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Gravitational constant
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4 The GM product
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Languages
8 External links
Asturianu
()
Catal
[edit]
proportional to the product of their masses (m1 and m2), and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance, r, (inverse-square law ) between them:
etina
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Espaol
The gravitational constant is a physical constant that is difficult to measure with high accuracy.[3] In SI units,
Esperanto
Euskara
parentheses) is:[4]
the 2010 CODATA-recommended value of the gravitational constant (with standard uncertainty in
Franais
1.2 10 4.[4]
Gaeilge
Galego
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant[04/01/2015 16:14:13]
[edit]
The dimensions assigned to the gravitational constant in the equation abovelength cubed, divided by
mass , and by time squared (in SI units, meters cubed per
Hrvatski
kilogram
per second squared)are those needed
Bahasa Indonesia
to balance the units of measurements in gravitational equations. However, these dimensions have
Italiano
fundamental significance in terms of Planck units; when expressed in SI units, the gravitational constant is
dimensionally and numerically equal to the cube of the Planck length divided by the product of the
Planck
Latvieu
Lietuvi
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
Norsk bokml
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Portugus
Romn
Simple English
Slovenina
where V is the volume inside the radius of the orbit, we see that
Slovenina
/ srpski
Suomi
Svenska
G shows the relationship between the average density of a planet and the period of a
Trke
), it is useful to express
G as:
Ting Vit
The gravitational force is extremely weak compared with other fundamental forces . For example, the
Edit links
gravitational force between an electron and proton one meter apart is approximately 10
electromagnetic force
1028N.
Both
67N,
whereas the
compared to a microgram.
History of measurement
The gravitational constant appears in
[edit]
seventy-one years after Newton's death by Henry Cavendish with his Cavendish experiment, performed in
1798 (Philosophical Transactions 1798). Cavendish measured G implicitly, using a torsion balance
invented by the geologist Rev. John Michell . He used a horizontal
torsion beam
with lead balls whose inertia
(in relation to the torsion constant) he could tell by timing the beam's oscillation. Their faint attraction to
other balls placed alongside the beam was detectable by the deflection it caused. Cavendish's aim was not
actually to measure the gravitational
constant, but rather to measure the Earth's density relative to water,
through the precise knowledge of the gravitational interaction. In retrospect, the density that Cavendish
calculated implies a value for G of 6.754 10
The accuracy of the measured value of
11
m 3 kg 1 s 2.[5]
experiment. G
is quite difficult to measure, as gravity is much weaker than other fundamental forces, and an
experimental apparatus cannot be separated from the gravitational influence of other bodies. Furthermore,
gravity has no established relation to other fundamental forces, so it does not appear possible to calculate it
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant[04/01/2015 16:14:13]
c (the
by atom inferometry, reporting a value of G = 6.693(34) 1011 m 3 s 2 /kg. [8] An improved cold atom
measurement by Rosi et al was published in 2014 of G= 6.67191(99)1011m3 kg1s2.[9]
Under the assumption that the physics of
type Ia supernovae
are universal, analysis of observations of 580
type Ia supernovae has shown that the gravitational constant has varied by less than one part in ten billion
per year over the last nine billion years.[10]
The GM product
[edit]
can also be carried out using the unit of solar mass rather than the
standard SI unit kilogram. In this case we use the Gaussian gravitational constant
k, where
and
is the astronomical unit ;
is the mean solar day ;
is the solar mass .
If instead of mean solar day we use the
6.28315).
The standard gravitational parameter
as in formulas for the deflection of light caused by gravitational lensing , in Kepler's laws of planetary
motion, and in the formula for
See also
escape velocity .
[edit]
Notes
[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_constant[04/01/2015 16:14:13]
Physics portal
Bibcode:1997RPPh...60..151G
, doi:10.1088/0034-4885/60/2/001
[Thursday,
, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.77.1
Q (pp. 4247) describes the mutually inconsistent measurement experiments from which the
CODATA value for G was derived.
7. ^ "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2010"
84. 13 November 2012. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1527
, doi:10.1126/science.1135459
, PMID17204644
9. ^ Schlamminger, Stephan (18 June 2014). "Fundamental constants: A cool way to measure big G".
Nature. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..478S
. doi:10.1038/nature13507
Bibcode:2014PASA...31...15M
References
, doi:10.1017/pasa.2014.9
[edit]
E. Myles Standish. "Report of the IAU WGAS Sub-group on Numerical Standards". In Highlights of
Astronomy, I. Appenzeller, ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995. (Complete report
available online: PostScript
and Parameters
Jens H. Gundlach; Stephen M. Merkowitz (2000), "Measurement of Newton's Constant Using a Torsion
Balance with Angular Acceleration Feedback", Physical Review Letters 85 (14): 28692872, arXiv:grqc/0006043
, Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.2869G
, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2869
PMID11005956
External links
[edit]
problems
Categories : Gravitation
Fundamental constants
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