eyes % ons Sans 6 a OCT 22 2003 HE AT ha ty a ete by Copy a EXCHANGE INSTITUTE, INC. STANDARDS for- STEAM SURFACE CONDENSERS NINTH EDITION Copyright 1995 by Heat Exchange Institute 1300 Sumner Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44115-28514.0 NOMENCLATURE o OPTIONAL SFiLNG SUPPORT IN LIEU OF EXHAST NECK EXPANSION JOINT secumercooecnen snumroimarwrsrsor 1s EEUU EEK 0 eens eae oer eae a i ees oe pen a 5. CONDENSATE OUTLET 12 TUBESHEETS (20. SOLE PLATES: a BREE oes Rt Toeceune | Caetano — EESAGRAToomos 2 Sattar ener 15, SHELL EXPANSION JOINT ‘23, WATER BOX DIVISION PLATE 1.TURES a 1FF | oor messone 1 rc] ale 1 it rao a= 4 | cower pressure Up ---------le [DUAL PRESSURE - ONE DIVISION ‘TRIPLE PRESSURE - ONE DIVISION -- #|----- - + -\+ ‘SINGLE PASS - FOUR DIVISIONS ‘SINGLE PASS - FOUR DIVISIONS }----}----t+ wouer | Lower PRESSURE | PRESSURE =p----be [DUAL PRESSURE - ONE DIVISION2.1 Absolute Pressure Abate pressure ie the pressure measured from absolute zero, 22 Circulating Water Velocity Circulating water velocity is the average velocity of circulating water through the tubes. 23 Cleanliness Factor Cleanliness factor is the ratio of the condenser heat transfer coefficient to the clean heat transfer coefficient, 24 Condensate Depression Condensate depression is the difference between the condensing steam temperature and the tempera ture ofthe condensate in the hotwell. 25 Condenser Duty Condenser duty consists ofthe net heat transferred to the circulating water. Unless otherwise specified, condenser duty is assumed tobe the quantity of steam, 4in-pounds per hour, entering the condenser multi plied by 950 Btu per pound for turbine service, or 1000 Btu per pound for engine service. 2.6 Condenser Heat Transfer Coefficient Condenser heat transfer coefficient is the average rate of heat transfer from the steam to circulating water, 2.7 Condenser Pressure Condenser pressure is the absolute static pressure ‘maintained within the condenser shell at locations not greater than one foot from the first tube. The distri- ution of measurement points shall conform with ASME PTC 122 Steam Condensing Apparatus, latest 2» Condensing Steam Temperature Condoncing ctoam temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding ta the absolute static pres- __ sure ofthe steam. oe —9.18-Logarithmie Mean Temperature Diffe + 20DEFINTIONS X 9 Effective Surface Effective surface ia the total surface messured on the outside of the tubes between the inside surfaces of the tube sheets and includes internal and/or exter- ‘nal air cooler surfaces. 2.10 Effective Tube Length ‘Effective tube length is the distance between inside ssurfaces of the tube sheets. ‘2.11 Hotwell Capacity fotwell capacity is condensate storage volume. The minimum recommended hotwell eapacity is the volume sufficient tocontain all ofthe condensate produced in the condenser in a period of one minute under condi- tions of design steam load. 2.12 Initial Temperature Difference ial temperature difference is the difference between the condensing steam temperature and the inlet circulating water temperature. nce Logarithmic mean temperature difference is the ratio ofthe temperature rise to the naturel logarithm ofthe ratio of initial temperature difference toterminal temperature difference. 2.14 Static Pressure Static pressure is the pressure of a fluid at rest. 2.15 Temperature Rise ‘Temperature rise is the difference between outlet and inlet circulating water temperatures. 2.16 Terminal Temperature Difference ‘Terminal temperature difference is the difference between the condensing steam temperature and the outlet cireulating water temperature.4.0 CONDENSER PERFORMANCE 4.1 General Considerations 4.1.1 It is recognized that the performance of a con- denser cannot exactly predicted under each one of fa number of possible operating conditions. Con- sequently, curves or tabulations of condenser perfor- mance data are only approximate, except for one ion termed the “Design Point.” sformance checks should be made only when the aystem has been stabilized and reproducible values are attainable. 4.1.2 Commercial operating conditions are recog- nized as involving uncontrollable variations in air and gas tightness of the condenser and its related system under vacuum. These variations, while negli gible under some conditions, render the exact predic- tion of condenser performance impractical where the terminal temperature difference is less than 5°F. In addition, terminal temperature differences of less than 5°F are not considered sufficient to give deter- minative and predictable heat transfer performance and are not recommended. 4.1.3 Condenser tube water velocities under 3 feet per second do not build up resistance sufficient to insure ‘uniform quantity of water through all the tubes; therefore, condenser performance under such condi- tions cannot be exactly predicted and such predie- tions are not recommended. 4.1.4 As a general rule and within the degree of racy expected in steam condensers, the effect of sea or brackish water as opposed to fresh water is com- paratively insignificant with respect to performance. Ifenvironmental laws require strict limitation on the water temroratire Avecharned fem condensers to natural sea water or brackish water sources, it may. be necessauy to allow for the effect of such waters on the circulating water temperature rise through con- densers in borderline cases. In instances where this is necessary or where itis otherwise considered nec- the following allowance for corrected specific heat and specific gravity of such circulating water may be made, The Purchaser shall furnish specific weight flow or specific gravity and specific heat. Woe 8 500 x Sg x Cp x TR Ve ee Ay x 3600 x 62.4 X Sg x Cpx TR 4.1.5 Due to its effect on condenser performance, the location of heaters and/or extraction piping should be subject to the condenser Manufacturer's approval after the turbine flow distribution diagram has been made available 4.1.6 Performance information as generated from these standards is based on venting equipment having a capac- ity at one inch mercury absolute pressure of not less than that listed in Section 6, and the actual air and non- condensibles beisig removed from the system not exceeding 50% of those values. 4.1.7 It should be recognized that at reduced duties, f terminal temperature difference less than 5°F will unpredictably affect condenser performance. 4.2 Heat Transfer Rates 4.2.1 The design of a steam surface condenser must ‘consider the effects of noncondensible gases which are present in the condenser, pressure drop of the steam asit flows around and through the tube bundle, and tube inundation aa condensate falls through the bundle. ‘Due to these effects, the heat transfer coefficient of a typical, commercial operating condenser is less than that attainable in laboratory tests. ‘The heat transfer rates published by the HEI are OVERALL TUBE BUNDLE “U” VALUES to be obtained by the condenser under actual operating con- ditions and not single tube “U" values. Because these values take into account parameters other than the ‘Basicheat transfer across the wall of the tube. they are not meant to be used by designers as specific individ- ‘ual tube “U" values. ‘The Heat Exchange Institute has conducted tests for the purpose of arriving at heat transfer coefficients, for surface condensers. The following is the Heat Exchange Institute's method for calculating condenser heat transfer coefficients. Other methods of calculat- ing heat transfer coefficients are available. ‘This method includes an allotment for the steamside effects described above. It is the responsibility of the ‘condenser designer to develop tube bundle and shell ‘configurations which result in the heat transfer coef- ficients calculated by this Standard. ‘The general heat transfer equations are: Q=Ux Asx LMTD Q = Fossum — Hesndasane) Ws + Auxiliary heat load U =U, Fw Fux Fe U; — Figure 1 or Table 1 Fy ~ Figure 2 or Table 2 Fy ~ Table 3 Fe — Cleanliness Factor4.2.2 Table 1 and Figure 1 are based on clean 18 EWG Admiralty metal tubes with 70°F inlet circu: ating water temperature. 4.28 For inlet circulating water temperatures other then 70°F the hesie heat transfer coefficients should ‘be multipiied by the corresponding design correction factors shown in Figure 2 or Table 2. 42.4 For any tube gauge or material other than 18 BWG Admiralty, basic heat transfer coefficients Should be multiplied by the appropriate correction factors from Table 3. * 42.5 tosatusl operation, both the circulating water ‘tnd codecing steam Will produce heat transfer resis- Fae ete tube surfaces which will have char- crternis mated to the type of fluid. A design Creanlnas flator should be selected by the Purchaser ‘Guat mula efects the probable operating condition the tuba experience in service. Non-copper bear fag tubtrrypereis are more susceptible to biofouling than tubes with bigh copper content . U; UNCORRECTED HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS ‘TUBE DIAMETER ‘TUBE VELOCITY so] ae [a0 [4s | oo | 55 | 60 | 65 | 70 a DEE 100 | 4550 | 4920 | 6260 | 5579 | tapi] 6168 | cx42 | 6705 | 6958 Spee 12s | a4a6 | 4045 | 610.0 | 6494 | bmi] 6074 | cada | 6608 | 6852 1375 & 1.50 ait [ara | 510.0 | 6409 | soa | 6980] ome | soa] 6747 TeDSETTs | 4547 [4608 | 6020 | 5025 | emia] 5086 | e148 | 6999 54 iesez00 | 4776 [4621 | 4040 | 5240 | tens] o708| 0050 | 6207] 6588 TUBE DIAMETER TURE VELOCITY Fe [60 [85] 00 | 95 | 100 | 105 | 1.0 | 115 Des LOTS | 7312 | 7552 | 7755 | 795.3 | Baz] |9x.9 | 6489 | 65.2 | 8807 DESK 100] 7208 | 748.9 | 763.9 | 705.2 | Borg] 019.0 | 0956] B51:5 | 6668 b—yazse125 | 2098 | 7926 | 752.0 770.7 | 184 | 005.8 | 621.4 | $36.7 | 6518 ho f 4085 | 7212 | 7404 | 758.7 | Tei} 792.6 | 808.3 | 823.2 | 897.5 ieeET Te | 6o74 | 7099 | 727.8 | 7457 | Teor] 778.8 | 794.1] 6088 | 6227 HEED OO | oven | ons] 7168 | 744 | Tio] 7068 | Tere] 7062 | 098 TabletFFICIENTS: U UNCORRECTED HEAT TRANSFER COE} oz ® eT Tm FigureFw "INLET WATER TEMPERATURE CORRECTON FACTOR j Tnlet Water Inlet Water Talet Water ! F Fw °F Fw F Fw ; 30 0.650 60 0.923 20 1075 BI 0.659 a 0.932 Bt 1078 32 0.669 GI 0.941 2 1.080 33 0.678 63 0.950 93 1.083 Eg 0.687 CI 0.959 4 1.085, q 35. 0.696 5 (0.968. 95 7.088: 36 0.706 6 0975 %6 1.090 i 37 O75, Gl 0.982 7 1.082 : 38 0.724 8 0.989. 1.095 39 0.798 Oo 0.994 1.097 40 0.748 70 1.000 1.100 a 0.762 7 1.005 1.108 a2 0.761 2 1.010. 1.105 8 0.770 3 1.015 7.108 4 0.780 74 1.020) 1.110 6 0.789 5 1.025; 1.13 46 0.798 76 1.029 15 a 0.807 77 1.033 107, Tuy 8 0816 8 1.037 108. 1.19 ry 0.825 2 oat 108 3121 50 0.834 80 1.045, 110 1123 31 0.845 81 1.048 am 1.125 i @ 0882 a2 1051 m2 | a7 = {0.861 83 1054 3 1.129 (sa T0870 oy 1.057 ne 2:131 : 35 0.879 85 1.060 15, 1.133 1 [56 {0.888 66 | -2.063.— | — 116] —aaas , [sr 0.897 87 1.066 7, 1.137 : Tse 0.905 | 88 1069 | 8 [ 1.489 [89 ost 39 3.072 nn Lai 120 1143 ‘Table2———Tree 1s 110 1.08 1.00 oss F- 0s 1020 100 78 8 n= — auit bart = MATERIAL AND GAUGE CORRECTION FACTOR * ‘Tube Materials ‘Tube Wall Gauge - BWG aus] =] [se Tw Tw Te sana Waat {os | 103 | 202 | 102 | 101 [00 [096 | 096 | 098 en opper [io [ioe [104 [105 | 303102 | x01 | 100 | 098 eter io | 104 [aoe | aoe | aoe 20s [109 [402 | ior 1 00 Soe Draws [10s | 102 [102 | 102 | 101 [ oso | os? | oss | ose ee mn {io | 102 [101 | 101 | 1.00_| 098 | 096 | 098 | oss TUN [i00 [088 | 099 | ose | ose | oss | oso | 085 | 080 70-30 Cu-Ni 087 097 0.96 0.95, 0.92 0.88. 0.83 0.78 O71 Cold Relled 1,00 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.85. 0.80 Carbon Stee! 0 ieniesseet | om | om | ome | ome | om | ove | ooo | ost | ose “Titanium oar} ose | oar | oes | om | om [om | 08s TENS NOSE. cas | 0s7 [oss | os1| ore | 067 | 0.60 | 082 UNS $43035 094 | 0.92 0.91 oas | 082. | 077 | 0.71 | 063 vaeen7ae [oss [ost | oso | oss | oss | oe [072 | 065 | 087 eeeneay [oss [ost | oso | oss | os | o7s [072 | 06s | ost TablesRa GAUGE CORRECTION FACTOR FOR FRICTION LOSS qsBwG] 1¢BWG| 18BWG] 20BWwG| 22BWG | 23 BWG | 24 BWG | 25 BNC TH} a [200 [oes [oar [oo | oso | 088 tie fie] 1.00 [095 | 09s | ose [090 _| 080 tis 7t10s [100 | 086 | oes | 093 | 092 | 08) Tn] 105 [100 [098 [ose [oor | 093 | 088 toe T7104 [100 | 087 | 09s [sa | om | 088 toate [100 | os7 [096 | 095 | 094 | 094 tor [103 | 1.00 | ost [096 [095 [| oo | 088 Toe [7103] 100 | 097 | 096 [096 | 0.95 | 08% os} 102 [100 | os7 [096 [096 | 095 | 088 is] 102] 1.00 | 098 [07 [os | 096 | 086 ros toa] 100 [098 | oa7 | cov | 096 | 086 Los] 1.02 [1.00 [098 097 | 096 | 096 Table 5 46 Condensate Temperature Depression in design conditions of paras capable of achiev- 46 Condensate Toeksere With multrpressure ingareheat rate of 30% 0° Poe ‘of the temperature Mulurr'ressure {ofcondensate fomlower pressure diference bette eth zones. The condensers rehest of tpe cascading oflower pressure following formula provides ¢ simple method of estab- Shells i eae vo the higher pressure shell. This lishing expected high Pressure shell outlet condensate sae ding is accomplished either by gravity flow or temperature. ‘pumping A well designed reheat system should, under DUAL PRESSURE CONDENSERS _ Wap (Tare + [8 (Taye — Tall + Wo * Ts? = Wis + War ‘YRIPLE PRESSURE CONDENSERS Toye = Woe tne + 8 Tae — Tough) + Wor (Tare + (8 (Tsu — Tsrel)) + (Wa * Tsu) Wir + Wor + WirRr FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER FLOWING IN 18 BWG TUBES feRy /RATURE CORRECTION FOR FRICTION ‘LOSS IN TUBES TEMPE! tet gh Figure7 18Ry \ water pox AND TbpE END Losses \ ERDE Pls CONDENSERSMATERIALS FOR CONDENSER TUBES) ial a “Typical AST ites Bow vate, | Material specification 7 Alloy Designation ° x ate) E. er Bir ai, ‘Admiralty BoA osos | eater | 112x10* | 16.010 UNS 044300 ‘BI an Admiralty B543 0.308 e4atesF | 11.2% 10 | 16.0 x 10° Uns Ces400 Bi aD ‘Admiralty BS43_ 0.308 64 at 68°F |. 112 x 10* | 16.0 x 10° UNS C44500 Bit ai ] ‘Alum. Brass B43 oso | seater | 103 x 10* | 16.010 _— UNS.C58700 ‘Bint Tan Dy BASS. | alum. Bronze Baa 0295 | asateer | 90108 | 175 x 108 UNS C60800 Bil eb Core | BEES 0323 | avatestr | 91x 10* | 22.0% 10° i Bir an Copper Nickel B543 0.323, 26 at 68°F | 95x 10* | 18.0 x 10° \ S010 ‘UNS 670600 | Bit an Tei 1 Azsenical B543 | 0.323 12at 68°F | 98x 10* | 17.0 x 10° Re | Copper ‘UNS C14200 ° Capper Tron B54 Tip Tai = 1 194 UNS C19400 0.317 150 at 68°F | 9.0 x 108 | 17.5 x 10° A248 i Stginiss ais 020 | esac | 945x30¢ | 283 x 108 \ UNS 880400 ! —— 2249 | ee ey ees eae as L UNS851600 i Seainless ‘2258 aay ad), ao aay Steel [UNS 543035 Gz [rzseteor| 56% i0* | 200% 10° | Biaiatess G76 (25) 2) a5) 5) [Steel ‘UNS NO8367 029 | 79aree'F | 85x 10% | 27.0 x 10° Siainiens 228 as) a2) a8) To) Steck UNS 844795 f2__| semeer | 52%10* | 29.0% 10" Siainiers ‘2258 an > a), eT) 1 ! Steel UNS S44660 0.28 98 at 70°F | 64x 10% | 31.0 x 10% or S—S——“‘=PEEE——h—rr—s TARBON ae aap Tai) STEEL Carbon Steel Al 0.283. 27.0 at 10°F | 7.34 x 10% | 29.5 x 10° ‘Notes: (a1The origin ofthe above typical physical properties isthe A.S.M.E. Boiler & Pressure Veusel Code Section T pant, 3008 except where otherwise indented Copper Development Association Standards Handbook Part Two Alloy Data, 1973. SSPehtong Lughum Communication to HEI (. Fransan to L. Culling) May 12, 1994 Sinteural Alloys Handbook Mechanical Prop. Data Center, 1976, 4 Allegheny Ludlum Technical Data Blue Sheet, B-139-Ed5-5M689-113, 1969. 5 & Alledheny Ludlum Techniea! Data Blue Sheet, -1SS/E43/5M/S90/GF, 1990 6 legteny Cada Techical Data Blue Sheet, B SVEAVEMSBOCE 1990 45 Trent Tube Alloy and Application Data, Trent Sea - Cure Stainless Siee! Tubing, 1989. (by Selestions of materials fo the responsibility of the Purchaser. The Manufacturer assumes no responsibility ior detenoraten of any part or parts ofthe equipment due to erosion or corrosion oF any other causes. (e) Goppor Base Alloys 68-572°F Stainiess and Rtanium 70-550°F, Carboo Stee\-Mean 160°F. Table 6 : 2 EE E————————