have more than two hydrocarbon phases in
equilibrium when the system contains an excessively
large amount of one component. Naturally occurring
systems usually exist in either one or two phases. For
this reason, the term two-phase formation volume has
become synonymous with total formation volume.
The relationship of specific volume and density to the
total formation volume is the same as indicated in the
preceding section for the oil-formation volume.
Total Formation Volume Factors
of Gas-Condensate Systems
Total formation volume factors, specific volumes, and
densities of gas-condensate systems may be calculated
by use of the ideal gas-law equation with the proper compressibility factor applied provided that the liquid phase
present does not amount to an appreciable fraction of the

21-16

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

TABLE 21.16-WELL

EFFLUENT COMPOSITION
Mole Fraction

Component

Separator
Gas
0.0060
0.0217
0.8986

co*
N2

c:
3
i-C,
n-C 4
i-C 5
n-C 5
C6
c,+

c,+

l *

0.0461
0.0131
0.0043
0.0043
0.0019
0.0017
0.0019
0.0004
-

1 .oooo

Separator
Liquid
-

Effluent

0.0201
0.0382
0.0495
0.0313
0.1284
0.5606

0.0056
0.0204
0.8498
0.0454
0.0146
0.0053
0.0064
0.0048
0.0035
0.0096
0.0004
0.0342

1 .oOOo

1 .oooo

0.0988
0.0350

0.0381

Properties of C, +
*separator gas C, + mOfeclar we,gtlt= 114
Separator liquid C, +
Molecular weight = 139
Density= 0.7535 g/cc=56.3API
ASTM distillation
BP (%)
21WF

system volume. Usually, at reservoir pressures and


temperatures and for systems whose composition can be
expressed as having a surface GOR greater than 10,000
cu ft/bbl, the presence of 10 ~01% liquid phase will not
cause errors greater than 2 or 3% when the two-phase
mixture density is calculated as though the mixture existed in only a single phase. This comes about because
the partial volumes of components in the liquid phase are
substantially the same as the partial volumes of the same
components in the vapor phase.
Calculations from Composition of the Condensate
System. As outlined previously, the formation volume
(total or single phase) can be calculated from the relation
Mm
vro
L M,,v,,

.,,.,..................~

heavier components. These values can be obtained by


the chart shown in Fig. 21.22. The following example illustrates the calculation of M, and v, .
Example Problem 2. The specific volume of a gascondensate system at reservoir conditions given the
system molal analysis shown in Table 21.18 is calculated
as follows, assuming 1 pound mole of system.
460 + 199
Tpr =

=1.78,

370.7

2,500
-=3.75,
Ppr= 666.0
z=O.885 (from Fig. 20.2)
and at 2,500 psia and 199F

10
232
20
245
30
260
40
269
50
313
60
349
70
363
60
416
90
497
95
Endpoint
tEffluen1 composition calculated on the basis of separator liquid/gas
ratio 3.0 gal/lo3 cu H.

B=-

HANDBOOK

. . .

where

M, = molecular weight of reservoir system,


RJ = specific volume of reservoir system,
M,, = molecular weight of stock-tank oil,
VSI = specific volume of stock-tank oil, and
L = moles of stock-tank oil per 1 mole of
reservoir system.

L can be calculated by use of equilibrium ratios and


the methods outlined in Chap. 23.
To use the pseudoreduced-temperatuatureipseudoreduced-pressure/compressibility
chart in the calculation of
vrO, it is necessary to determine suitable pseudocritical
temperature and pressure values for the heptanes and

vro_ zRT - 0.885x 10.73~659


19.39x2,500
MP

=O. 129,

where Tpr is the pseudoreduced temperature, ppr the


pseudoreduced pressure, z the compressibility factor,
and v, the specific volume (cu ftilbm) at reservoir
conditions.
In the above solution, two phases ale present at 2,500
psia, as the dewpoint pressure calculated by the method
of Organick and Golding is 2,690 psia at 199F. Probably no correlation will indicate directly the amount of
liquid present at pressures less than the dewpoint
pressure, although it can be calculated by use of suitable
equilibrium-ratio and density data.
Calculations from GOR and Produced Fluid Properties. A second method of calculating specific volume or
formation volume on the basis of the gas-law equation
was developed by Standing. I4 This method uses a correlation (Fig. 21.23) to obtain the gravity of the well effluent (or reservoir system) from the condensate liquid/gas ratio, gas gravity, and the stock-tank-oil gravity
of the surface products. The effluent gravity is then used
to obtain values of pseudocritical temperatures and
pressures and, by means of these, to evaluate compressibility factors for the entire effluent. The condensate curve of Fig. 2 1.24 should be used when employing
this method.
Example Problem 3. The total formation volume of a
gas-condensate system at reservoir conditions given the
parameters in Table 21.19 is calculated as follows,
assuming 1 bbl of stock-tank condensate.
3,700x0.65+170x1.20
Yg

=0.675

3,700+170

and 1 bbl condensate per million cubic feet is


325

=84,

3.70+0.17
where yp is the gravity of total surface gas.

CRUDE-OIL & CONDENSATE

TABLE 21 .17-CALCULATED

Boiling
Point
(W
350
139
201
332
416
471
491
542
557
600
718

Fraction

Component

0.0056
0.0204
0.8498
0.0454
0.0146
0.0053
0.0084
0.0048
0.0035
0.0096
0.0004
0.0342

co2
F2
c:
C3

i-C 4
n-C,
i-C 5
n-C,
c6

C, + separator gas
C, + separator liquid

TABLE 21.18-CALCULATION

co2
N2
Cl
c,

C,

i-Cd
n-C,
i-C 5
n-C,
C6
c,+

VALUES OF 7, and W,

Fraction
Times Boiling
Point
(W
2.0
2.8
170.8
15.1
6.1
2.5
3.1
2.6
1.9
5.8
0.3
26.9

Fraction

Equivalent
Molecular
Weight

Weight Fraction
Times
Equivalent
Molecular
Weight

0.0107
0.0244
0.5831
0.0586
0.0274
0.0133
0.0158
0.0150
0.0107
0.0356
0.0019
0.2035

44
28
16.0
30.1
44.1
54.5
58.1
69.0
72.2
85
114
142

0.47
0.68
9.33
1.76
1.21
0.72
0.92
1.03
0.77
3.03
0.22
28.90

OF SPECIFIC VOLUME OF GAS-CONDENSATE

Mole
Fraction, y

Molecular
Weight, M

Weight, ybf
Ubm)

0.0059
0.0218
0.8860
0.0460
0.0134
0.0045
0.0048
0.0026
0.0021
0.0037
0.0084

44.0
28.0
16.0
30.1
44.1
58.1
58.1
72.1
72.1
86.2
138

0.26
0.61
14.18
1.39
0.59
0.26
0.28
0.19
0.15
0.32
1.16

Critical
Temperature of
Components, 7,

(OR)

548
227
344
550
666
733
766
830
847
915
1,090.

49.04

SYSTEM

Critical
Pressure of
Components, pc
(wia)

yT,

vu

3.2
4.9
304.8
25.3
8.9
3.3
3.7
2.2
1.8
3.4
9.2

19.39

Reservoir iemperature
Molecular weight of
Specific gravity of C,
*Pseudocrttical values

w, =

1.0009

7s = 239.9

1 .oooo

Component

21-17

PROPERTIES & CORRELATIONS

YPC

1,072
492
673
709
618
530
551
482
485
434
343

6.3
10.7
596.3
32.8
8.3
2.4
2.6
1.3
1 .o
1.6
2.9

370.7

666.0

= 19&F
C, b = 138.
f = D 7535.
from Fig 21.22

1.5

060
GR

GAS

1.4

ri
$

Id0

120

F
d

220

240
1

BOOM.&+--+

hw
1
iz
k

140
160
180
200
MOLECULAR WEIGHT

0.70
GAS GR.

lo3

120

SPkIFIC:GRAVliY

60&O

140
I60
180
hxl
MOLECULAR WEIGHT

-j

220

240
CFB
20

40

60

El0

ICC

Sbl Condensate per IO C ft

temperatures
Fig. 21 .Z?-Pseudocritical
heptanes and heavier.

and pressures

for

Fig. 21.23-Effect
of condensate volume on the ratio of
surface-gas gravity to well-fluid gravity.

21-18

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

TABLE 21 .l g--DATA FOR CALCULATING TOTAL


FORMATION VOLUME OF A GAS-CONDENSATE
SYSTEM
Reservoir pressure, psia
Reservoir temperature, OF
Stock-tank-condensate production, B/D
Stock-tank condensate gravity, OAPl
Tank vapor rate, IO3 cu ft/D
Tank vapor gravity (air = 1)
Trap gas rate, lo3 cu ft/D
Trap gas gravity, (air = 1 .O)
0as1s

3,000
250
325
45
170
1.20
3,700
0.65

1 bbl of stock-tank condensate

TABLE 21.20-DATA
FOR CORRELATION FOR
OBTAINING TOTAL FORMATION VOLUME FACTORS OF
DISSOLVED GAS AND GAS-CONDENSATE SYSTEMS
SHOWN IN FIG. 21.25
400 to 5,000
75 to 37,000
100 to 258
0.59 to 0.95
16.5 to 63.8

Pressure, psia
GOR, cu ft/bbl
Temperature, OF
Gas gravity
Tank-oil gravity, OAPI

From Fig. 21.23, at 45API


~&~~=1.367
and
yl,,=1.367x0.675=0.923,
where
Ylw = well fluid gravity,
ysr = trap gas gravity,
and
Ylwr = well fluid reservoir gravity.

Tpc=432

ppc=647.
At reservoir conditions of 3,000 psia and 250F,
=1.64,

432
PPr

3,000
=------4.64,
647

and from Fig. 20.2


z=O.845.
By using 350 lbm/bbl for water, the weight of stocktank condensate per barrel is
350x 141.5
131.5+API

3,000
250
11,900
0.675
45

TABLE 21.22-DATA
USED TO CALCULATE TOTAL
FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR IN EXAMPLE
PROBLEM 5
Reservoir pressure, psia
Reservoir temperature, OF
GOR, cu ftlbbl
Separator
Tank
Total
Gas gravity
Tank-oil gravity, OAPI

1,329
145
566
37
603
0.674
36.4

From Fig. 21.23 the molecular weight of stock-tank


condensate, M, , is 140, moles of stock-tank condensate
per barrel is 281/140=2.00,
moles of surface gas per
barrel of stock-tank condensate is l/325 x (3,870x 103)
x l/379=31.4, and total moles per barrel of stock-tank
condensate is 2.00+31.4=33.4.
From gas law,

n*T

33.4~0.845~
10.73~710

3,000

y=-=

=71.7

71.7
V=-=
5.615

and

460+250

Reservoir pressure, psia


Reservoir temperature, OF
GOR (condensate total), cu ft/bbl
Gas gravity (total)
Tank-oil gravity, OAPI

and

From Fig. 21.24,

Tpr =

TABLE 21.21-DATA
FOR CALCULATING TOTAL
FORMATION VOLUME OF THE GAS-CONDENSATE
SYSTEM DESCRIBED IN EXAMPLE PROBLEM 4

=281.

12.8,

where the first value of V is in cubic feet and the second


in barrels, giving a formation volume B, of 12.8 bbllbbl
of stock-tank condensate.
Total Formation Volume Factors
of Dissolved Gas Systems
A suitable correlation for obtaining total formation
volume factors of both dissolved gas and gas-condensate
systems was developed by Standing. t5 This correlation
is shown in Fig. 21.25, and the graphical chart for
simplified use of the correlation is given by Fig. 2 1.26.
The correlation contains 387 experimental points, 92%
of which are within 5% of the correlation. Range of the
data comprising the correlation is given in Table 2 1.20.
Example Problem 4. The total formation volume of the
gas-condensate system described in Example Problem 3
is calculated as follows, given the data in Table 2 1.2 1.

CRUDE-OIL & CONDENSATE

PROPERTIES & CORRELATIONS

21-19

675
a
4

650

aw
2 625
i
2
u
t
5
g
3

600
575
550

525

4a

500

F. 475
E
:

450

2
f

425

:
- 400
2
z

375

8
2

350

I
a

325

3oo
060

~
080

Fig. 21.24-Pseudocritical
well fluids.

~
100

120

140

160

160

properties of gases and condensate

Fig. 21.25-Formation
volume of gas plus liquid phases from
GOR, total
gas gravity,
tank-oil
gravity,
temperature, and pressure.

Fig. 21.26-Chart
for calculating total formation
Standings correlation.

volume by

21-20

PETROLEUM

141.5
Yo=

=0.802
131.5+45

Tc =
Tm =
Tm =
TV =

and

vro =
-vst =
w, =
Y=

=11,90()

(250)o5

x~~~~~~~~.~X~-~ooo27x~wo

(0.675) o.3
15.8
=11,900 x(O.802).O
0.877
=1.72x105

where y0 is the tank-oil specific gravity.


From Fig. 21.25, B,=13+bbl/bbl
oftank oil.
From Fig. 21.26, B, = 13.7 bbl/bbl of tank oil.
Example Problem 5. The total formation volume of
well production at reservoir conditions given the data in
Table 21.22 is calculated as follows.
From Fig. 21.26, B,= 1.72 bblibbl of tank oil. Experimental value calculated from PVT test results is
1.745 bbl/bbl of tank oil.

Nomenclature
B= formation volume, m3 (bbl)
I, = correlation index
K= characterization factor
L, = moles of stock-tank condensate per barrel
L, = moles of stock-tank oil per 1 mole of reservoir system, kmol/m3 (lbm moligal)
M= molecular weight
Mm = molecular weight of reservoir system
Mst = molecular weight of stock-tank oil
n= total moles
PC = critical pressure, psia (lbflsq in.)
Ppr = pseudoreduced pressure
R= universal gas constant
tsu = Universal Saybolt viscosity, seconds
T= temperature, F
T, = critical temperature, C (F)
Tpr = pseudoreduced temperature
Ta = atmospheric boiling point, K (R)
TB = molal average boiling point, K (R)

z =
Ye =
ygt

Ylw
Ylwr
Yo
p

=
=
=
=

ENGINEERING

HANDBOOK

cubic average boiling point, K (R)


mean average boiling point, K (R)
mean average boiling point, K (R)
volumetric average boiling point, F
specific volume of reservoir system
specific volume of stock-tank oil
modified weight average equivalent
molecular weight
mole fraction
compressibility factor
gas specific gravity
trap gas gravity
well fluid gravity
well fluid reservoir gravity
tank-oil specific gravity
viscosity, Pa. s (cp)

References
1. ASTM Standards on Petroleum Products and Lubricants, Part 24,
ASTM, Philadelphia (1975) 796.
2. Watson, K.M., Nelson, E.F., and Murphy, G.B.: Charactetization of Petroleum Factions, Ind. and Eng. Chem. (Dec. 1935)
1460-64.
3. Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining, API, Washington,
D.C. (1970) 2-11.
4. Nelson, W.L.: Petroleum Refinery Engineering, fourth edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York City (19X3), 910-37.
5. A Guide to World Export Crudes, Oil and Gas J, (1976).
6. Ferrem, E.P. and Nichols, D.T.: Analyses of 169 Crude Oils
fmm 122 Foreign Oil Fields, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau
of Mines, Bartlesville, OK (1972).
7. Coleman, H.J. et a[.: Analyses of 800 Crude Oils from United
States Oil Fields, U.S. DOE, Bartlesville, OK (1978).
8. Woodward, P.J.: Crude Oil Analysis Data Bank, Bartlesville
Energy Technology Center, U.S. DOE, Bartlesville, OK (Oct.
1980) 1-29.
9. Lacey, W.N., Sage, B.H., and Kircher, C.E. Jr.: Phase
Equilibrja in Hydrocarbon Systems III, Solubility of a Dry Natural
Gas in Crude Oil, Ind. and Eng. Chem. (June 1934) 652-54.
Gas
10. Sage, B.H. andOlds, R.H.: VolumetricBehaviorofOiland
from Several San Joaquin Valley Fields, Trans., AIME (1947)
170, 156-62.
11. Organick, E.I. and Golding, B.H.: Prediction of Saturation
Pressures for Condensate-gas and Volatile-oil Mixtures, Trans.,
AIME (1952), 195, 135-48.
12. Smith, R.L. and Watson, K.M.: Boiling Points and Critical
Pmperties of Hydrocarbon Mixtures. Ind. and Enn. Chem.
(19j7) 1408.
13. Vink, D.J. er al.: Multiple-phase Hydrocarbon Systems, Oil
and Gas J. (Nov. 1940) 34-38.
14. Standing, M.B.: Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil Field
Hydrocarbon Systems, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York City (1952).
15. Standing, M.B.: A Pressure-Volume-Temperature
Correlation
for Mixtures of California Oils and Gases, Drill. and Prod.
Prac., API (1947), 275.

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