13.

A static pile load test was carried on a 0.8 m diameter pile installed 21 m into a loose to medium
sandy soil. The pile was driven into the soil. Selected load-displacement data are shown in the
table below. (a) Determine the allowable load if the serviceability limit state is 12 mm. (b) Is the
maximum load the ultimate load? Justify your answer. (c) Discuss some of the issues you would
consider in the interpretation of the data.

Load (kN)

800 1100 2250 2800 3200 3500 3600 3620 3618

Displacement (mm)

2.5

3.8

7.5

10 12.5

15

20

21

Solution 13.2
4000
3500
3000
2500
Load (kN) 2000
1500
1000
500
0
0

10

15

20

Vertical displacement (mm)

(a) Allowable load at displacement of 12 mm = 3100 kN

(b) It appears so because the load seems to reach a plateau

25

30

26

13.3

A static pile load test using an O-cell was carried on a 1.8 m diameter, 25 m long
(embedded length) drilled shaft. The soil profile is as given in Table P13.3a. Selected
load-displacement data are shown in Table P13.3b. (a) Make a neat sketch of the soil
profile and the drilled shaft as shown in Example 13.3. (b) Determine the ultimate skin
friction and ultimate end bearing capacity. Justify your answer. (c) If an FS of 2 is
required, determine the allowable load and settlement. Justify your answers.
Table P13.3a
Elevation
5 to 3.4
-3.4 to 17.6 -17.7 to 38.2
(m)
Soil type
Sandy fat
Silty sand
Mudstone or
clay (CH)
with gravel
weak rock
(SM)
Table P13.3b
Load (MN)
Displacement up (mm)
Displacement down (mm)

0
1
0 0.4
0 -0.5

5
8 10 15 20 25 27 27.2 27.1
0
0.8
1 1.2 1.5 3.4 6.5
8 9.2 10.8 9.0
-6 -10 -11 -16 -21 -29 -43 -40 -41 -37

Solution 13.3
Decide whether the ultimate pile load capacity is well or ill defined.
Inspection of the plot shows that the skin friction is fully mobilized at about 9 mm settlement but
the end bearing capacity has not been fully mobilized. The initial load-displacement response
appears to be from loose material at the bottom the hole
20
10
0
0

Displacement
(mm)

10

15

20

25

30

35

-10
-20

Possibly loose material

-30
-40
-50

Load (kN)

Determine the ultimate load capacity without consideration of settlement.

Qf = 27.2 MN
The load to compress the loose material is about 8 MN. The actual base response is
Qb > (27.2 MN 8 MN) > 19.2 MN

Determine the allowable load capacity for FS = 2 and the settlement.

Since the skin friction was fully mobilized, the FS will be applied to it.

The settlement to mobilize a skin friction of 13.6 MN is about 1.3 mm. The end bearing at the
same displacement is 2 MN but this is part of the response from the loose material. You can
neglect this. The allowable load is 13.6 - 1.53 = 12.1 MN (say 12 MN)

Solution 13.4
Pile : Area = 0.16 m 2 , Perimeter = 1.41m
Layer 1 + medium clay Layer 2 = Stiff clay
Assume L = 12 m
LAYER 1:

5
42.5 kPa
2
f s = 0.5 su 'zo 0.5 30 42.5 17.9kPa

z 17

f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo

0.25

0.5 300.75 42.5

0.25

16.4kPa

Use fs = 16.4 kPa

1 sincs' OCR tani 1 sin30 1.6 tan30 0.365
0.5

0.5

LAYER 2:
(

( )

)(

)(

f s = 0.5 su 'zo 0.5 60 116.5 41.8kPa

f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo

0.25

0.5 600.75 116.5

0.25

35.4kPa

Use fs = 35.4 kPa

1 sincs' OCR tani 1 sin24 4 tan24 0.528
0.5

0.5

Qult 2 275 550kN

TSA

Qult = Perimeter

f s L N c su b Ab

1.41(16.4 5 35.4 7) 9 60 0.16 551kN Qult

ESA

Qult = perimeter i 'z length i N q 'z Ab

j

i =1

1.41(0.365 42.5 5 0.528 116.5 7) 12.3 148 0.16 1008kN

TSA governs design, L = 12 m is satisfactory

13.5 Determine the allowable load for a steel closed-ended pipe pile, 0.4 m in diameter,
driven 20 m into the soil prof le shown in Figure P13.5. Groundwater is at 2 m below the
surface, but you can assume it will rise to the surface. A factor of safety of 2 is required.
Neglect negative friction.

Solution 13.5
Layer 1: soft clay; Layer 2: Stiff clay Layer 3: Sand
Area of pile = 0.13

m 2 , perimeter = 1.26m

TSA (Layers 1 and 2) : fs is lower of

f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo

0.25

Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab
ESA:

1 sincs' OCR tani

0.5

f s = 'zo
Q f 'x tani' Perimeter i Length i
j

i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q 'z Ab

Janbu: N q = tan ' 1 tan 2 '

exp(2 tan )
2

'

Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equationused in the calculation of end bearing

capacity)
Assuming no negative friction.

Diameter (m)

0.4

Perimeter (m)

1.26

Area (m )

0.13

c = clay, s = sand

layer
groundwater
1
2
3

Depth
m
0
5
10
20

Soil
Type

thickness
m
0
5
5
10

Clay
TSA
ESA

c
c
s

Sand
ESA

Unit
weight
kN/m3
0
18
18.5
17.5

'
deg
0
25
23
32

Clay/sand

su
kPa
0
15
65
0

O
C
R
0
1
5
0

FRICTION
TSA
ESA

center

center

center

base

Total
stress
kPa
0
45.0
136.3
270.0

Porewater
pressure
kPa
0.0
24.5
73.5
147.0

Effective
stress
kPa
0.0
20.5
62.8
123.0

Effective
stress
kPa
0.0

END
BEARING
TSA
ESA

TSA

Qult
ESA

kN

kN

0
51
252
1392

0
35
263
1403

Layer

1
2
3

0.00
0.27
0.58
0.29

fs
kPa
0.0
8.1
31.9
0.0

fs
kPa
0.0
5.5
36.3
0.0

TAS control

Q ult = 1392 kN; Q a= 1392/2 =696 kN

fs
kPa
0.0

36.1

Nq
0.0

33.8

Qf
kN

Qf
kN

Qb
kN

0
51
252
706

0
35
263
717

0
0
0
686

Qb
kN
0
0
0
686

161.5

13.6 A square precast concrete pile of sides 0.4 m is to be driven 12 m into the soil strata
shown in Figure P13.6. Estimate the allowable load capacity for a factor of safety of 2.
Owing to changes in design requirements, the pile must support 20% more load.
Determine the additional embedment depth required.

Solution 13.6
Layer 1: soft clay; Layer 2: Stiff clay Layer 3: Sand
TSA (Layers 1 and 2) : fs is lower of

f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo

0.25

Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab
ESA:

1 sincs' OCR tani

0.5

f s = 'zo
Q f 'x tani' Perimeter i Length i
j

i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q 'z Ab

Janbu: N q = tan ' 1 tan 2 '

exp(2 tan )
2

'

Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equationused in the calculation of end bearing

capacity)
Width (m)
Perimeter (m)
2

Area (m )
c = clay

0.4
1.60
0.16

layer
groundwater
1
2
3

Depth
m
0
4
10
12

TSA

thickness
m
0
4
6
2
Clay
ESA

Soil
Type

Unit
weight
kN/m3
0
18
18.5
18.5

c
c
c
Clay

'
deg
0
24
25
25

Clay/sand

OC
R

su
kPa
0
16
80
90

0
1.2
9
6

center

center

center

base

Total
stress
kPa
0
36.0
127.5
201.5

Porewater
pressure
kPa
0.0
19.6
68.6
107.8

Effective
stress
kPa
0.0
16.4
58.9
93.7

Effective
stress
kPa
0.0

FRICTION
TSA
ESA

END BEARING
TSA
ESA

102.4

Qult
TSA

ESA

layer

1
2
3

0.00
0.29
0.81
0.66

fs
kPa
0.0
8.0
34.3
45.5

fs
kPa
0.0
4.7
47.6
61.8

Nc

Qf
kN

Nq
0.0

9.0

Qf
kN

0
52
381
526

14.0

Qb
kN

0
30
487
685

0
0
0
130

Qb
kN

kN

0
0
0
229

0
52
381
656

TSA governs design

Qult = 656 kN

Qa =

656
328 kN
2

New load = 1.2 328 = 394 kN

Qult = 2 x 394 = 788 kN
Let L = 14 m (2 m additional length) be the length embedded into the last layer.
Clay
TSA
ESA

Clay

Clay/sand

FRICTION
TSA
ESA

END BEARING
TSA
ESA

Qult
TSA

ESA

layer
fs
fs

kPa
kPa
0.00
0.0
0.0
1
0.29
8.0
4.7
2
0.81
34.3
47.6
3
0.66
46.5
67.5
Qult = 808 kN > 788 kN Okay
Use L = 14 m

Nc

Qf
kN

Nq
0.0

9.0

14.0

0
52
381
678

Qf
kN
0
30
487
919

Qb
kN
0
0
0
130

Qb
kN
0
0
0
268

kN
0
52
381
808

kN
0
30
487
1188

kN
0
30
487
914

13.7 Estimate the allowable load capacity of a 0.5-mdiameter steel closed-ended pipe pile
embedded 17 m in the soil profile shown in Figure P13.7. The factor of safety required is
2. The N values are blows/ft. Compare the load capacity for a driven pile and a drilled
shaft.

Solution 13.7
(a) Driven (displacement) pile

N av =

11 5 20 19
= 13.75
4

use

N av = 13

Perimeter = D = (0.5) = 1.57m, base area = (

fs 1.9N av 1.9 13 24.7 kPa 100 kPa

2
D ) = 0.196 m2
4

Use fs 24.7 kPa

Qf 24.7 1.57 17 659 kN
(f b )=C N60
Ls
17
38
1292 380kPa , Use C 380
D
0.5
N in the vicinity of the base = 19
f b 380 19 7220kPa
Qb 7220 0.196 1415kN
C 38

Qult Qf Qb 659 1415 2074kN

Qult
2074

1037 kN
FS
2
(b) Drilled shaft
Nav < 15

Qa =

N
13
(1.5 0.245 z) (1.5 0.245 17) 0.42 1.2; use 0.42
15
15

From Table A.11 (Appendix A), 18 kN/m3

Assume groundwater will rise to the surface.
Vertical effective stress at center of shaft = 17/2 x (18 9.8) = 69.7 kPa
Qf = 0.42 x 1.57 x 69.7 x 17 =781 kN
Use Quiros and Reese (1977) expression
L > 10 m, C = 57.5, fb = CN = 57.5 x 19 = 1092.5 kPa < 2900 kPa; Use fb = 1092.5 kPa
Qb = 1092.5 x 0.196 = 214kN
Qult = 781 + 214 = 995 kN
Q
995
Q a = ult
498kN
FS
2
Note: Both of these methods are empirical. The equations are based on field tests on soils that may not be
similar to the sand in this problem

13.8 The soil profi le at a site for an offshore structure is shown in Figure P13.8. The
height of the pile above the sand surface is 15 m. Determine the allowable load for
a driven closed-ended pipe pile with diameter 1.25 m and embedded 10 m into the stiff
clay. A factor of safety of 2 is required.

Solution 13.8
Perimeter = x 1.25 = 3.93 m, Area =

1.252 1.23m2
4

Layer 1: sand; Layer 2: Stiff clay

TSA (Layer 2) : fs is lower of

f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo

Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab
ESA:

1 sincs' OCR tani

0.5

f s = 'zo
Q f 'x tani' Perimeter i Length i
j

i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q 'z Ab

Janbu: N q = tan ' 1 tan 2 '

exp(2 tan )
2

'

0.25

Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equation used in the calculation of end bearing

capacity)
s =Sand: cs =

32 , (1 sin 32) tan (32) = 0.29

c = Clay: cs = 28.8 , (1 sin 28.8) tan (28.8)61/2 = 0.7; TSA: fs = 51.1 kPa

layer
groundwater
1
2

Depth
m
0
24
34

thickness
m
0
24
10

Clay
TSA
ESA
layer

Soil
Type

s
c

Sand
ESA

Unit
weight
kN/m3
0
16.8
18.8

Clay

fs
fs
fs
Nc
kPa
kPa
kPa
groundwater
0.0
0.0
0.0
1
0.0
0.0
24.7
2
51.1
148.6
9.0
Note: TSA and ESA for the sand are the same
TSA governs
Q ult = 5216 kN

Qa =

5216
2608 kN
2

'
deg
0
32
28.8

Clay/sand

su
kPa
0
0
80

OC
R
0
0
6

FRICTION
TSA
ESA
Qf
kN

Nq
0.0
22.6

Total
stress
kPa
0
201.6
497.2

0
2325
4332

Qf
kN
0
2325
8163

Porewater
pressure
kPa
0.0
117.6
284.2

Effective
stress
kPa
0.0
84.0
213.0

END
BEARING
TSA
ESA
Qb
kN

Qb
kN

0
0
884

0
0
7156

TSA

kN
0
2325
5216

Effective
stress
kPa
0.0
258.0

Qult
ESA

kN
0
2325
15319

Solution 13.9
(a)
Depth
(m)
m
3
5
6.5
9
10
14
18
20

'zo
kPa
45
65
80
105
115
147
179
195

OCR

su/'zo

2.56
1.77
1.44
1.10
1
1
1
1

0.497
0.371
0.314
0.252
0.235
0.235
0.235
0.235

su
kPa
22.4
24.1
25.1
26.5
27.0
34.5
42.0
45.8

Sleeve

Fill

Pile

(b) The fill will cause negative skin friction as it settles. One mitigation method is to put a sleeve over a
depth of 3 m
(c)
Because the undrained shear strength varies with depth, we can integrate it to find the skin friction. In
engineering practice, it is best to take average values of undrained shear strengths from 3 m to 10 m and
then from 10 m to 18 m
3m to 10 m: su = 25 kPa at an average depth of 6.5 m
10 m to 18 m: su = 35 kPa at an average depth of 14 m
Base of shaft: su = 42 kPa
Layer 1: Clay from 3 m to 10 m; Layer 2: Clay from 10 m to 18 m
TSA: fs is lower of

f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo

0.25

Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab
ESA:

1 sincs' OCR tani

0.5

f s = 'zo
Q f 'x tani' Perimeter i Length i
j

i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q 'z Ab
b

Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equation used in the calculation of end bearing

capacity)

Diameter (m)

0.8

Perimeter (m)

2.51

Area (m )

0.50

TSA

layer
groundwater
1
2

Dept
h
m
3
10
18

thickness
m
0
7
8

Soil
Typ
e

c
c

Unit
weight
kN/m3
0
19.8
17.8

'
deg
0
28
28

su
kPa
0
25
35

Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) 0.6exp(0.126 28) 20.4

TSA : Qult 2.51(13.6 7 22.9 8) (9 179 0.5) 1504kN
ESA : Qult 2.51(11.8 7 28.8 8) (20.4 179 0.5) 2611kN
TSA governs: Qult = 1504 kN

OCR
0
1.44
1

0.00
0.34
0.28

fs
kPa
0.0
13.6
22.9

ESA

fs
kPa
0.0
11.8
28.8

Solution 13.10
Single pile
2

Area = 0.13m , Perimeter = 1.26m

1.5m
Group pile
2

Area = 3.4 = 11.56m , Perimeter = 4 3.4 = 13.6m

z at base = 15(17.5 9.8) = 115.5 kPa
z at center of group = 7.5 (17.5 9.8) = 57.8 kPa
At base

s u = 0.25 115.5 = 28.9 kPa

For friction, take average s u

fs is lower of

28.9
= 14.5 kPa
2

f s = 0.5 su 'zo 0.5 14.5 57.8 14.5kPa and

f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo

0.25

0.5 14.50.75 57.80.25 10.2 kPa

Use fs = 10.2 kPa

OCR=1.2, = 0.32, Nq = 26.3
TSA Block Mode failure

Q f = 1 10.2 13.6 15 = 2080 kN

Q b = 9 28.9 11.56 = 3007 kN
Q ult = 2080 + 3007 = 5087 kN

1.5m

TSA Single pile mode failure

Q f = 1 10.2 1.26 15 = 193 kN

Q b = 9 28.9 0.13 = 34 kN
Q ult = 193 + 34 = 227 kN
For 9 piles: Q ult = 9 227 = 2043 kN
ESA Block Mode failure

Q f = 0.32 57.8 13.6 15 = 3773 kN

Q b = 26.3 115.5 11.56 = 35115 kN
Q ult = 3773+ 35115 = 38888 kN
ESA Single pile mode failure

1.26
350kN
13.6
0.13
Q b = 35115
395 kN
11.56
Q ult = 9(350+395) = 6705 kN

Q f = 3773

Single pile mode failure governs

2043
TSA governs: Qa
681kN
3

13.11

The soil profile and soil properties at a site are shown in the table below. A group of 12 concrete
piles in a 3 4 matrix and of length 12 m is used to support a load. The pile diameter is 0.45 m
and pile spacing is 1.5 m. Determine the allowable load capacity for a factor of safety of 2.
Calculate the total settlement (elastic and consolidation) under the allowable load. Assume Ep = 20
106 kPa.

Depth (m)
0 to 3

Type of deposit
Sand

= 17 kN/m3, cs' 28
Eso = 19 MN/m2

Groundwater level at 3 m
3 to 6

Soil test results

sat = 17.5 kN/m3,

Sand

cs' 30

Eso = 18 MN/m2

6 to 15

sat = 18.5 kN/m3,

Clay

cs' 27

su = 30 kPa
Cc = 0.4, Cr = 0.06,
OCR = 1.5
Eso = 30 MN/m2, v = 0.3

15to 17

sat = 18 kN/m , cs' 24

3

Soft clay

su = 20 kPa
Cc = 0.8, OCR = 1.0
Eso' 10 MN/m2 , v 0.3

>17

Rock

Solution 13.11
I
6m
II

sand
9m
clay

III
3m

3m

IV
12 piles, 3x4 matrix, L = 12m D = 0.45m

Soft clay

s =3D = 3(0.45) = 1.35. Try s = 1.5m

2

Single pile: perimeter = D =1.41m, Area = 0.159 m

Group: perimeter = 2(2s + D) + 2(3s + D) = 2(2(1.5)+0.45) + 2(3(1.5) + 0.45) = 16.8 m

A b g = (2(1.5) + 0.45)(3(1.5) + 0.45) = 17.08 m 2

TSA Block failure mode

Sand layer I
= 0.28
At center:

L
3
= 17 =25.5 kPa
2
2

Q f I =0.28 (25.5)(16.8)(3) = 360 kN

Sand Layer II

z = 3(17) + (17.5 9.8)

3
= 62.6 kPa
2

= 0.29
Q f II = 0.29 (62.6)(16.8)(3) = 909 kN
Clay Layer III
fs = 20.3 kPa
Q f III = 20.8(16.8)(6) = 2097 kN
End Bearing:

Q b = 9(30)(17.08) = 4612 kN

Total skin friction: Qf = 360+909+2097 = 3366 kN

Q ult = 3366 + 4612 = 7898 kN
TSA single pile mode
Skin friction: Qf = 3366 x 1.41/16.8 = 283 kN
End Bearing: Q b == 4612 x 0.159/17.08 = 43 kN

Q ult = 9(283 + 43) = 2934 kN

Allowable load capacity

Qa =

2934
= 1467 kN
2

Elastic Settlement (average from Layers I-III)

Qa =

283
= 142 kN
2
Qa
I
E so L

3(19) 3(18) 6(30)

= 24.5 MN m 2 ,
12
I = 0.5 + log (L/D) = 0.5 + log (26.7) = 1.9
Es

E p = 20 x 10 Pa ;
3

L
12
=
= 26.7
D 0.45

es =

24.5

142

103 12

1.9 0.92 103 m 0.92 mm

0.5

R s = 12 =3.5
es g = 0.92(3.5) = 3 mm
Clay Layer III
Load is transferred to 2L/3 from surface
Depth to center of clay layer from load = 12/3 + 3/2 = 5.5m
1467
At center: z =
15kPa
(3.45 5.5)(4.95 5.5)

zo = 3 17 + 3(17.5 - 9.8) + 7.5(18.5 - 9.8) 139 kPa

final = 139 + 15 = 154 kPa
zc = 1.5 154 = 231 kPa > final

At center:

G e

2.7 e o
9.8 ; e o =0.91
sat = s o w ; 18.5 =

1 eo
1 eo
c =

3000
154
0.06 log 10
= 4 mm
1 0.91
139

Clay-Layer IV
Load is transferred to a depth of 2L/3
Depth of load to center of clay = 12/3 + 3 + 1 = 8 m
1467
10kPa
At center: z =
(3.45 8)(4.95 8)

zo = 3 17 + 3(17.5 - 9.8) + 9(18.5 - 9.8) + 1 (18 9.8)161 kPa

final = 161 + 10 = 171 kPa

At center:

2.7 e o
18
=
9 .8
1 eo
c =

e o = 1.02

2000
171
0.8 log
21 mm
1 1.02
161

Total settlement = 3 + 4 + 21 = 28 mm

13.12 The soil at a site consists of a 30 m thick deposit of clay. At a depth 6 m and below it is normally
consolidated. A soil sample from this depth was tested in a direct simple shear (DSS) apparatus. The
DSS gave a normalized undrained shear strength of

su f
' 0.22 where the subscript f denotes
zo DSS

failure (critical state). The average saturated unit weight is 19.8 kN/m3. Groundwater level is at the surface.
From Chapter 11, the normalized undrained shear strength is given by the equation

su f
'
zo

3 sincs'

2
DSS

0.8

OCR

. (a) Plot the variation of undrained shear strength with depth up to

2

a depth of 30 m. (b) Estimate the allowable load capacity for a steel cylindrical pile of diameter 1.5 m,
length 15 m, wall thickness 65 mm driven with a driving shoe (displacement pile). Assume FS = 2.

Solution 13.12
(a)
0.8
su f
3 sincs' OCR
'

2
2
zo DSS

Solve for cs'

3 sincs'
2

1

2
'
'
sincs 0.442; cs 26.2o

0.22DSS

Depth
(m)
m
0
1
2
3
6
8
10.5
12
15
30

'zo
kPa
0
10
20
30
60
80
105
120
150
300

0.8

OCR

su/'zo

6.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
1
1
1
1
1

0.000
0.921
0.529
0.382
0.220
0.220
0.220
0.220
0.220
0.220

su
kPa
0.0
9.2
10.6
11.5
13.2
17.6
23.1
26.4
32.9
65.9

Pile

(b)

Because the undrained shear strength varies with depth, we can integrate it to find the
skin friction. In engineering practice, it is best to take average values of undrained shear
strengths from 0 m to 6 m and then from 6 m to 15 m
0 m to 6 m: su = 11.5 kPa at an average depth of 3 m
6 m to 15 m: su = 23.1 kPa at an average depth of 10.5 m
Base of shaft: su = 32.9 kPa
Layer 1: Clay from 0 m to 6 m; Layer 2: Clay from 6 m to 15 m
TSA: fs is lower of f s = 0.5 su 'zo and f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo

0.25

Qb = fb Ab = Nc su b Ab

ESA: 1 sincs' OCR tani

0.5

f s = 'zo
Q f 'x tani' Perimeter i Length i
j

i 1

Qb = fb Ab = N q 'z Ab
b

Textbook: Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) (This equation used in the calculation of end bearing

capacity)
Diameter (m)

1.5

Perimeter (m)

4.71

Area (m )

1.77

TSA

ESA

layer
groundwater
1
2

Depth
m
0
6
15

thickness
m
0
6
9

Soil
Type

c
c

Unit
weight
kN/m3
0
19.8
19.8

'
deg
0
26.2
26.2

su
kPa
0
11.5
23.5

OCR

Nq = 0.6exp(0.126cs' ) 0.6exp(0.126 26.2) 16.3

TSA : Qult 4.71(7.3 6 17.1 9) (9 32.9 1.77) 1455kN
ESA : Qult 4.71(11.7 6 28.9 9) (16.3 150 1.77) 5883kN
TSA governs: Qult = 1455 kN
Qa = 1455/2 = 728 kN

0
2
1

0.00
0.39
0.27

fs
kPa
0.0
7.3
17.1

fs
kPa
0.0
11.7
28.9

Solution 13.13
Pile group of 10 piles (drilled shafts)
Design load = 2 x 15 = 30 MN
Data
Straight, prismatic drilled shafts
SI
Select units
Design load
350 kN
Shaft diameter
0.5 m
Top of base layer
2 m

FS
Group
Spacing
Matrix

Groundwater

No. of piles

Use N values

Group width

Perimeter
Area

1.57
0.20

m
2
m

Group length
Perimeter

Max end bearing

2900

kPa

Area

layer
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Depth
m
0
2
3
5
7
9
10
12
15
20
28

thickness
m
0
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
3
5
8

Depth
to
center
m
0
1
2.5
4
6
8
9.5
11
13.5
17.5
24

Soil Type

s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s

Unit weight
kN/m3
0
14
15
17
17.5
18
18
19
20.5
20.5
20.5

N60
0
5
7
12
16
18
19
25
38
38
38

Calculate effective vertical stresses and skin friction factor (Eq. 13.42)
center

layer
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Depth
m
0
2
3
5
7
9
10
12
15
20
28

Total
stress
kPa
0
14.0
35.5
60.0
94.5
130.0
157.0
185.0
234.8
316.8
450.0

center

center

base

Porewater
pressure
kPa
0.0
0.0
4.9
19.6
39.2
58.8
73.5
88.2
112.7
151.9
215.6

Effective
stress
kPa
0.0
14.0
30.6
40.4
55.3
71.2
83.5
96.8
122.1
164.9
234.4

Effective
stress
kPa
0.0

Calculate shin friction and end bearing stress (Eq. 13.44)

ESA
ESA

layer
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Depth
m
0
2
3
5
7
9
10
12

fs
kPa
0.0
16.8
15.9
32.6
49.8
57.5
62.2
66.5

fb
kPa
0.0
0.0
120.8
345.0
920.0
1035.0
1092.5
1437.5

33.2
47.6
63.0
79.4
87.6
106.0
138.1
191.6
277.2

n
0.00
0.33
0.47
0.80
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

0.00
1.20
0.52
0.81
0.90
0.81
0.74
0.69
0.60
0.48
0.30

8
9
10

15
20
28

73.2
78.3
70.3

2185.0
2185.0
2185.0

Calculate load capacity for single pile mode failure and for block mode failure.
GROUP FAILURE MODE
SINGLE PILE
BLOCK FAILURE
DIAMETER
WIDTH
0.5
10.5
Depth
Qult
FRICTION
END BEARING
Qult
m
ESA
ESA
ESA
ESA
0
Qf
Qb
MN
MN
MN
MN
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2
0.53
3.43
0.00
3.43
3
0.89
5.05
51.35
56.40
5
2.22
11.71
146.71
158.42
7
4.78
21.86
391.23
413.09
9
6.75
33.58
440.13
473.71
10
7.81
39.92
464.59
504.51
12
10.54
53.50
611.30
664.80
15
15.40
75.90
929.17
1005.07
20
21.51
115.84
929.17
1045.01
28
30.41
173.18
929.17
1102.35
Single pile (shaft) mode governs design.
The length for a design load of 30 MN is 28 m.

Solution 13.14
From Example 13.8
3 6.5
= 4.75MPa
2
Averagesleeve resistance 0.075MPa over a depth of 10m.

Xu and Lehane 2005 : q cav =

Calculate load capacity

2
Di 0.2
D*
Di
1 min 1,
2
D
1.5 D

0.5

0.27 0.2 0.27 2

D*
1 min 1,

2
0.3
1.5 0.3

0.5

D*
0.5
1 0.575 0.65
0.3
D* 0.65 0.3 0.195m
2

D*
2
Cb = 0.15 1 3
0.15 1 3 0.65 0.34

D*

(0.1952 )
Ab
=
= 0.03m2
4
4
Qb Cb qcav Ab = 0.34 4.75 0.03 = 0.049MN
Qb f s DL = 0.075 0.3 10 = 0.707 MN

Qult = 0.049 + 0.707 = 0.756 MN = 756 kN

If the sleeve friction was not measured, the estimated fs at mid-depth of the pile ( h = 5 m) is calculated
as follows.
Ars = 0.652 =0.423 m2
[

)]
[

)]

which is approximately 10% of the measure value.

Solution 13.15
Predictions of Program APILES - Version 1.0 (1988).
This analysis for APILES was developed by M. Budhu and T. Davies.
This PC version of APILES was written by M.Budhu.
We are not responsible for any consequences in using this program.
This analysis is valid for piles whose lengths are greater than their effective length.

TITLE: problem 13.15

Your input data is as follows
PILE DATA
Head type: Fixed head
Length
= 8.00m
Diameter
= .50m
Young's Modulus = .10E+08kPa
Allowable stress = .10E+05kPa
SOIL DATA
Soil type: Stiff clay
Unit weight of soil: 10.0000kN/m^3
Earth pressure coefficient: 1.00
Adhesion factor
= .50
Young's modulus
= .20E+05kPa
Undrained shear strength = .40E+02kPa
The working load is:

223.61kN

The displacements are computed at the point at which the load is applied.
The bending moments and rotations are computed at ground surface

load
kN
3.79
20.74
23.40
34.63
44.97
54.23
86.79
91.49
97.05
146.61
151.32
152.25
217.59
218.87
219.65
221.96
226.08
236.99
263.77
275.87
285.89
296.61
296.72
299.01
306.88
325.85
327.31
333.87
357.59
368.64
375.15
376.37
384.51
394.23
422.70
427.94
429.16
436.26
454.17

disp
mm
.15
.62
.69
1.11
1.65
2.11
4.01
4.28
4.62
9.28
9.72
9.81
19.95
20.24
20.42
20.97
21.94
24.59
31.08
34.01
37.48
41.21
41.25
42.05
44.84
51.72
52.45
55.76
67.70
73.30
76.63
77.25
82.62
89.41
109.43
113.12
114.17
120.51
136.60

moment
kNm

rotation
radians

.00
.00
.00
.02
.00
.02
.00
.04
.00
.06
.00
.08
.00
.14
.00
.15
.00
.16
.00
.30
.00
.32
.00
.32
.00
.60
.00
.61
.00
.61
.00
.63
.00
.65
.00
.71
.00
.87
.00
.94
.00
1.02
.00
1.10
.00
1.10
.00
1.12
.00
1.18
.00
1.33
.00
1.35
.00
1.41
.00
1.65
.00
1.76
.00
1.82
.00
1.83
.00
1.93
.00
2.05
.00
2.41
.00
2.48
.00
2.49
.00
2.60
.00
2.86

max.B.M. depth to max.B.M.

kNm
m
1.67
1.18
8.43
1.07
9.57
1.07
16.77
1.10
24.13
1.17
30.93
1.21
53.16
1.37
56.53
1.38
60.17
1.39
108.52
1.51
113.11
1.52
114.00
1.52
202.72
1.67
204.82
1.68
206.08
1.68
209.87
1.69
216.65
1.71
233.26
1.75
279.29
1.86
300.46
1.89
319.79
1.94
340.93
1.99
341.16
1.99
345.72
2.00
361.57
2.03
400.41
2.10
403.48
2.10
417.40
2.14
469.40
2.25
494.39
2.30
509.65
2.33
512.54
2.34
531.72
2.38
555.03
2.42
625.87
2.56
639.33
2.58
642.47
2.59
660.96
2.62
708.62
2.70

500
450
400
350
300
Lateral load
250
(kN)
200
150
100
50
0
0

50

100

Pile head displacement (mm)

(b) The working load is:

(c) Max BM = 213 kN.m

223.61kN

(d) Pile head deflection = 22 mm

150