1.

KINGDOM PROTIST
Animallike Protists also called protozoa (means first animal) heterotrophs
Plantlike Protists also called algae autotrophs
Funguslike Protists heterotrophs, decomposers, external digestion
Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
Four Phyla of Animal-like Protists Classified by how they move

Zooflagellates flagella
Sarcodines extensions of cytoplasm (pseudopodia)
Ciliates cilia
Sporozoans do not move

Zooflagellates
move using one or two flagella
absorb food across membrane
Ex. Leishmania
Sarcodines
moves using pseudopodia ( false feet ), which are like extensions of the cytoplasm ameboid movement
ingests food by surrounding and engulfing food (endocytosis), creating a food vacuole
reproducing by binary fission (mitosis)
contractile vacuole removes excess water
can cause amebic dysentery in humans diarrhea and stomach upset from drinking contaminated water
Other sarcodines: Foraminferans, Heliozoans
Ciliates
move using cilia
has two nuclei: macronucleus, micronucleus
food is gathered through the :mouth pore, moved into a gullet, forms a food vacuole
anal pore is used for removing waste
contractile vacuole removes excess water
exhibits avoidance behavior
reproduces asexually (binary fission) or sexually (conjugation)
outer membrane -pellicle- is rigid and paramecia are always the same shape, like a shoe
1. HOW ARE ORGANISMS CLASSIFIED IN KINGDOM PROTIST
All single celled organisms are placed under the Kingdom Protista. The term Protista was first used by Ernst Haeckel in
the year 1886. This kingdom forms a link between other kingdoms of plants, animals and fungi. Protists represent an
important step in early evolution. The first protists evolved probably 1.7 billion years ago. Members of Protista are
primarily aquatic in nature. It is a very large group comprising of at least 16 phyla. Many protists like algae are the
primary producers in the aquatic ecosystem, some protists are responsible for serious human diseases like malaria and
sleeping sickness.
Kingdom Protista are categorized into two taxons:
Protozoans - animal-like single-celled organisms.
Algae - plant-like single or multi-celled organisms.
Animal-like Protists - PROTOZOANS

Protists that have resemblance to animals are known as protozoans. They in moist and watery enviroments. The
characteristics similar to animals are - their ability to move and their inability to produce their own food (heterotrophs).
They differ from animals being unicellular while animals are multicellular.
Protozoans are classified on the way they move into four categories:

Sacordinians - move using pseudopod.

Zooflagellates - move using flagella.
Ciliaphorans - move using cilia.
Sporozoans - forms spores.
Phylum Sarcodina - The movement in sarcodinians is by extending lobes of cytoplasm known as pseudopodia. The
pseudopoda is used for movement and feeding. During the formation of the pseudopodia the cytoplasm streams into the
lobe causing the lobe to 'ooze' and grow. Because of this the peudopodians have a 'blob like appearance. Example:
Amoeba, Foraminiferans.
3. WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF BLADDERS IN BROWN ALGE?
The gasses are lighter than the seawater, so they cause the bladders to float as high as the algae allows. You have to
remember that this seaweed can grow to about 6-7 feet (2m), so the air bladders lift the algae toward the surface where
they can get light for photosynthesis, and keep from shading the other bladderwrack around them.
4. WHY LIGHT IS IMPORTANT TO ALGAE?
Light As with all plants, algae photosynthesize, i.e. they convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially
sugars, using the energy from light. As light is the source of energy for this process the intensity, spectral quality and
photoperiod need to be considered.
5. WHAT IS THE DANGER OF EATING CLAMS WHEN RIDE TIDES OCCUR?
Eating toxic shellfish can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans. PSP is caused by saxitoxin, which is
produced by Alexandrium fundyense and is one of the most potent toxins known to scientists. After ingestion, this poison
immediately affects the nervous system, with symptoms usually occurring within 30 minutes. Severity depends on the
amount of toxin consumed.
18. WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF PLANTING LEGUMES TOGETHER WITH OTHER CROPS?
The roots of legumes with the help of some useful bacteria, create nitrogen in the soil that acts as a fertilizer for
themselves and other crops. When legumes are used for this purpose, the are referred to as "Green manure" crops.
23. GIVE AT LEAST FIVE USES OF PROTISTS
Most of the uses of protists you will find have to do with the algae.
Algae are used for in the environment for:
1. food at the beginning of aquatic food chains
2. camouflage on some organisms
3. habitat for sea urchins, sea otters, ...
4. producing oxygen during photosynthesis
Algae are used by people for:
1. food
2. fertilizer on gardens
3. agar for bacterial cultures
4. extracts for making cosmetics, pudding, ice cream, etc. smoother and creamier
5. abrasive substances in polishes and toothpastes
24. WHERE ARE SPORES OF YEAST PRODUCED? HOW ARE YEAST SPORES CALLED?
Fungal spores are microscopic biological particles that allow fungi to be reproduced, serving a similar purpose to that of
seeds in the plant world although the mechanisms are different. Fungi, including moulds, are an important component of
the ecosystem. They obtain their nutrients by feeding on or parasitizing all kinds of substrates and are essential for the
recycling of minerals and carbon by the decomposition of organic debris and waste.

25. WHERE ARE MUSHROOMS PRODUCED?

The spores are produced in the "gills" up underneath the cap. When the mushroom reaches a level of maturity, it drops its
spores out of the gills. They are microscopic but if a mushroom cap is cut and put in a bag for the spores to be released,
they will drop over a days time and it will appear to be an ink residue beneath the mushroom cap.
26. WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF THE LARGE NUMBERS OF SPORES PRODUCED BY FUNGI?
The advantage of the large numbers of spores produced by fungi is that more of the fungi will have a chance to be
reproduced. The spores from most fungi need moisture and darkness to reproduce. Spores can also be transplanted
through the air and be deposited in places that are not suitable for reproduction, such as a place that is too dry. This will
greatly reduce the fungi's chance for survival.
27. FROM WHAT YOU KNOW AND HAVE OBSERVED ABOUT FUNGI, IN WHAT CONDITIONS THEY
GROW?
Fungi grows best at warm places.
28. HOW DO LIVERWORKS, MOSSES AND HORNWORTS DIFFER IN APPEARANCE?
Mosses are small, soft plants that are typically 110 cm (0.44 in) tall, though some species are much larger. They
commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not have flowers or seeds, and their
simple leaves cover the thin wiry stems. At certain times mosses produce spore capsules which may appear as beak-like
capsules borne aloft on thin stalks.
Since mosses have no vascular system to carry water through the plant, they must have a damp environment in which to
live, and a surrounding of liquid water to reproduce. And since mosses are photosynthetic, they require enough sun to
conduct photosynthesis
Examples would be Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, a garden weed in Vancouver and Seattle areas; Bryum argenteum, the
cosmopolitan sidewalk moss, and Ceratodon purpureus, red roof moss, another cosmopolitan species. A few species are
wholly aquatic, such as Fontinalis antipyretica, common water moss; and others such as Sphagnum inhabit bogs, marshes
and very slow-moving waterways.Such aquatic or semi-aquatic mosses can greatly exceed the normal range of lengths
seen in terrestrial mosses. Individual plants 2030 cm (812 in) or more long are common in Sphagnum species for
example.
HORNWORTS:
Hornworts are a group of bryophytes, or non-vascular plants, comprising the division Anthocerotophyta. The common
name refers to the elongated horn-like structure, which is the sporophyte.
They named so because of their horn shaped sporophytes... Hornwort spores are relatively large for bryophytes,
measuring between 30 and 80 m in diameter or more. The spores are polar, usually with a distinctive Y-shaped triradiate ridge on the proximal surface, and with a distal surface ornamented with bumps or spines.
Unlike liverworts, most hornworts have true stomata on their sporophyte as mosses do. The exceptions are the genera
Notothylas and Megaceros, which do not have stomata.When the sporophyte is mature, it has a multicellular outer layer, a
central rod-like columella running up the center, and a layer of tissue in between that produces spores and pseudo-elaters.
The pseudo-elaters are multi-cellular, unlike the elaters of liverworts.
The plant body of a hornwort is a haploid gametophyte stage. This stage usually grows as a thin rosette or ribbon-like
thallus between one and five centimeters in diameter. Each cell of the thallus usually contains just one chloroplast per cell.
In most species, this chloroplast is fused with other organelles to form a large pyrenoid that both manufactures and stores
food. This particular feature is very unusual in land plants, but is common among algae.
LIVERWORTS:
The Marchantiophyta /mrkntift/ ( listen) are a division of bryophyte plants commonly referred to as hepatics or
liverworts. Like other bryophytes, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a
single set of genetic information.
liverworts consist of a prostrate, flattened, ribbon-like or branching structure called a thallus (plant body); these liverworts
are termed thallose liverworts. However, most liverworts produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or leaves in two

or more ranks, the middle rank is often conspicuously different from the outer ranks; these are called leafy liverworts or
scale liverworts.
Liverworts can most reliably be distinguished from the apparently similar mosses by their single-celled rhizoids. Other
differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts;but the lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves in
thallose species, or in leafy species the presence of deeply lobed or segmented leaves and the presence of leaves arranged
in three ranks, all point to the plant being a liverwort.In addition, 90% of liverworts contain oil bodies in at least some of
their cells, and these cellular structures are absent from most other bryophytes and from all vascular plants.
Another unusual feature of the liverwort life cycle is that sporophytes (i.e. the diploid body) are very short-lived,
withering away not long after releasing spores.
29. WHY DO YOU THINK NONVASCULAR PLANTS CANNOT GROW VERY LARGE OR TALL?
they lack tubes for transport and support
31. HOW WILL AZOLLA HELP RICE IF THEY ARE GROWN TOGETHER IN FIELDS?
Azolla has been used, for at least one thousand years in rice paddies as a companion plant, because of its ability to both fix
nitrogen, and block out light to prevent any competition from other plants, aside from the rice, which is planted when tall
enough to poke out of the water through the azolla layer. Mats of mature azolla can also be used as a weed-suppressing
mulch.
32. USES OF FERNS
33. WHERE IN THE PHILIPPINES WOULD PINE TREES LIKELY GROW?
Pines grow well in acid soils, some also on calcareous soils; most require good soil drainage, preferring sandy soils, but a
few (e.g. Lodgepole pine) will tolerate poorly drained wet soils. In the Philippines they are mostly found at the Northern
part of the country.
34. HOW WOULD UNCONTROLLED CUTTING OF PINE TREES, FOR EXAMPLE AFFECT THE FOREST
ECOSYSTEM?
Cutting trees can result in the loss of habitat for animal species, which can harm ecosystems. According to National
Geographic, "70 percent of Earths land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that
destroys their homes."
35. WHICH PLANT LEAVES ARE ARRANGED ALTERNATELY, RADIALLY AND OPPOSITE EACH OTHER?
Distichous phyllotaxis, also called "two-ranked leaf arrangement" is a special case of either opposite or alternate leaf
arrangement where the leaves on a stem are arranged in two vertical columns on opposite sides of the stem. Examples
include various bulbous plants such as Boophone, Aloe seedlings, and also mature Aloe plicatilis.
36. IS SANTAN A DICOT OR A MONOCOT?
Santan is a dicot.
37. HOW ABOUT BAMBOO?
Bamboo is a monocot. It is one of the few monocots that are woody. It has parallel leaves.
38. USES OF COCONUT
1. The edible fruits known as Coconuts
As most of us already know, the most common uses come from the edible fruits known as coconuts. Coconuts can be
eaten either raw or cooked and they are rich in vitamins, minerals and powerful antioxidants. The white flesh of the fruit
need to be separated from the outer hard shell and you may use a coconut scraper to grate the fruit or use a coconut meat
removal knife to separate the flesh, after opening the shell. The freshly grated coconuts can be easily added to your
recipes or you can store it in refrigerator for few days.
Coconut milk is also very popular and it is widely used in many Asian cuisines, especially in South India, Sri Lanka and
Thailand. It is usually used to thicken soups and stews and you can also use it as a substitute for milk if you have milk
allergy. You can either squeeze the grated coconuts in water with your hands to make a mild version of the coconut milk,
or you can use the blender to make the thick coconut milk using little water.

Coconut milk is an excellent hair conditioner. You can apply the coconut milk in your hair strands as well as scalp and
rinse this off after few minutes. This will make your hair soft and shiny and improves the health of hair by reducing hair
fall. Coconut milk is also an ideal ingredient to be added in homemade face masks in place of water.
39. ANGIOSPERMS MEMBERS BENEFICIARIES
Birds, butterflies, and spiders can benefit from members of the angiosperms because it provides them with food. The
plants benefit because the birds, butterflies, and spiders aid in pollination.
40. WHAT IS THE GREATEST CONTRIBUTION OF PLANTS TO LIVING THINGS ON EARTH?
Green plants, unlike most other living things, take IN carbon dioxide (which we expel), and they expel oxygen, which we
then breathe. This recycling of the elements in air is the single most important thing that plants contribute to the
ecosystem (although only slightly to a lesser extent they also help filter impurities out of the air).
41. Weeds compete with flowers, grasses, vegetable and fruit plants for water, sunlight and nutrients leaving non-weed
plants starving. This loss of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leaves them weak and prone to insect and disease
infestation. Because most weeds grow at such an astounding rate, they often absorb more of one nutrient than another,
leaving an imbalance. This overwhelms other plants often causing abnormal color, flower and fruit growth.
48. Echinoderms are mostly marine while arthropods dwell in almost all habitats.
49. WHAT COULD BE THE FUNCTION OF THE EXO SKELETON IN ANTHROPODS?
Generally the exoskeleton will have thickened areas in which the chitin is reinforced or stiffened by materials such as
minerals or hardened proteins. This happens in parts of the body where there is a need for rigidity or elasticity.
50. WHICH ANTROPOD HAS AN ANTENNA?
In arthropods, antennae are connected to the front-most segments. In crustaceans, they are biramous and present on the
first two segments of the head, with the smaller pair known as antennules. All other arthropod groups except
chelicerates and proturans, which have none have a single, uniramous pair of antennae.
51. HOW DO LEGS OF INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS DIFFER?
There are many differences between insects and arachnids. Most are anatomical differences.
* The body of an insect is comprised of three segments: the head, thorax and abdomen. The body of an arachnid is
comprised of two segments: the cephalothorax and abdomen.
* Insects have six legs; arachnids have eight legs.
* Insects have compound eyes; arachnids have simple eyes.
* Insects have antennae; arachnids do not.
* Many insects have wings; no arachnid has wings.
* Insects have mandibles; arachnids have chelicerae
* Insects undergo some form of metamorphosis; arachnids do not.