Operasi-operasi Kejiranan

Neighbourhood
Operations
evaluate the
characteristics of
an area
surrounding a
specific location.
e.g., identifying
properties within
500 m of a zone
change
applicant:

Keperluan bagi analisis kejiranan

one or more targets

a specification of the neighbourhood around
the targets
a function to be performed on the elements
within the neighbourhood:

search functions
topographic functions
interpolation

Analisis penampan (Buffers)

"neighbourhood" implies a relationship that

can be measured as a distance
distance is a continuous variable
we naturally try to simplify distance: e.g.,
"inside or outside" , or "near or far"

Buffer

a zone constructed outward from an object to

a specific distance
commonly used in environmental regulation
to restrict activities too close to a natural
feature

Setback

a zone constructed inward from an object to

a specific distance
typically used to restrict building or activities
too close to the edge of a property parcel

both buffers and setbacks imply a simple

zone: inside or outside the critical distance
normally, a buffer or a setback is created as
a binary data set and used in an overlay to
mask out undesired areas for further
analyses

Example: Salmon habitats vs. logging rights

under the rules of exclusive ownership (pure capitalism) the owner of a

property has the right to extract the economic benefits of the land; a
logging company has the rights to remove any trees
salmon return from the ocean to freshwater streams to spawn; their
reproduction depends on cold water temperatures and gravel stream
bottoms
removing the tree canopy near a stream can open the stream to direct
sunlight causing the water temperature to rise; vegetation removal can also
increase sediment flow in the streams, covering the gravel
government regulations have been enacted to restrict timber activities near
streams while permitting some economic benefit from the trees on the land
buffers have been created within a certain distance around streams to
ensure shade and to provide enough undisturbed vegetation to trap
sediment
the width of these buffers is strongly contested between the various parties

Apa itu jiran?

Geometric Neighbours

e.g. Euclidean Distance:

the distance from Point A to Point B is

Topological
Neighbours

e.g.,
Connectednes
s:

the number
of links in a
network
e.g., Oxford
Circus is
closer to
Highbury &
Islington (4
stations)
than it is to
Notting Hill
Gate (5
stations)

Jiran raster

neighbours are implicit in the grid

adjacent cells are either considered to be 4connected or 8-connected:

Raster buffer creation:

measure Euclidean distances from a central cell

draw buffer at selected distance

BUT! there is no
difference between a
2.0 and a 2.1 distance
neighbourhood
this effect decreases with
distance from target cell
and/or an increase in cell
resolution; buffer widths of
3 cell-widths or more
produce a reasonable
approximation

it is easy to insert a barrier when measuring

raster distances; e.g. waterfalls on a canoe
map
raster distances allow weights to be assigned
to each cell; e.g. steeper slopes will produce
faster ski runs

Jiran vektor

by definition, topologcial neighbours are stored in

the database
geometric neighbours (i.e., distance) are harder to
extract

e.g., use an overlay operation to define a region of

interest neighbourhood

BUT! vector
representations
allow a search
radius or shape to
be of any size

Vector buffer creation:

a circle is drawn around each vertex

a rectangle is drawn around each line segment
all of the circles and rectangles are aggregated to
remove duplicate areas
complex process generally hidden from the user

Operasi-operasi kejiranan

Search Functions
most common of the neighbourhood functions
assigns a value to each target feature according to some characteristic of its
neighbourhood
e.g., all residential buildings within 5 km of a fire station can be flagged as
belonging to that station's primary response area
Numerical Data
(Interval, Ratio)

Thematic Data
(Nominal, Ordinal)

Description

the total of the values in a the

neighbourhood

Total

the average of the values in the

neighbourhood

Average
Maximum

Maximum

the maximum of the values in the

neighbourhood

Minimum

Minimum

the minimum of the values in the

neightbourhood

Diversity

Diversity

the variance of the values in the

neighbourhood

Majority

the most frequently occuring value

neighbourhoods are most commonly square,

circular, or rectangular, but they need not be
any regular shape, e.g. a country
search functions can be an equation: Select
hospitals with more than 500 beds and are
less than 5 years old