PA-Solutions 4012 PDF

MAAE 4102 - Strength and Fracture
CARLETON UNIVERSITY
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Stress Life
1.
A method used to present mean stress fatigue data is to generate a family of curves on an
S-N plot, with each curve representing a different stress ratio, R. Generate the curves for
R values of -1, 0 and 0.5 for a steel with an ultimate strength of 100 ksi. For this
example, use the Gerber relationship to generate these curves. Use Eqn. 1 to estimate the
fully reversed (R = -1) fatigue behaviour between 103 and 106 cycles.
(1)
Solution:
The Gerber relationship in general form is

The alternating stress level can be obtained using equation 1 above
Case 1
R = -1
This case is the same as fully reversed ( = 0)
@
@
@
@
N = 103
N = 104
N = 105
N = 106
SN
SN
SN
SN
=
=
=
=
a
a
a
a
R = -1
= 90 ksi
= 74 ksi
= 61 ksi
= 50 ksi
Case 2
R=0
This case is the same as maximum loading where a = m . Substituting into the Gerber
equation
Problem Set Solutions

Page 1 of 31
If values of SN are substituted the equation can be solved for a

R = -1
R= 0
@ N = 103 SN = 90 ksi
a = 58.8 ksi
@ N = 104 SN = 74 ksi
a = 53.1 ksi
@ N = 105 SN = 61 ksi
a = 47.3 ksi
6
@ N = 10
SN = 50 ksi
a = 41.4 ksi
Case 3
R = 0.5
From the definition of stress ratio min = 0.5 max
This gives the following relationships:
Therefore a = 3 m Substituting in the Gerber equation and solving for a

R= -1
R = 0.5
@ N = 103 SN = 90 ksi
a = 27.7 ksi
@ N = 104 SN = 74 ksi
a = 26.7 ksi
@ N = 105 SN = 61 ksi
a = 25.4 ksi
6
@ N = 10
SN = 50 ksi
a = 24.0 ksi
The a values for various R cases can be plotted on an S - N curve.

Page 2 of 31
2.
Another method used to present mean stress fatigue data is to generate a family of curves
on an S-N plot, with each curve representing a different mean stress value, m. Generate
the curves for mean stress values of 0, 20 and 40 ksi for a steel with an ultimate strength
of 100 ksi. For this example, use the goodman relationship to generate these curves.
Again use eqn. (1) to estimate the fully reversed (mean = 0) fatigue behaviour.
SOLUTION
The Goodman relationship is:
The alternating stress level for a given life can be determined from:
Case 1
m = 0 (same as fully reversed loading)

@
@
@
@
Case 2
N = 103
N = 104
N = 105
N = 106
SN
SN
SN
SN
=
=
=
=
a
a
a
a
R = -1
= 90 ksi
= 74 ksi
= 61 ksi
= 50 ksi
m = 20 ksi
Substituting this value of m into the Goodman equation for different value of SN gives:
@
@
@
@
Case 3
N = 103
N = 104
N = 105
N = 106
SN
SN
SN
SN
R = -1
m = 20 ksi
= 90 ksi a = 72 ksi
= 74 ksi
a = 59 ksi
= 61 ksi
a = 49 ksi
= 50 ksi
a = 40 ksi
m = 40 ksi
Substituting this value of m into the Goodman equation for different value of SN gives:
@
@
@
@
N = 10
N = 104
N = 105
N = 106
SN
SN
SN
SN
R = -1
m = 40 ksi
= 90 ksi a = 54 ksi
= 74 ksi
a = 44 ksi
= 61 ksi
a = 37 ksi
= 50 ksi
a = 30 ksi
The a for various m can now be plotted on a S-N curve

Page 3 of 31

Page 4 of 31
3.
Given a material with an ultimate strength of 70 ksi, an endurance limit of 33 ksi, and a
true fracture strength of 115 ksi, determine the allowable zero to maximum (R = 0) stress
which can be applied for 103, 104, 105 and 106 cycles. Make predictions using the
Goodman, Gerber and Morrow relationships.
SOLUTION:
For R = 0 and m = a the mean stress equations can be written as:
Goodman:
Gerber:
Morrow:
When Su = 70 ksi and f = 115 ksi

Find SN from
Given
Se = 33 ksi and using S1000 = 0.9 Su = 63 ksi

C = 2.08
b = -0.094
Substituting in this equation for each value of cycles and then in the Goodman, Gerber and
Morrow equations for the effect of mean stress we get them following values:
Note: at R = 0 max = 2 a
i.e
at 103
Goodman
Gives a = 33 ksi

Page 5 of 31
R=0
103 cycles
104 cycles
105 cycles
106 cycles
a
(ksi)
max
(ksi)
a
(ksi)
max
(ksi
a
(ksi)
max
(ksi
a
(ksi)
max
(ksi
33
66
29.4
58.8
25.8
51.6
22.4
44.8
Gerber
41.2
82.4
36.7
73.4
32.2
64.4
27.8
55.6
Morrow
40.7
81.4
35.1
70.2
30.1
60.2
25.6
51.2
Goodman

Page 6 of 31
4.
A component undergoes a cyclic stress with a maximum value of 75 ksi and a minimum
value of -5 ksi. Determine the mean stress, stress range, stress amplitude, stress ratio and
amplitude ratio. If the component is made from a steel with an ultimate strength of 100
ksi, estimate its life using the Goodman relationship.
SOLUTION:
max = 75 ksi
min = - 5 ksi
Mean Stress
Alternating Stress
Stress ratio
Amplitude ratio
Using the Goodman relationship
Given
a = 40 ksi
Solving for SN
m = 35 ksi
and Su = 100 ksi
SN = 61.5 ksi
Estimating
Se as 0.5 Su , S1000 as 0.9 Su
and substituting in
N = 8.9 x 104 cycles

Page 7 of 31
5.
A switching device consists of a rectangular cross-section metal cantilever 200 mm in

length and 30 mm in width. The required operating displacement at the free end is 2.7
mm and the service life is to be 100,000 cycles. To allow for scatter in life performance a
factor of 5 is employed on endurance. Using the fatigue curves given in Figure,
determine the required thickness of the cantilever if made in (a) mild steel, (b) aluminum
alloy. Esteel = 208 GN/m2, E Aluminum = 79 GN/m2.
SOLUTION
For a cantilever
Factored endurance
from figure
= 5 x 100,000
5 x 105 cycles
for mild steel

For Aluminum
for steel
for aluminum
(x)
(C)
Aluminum Alloy 24S-T3 reversed axial stress

Mild Steel reversed axial stress

Page 8 of 31
6.
A pressure vessel support bracket is to be designed so that it can withstand a tensile

loading cycle of 0-500 MN/m2 once every day for 25 years. Which of the following steels
would have the greater tolerance to intrinsic defects in this application: (i) a maraging
steel (KIC = 82 MN m -(3/2), C = 0.15 x 10-11, m = 4.1), or (ii) a medium-strength steel (KIC
= 50 MN m-(3/2), C = 0.24 x 10-11, m = 3.3)? For the loading situation a geometry factor of
1.12 may be assumed.
SOLUTION
The number of cycles in 25 years = Nf = 1 x 365 x 25 = 9125
( i)
(ii)
In a similar way for medium strength steel
Which is more damage tolerant ?

Page 9 of 31
7.
A series of crack growth tests on a moulding grade of polymethyl methacrylate gave the
following results:
da/dN (m/cycle)
K(MN m-3/2)
2.25 x 10-7
0.42
4 x 10-7
0.53
If the material has a critical stress

intensity factor of 1.8 MN m-3/2
and it is known that the moulding
process produces defects 40 m
long, (2a), estimate the maximum
repeated tensile stress which
could be applied to this material
for at least 106 cycles without
causing fatigue failure.
From the graph:
so
c = 2 x 10-6
m = 2.513
= 2.13 MN/m2
Page 10 of 31
6.2 x 10-7
0.63
17 x 10-7
0.94
29 x 10-7
1.17
8.
A series of tensile fatigue tests on stainless steel strips containing a central through hole
gave the following values for the fatigue endurance of the steel. If the steel strips were
100 mm wide, comment on the notch sensitivity of the steel.
Hole diameter (mm)
Fatigue endurance (MN/m2)
No hole
600
5
250
10
270
20
320
Solution:
The Kt values for a strip with a central hole may be obtained from Peterson ( see figure):
The un-notched fatigue endurance is 600
MN/m2
For the 5mm hole Kt = 2.84
Also Kf = 600/250 = 2.4
Therefore
Similarly for other holes:

d
(mm)
Kt
Kf
2.84
2.4
0.76
10
2.74
2.22
0.7
20
2.5
1.875
0.58
25
2.44
1.622
0.43
The high values of q indicate that the steel is notch sensitive.

Page 11 of 31
25
370
9.
The fatigue endurances from the S-N curve for a certain steel are:
Stress (MN/m2)
Fatigue endurance (cycles)
350
380
410
2,000,000
500,000
125,000
If a component manufactured from this steel is subjected to 600,000 cycles at 350 MN/m2
and 150,000 cycles at 380 MN/m2, how many cycles can the material be expected to
withstand at 410 MN/m2 before fatigue failure occurs, assuming that Miners cumulative
damage theory applies?
Solution:
Using cumulative damage theory

Page 12 of 31
Strain Life
1.
It has been determined that a certain steel (E = 30 x 103 ksi) follows the following true
stress, , true plastic strain, p, relation:
The true plastic strain at fracture was found to be 0.48. Determine:

a)
True fracture strength, f
b)
Total true strain at fracture
c)
Strength coefficient, K
d)
Strain hardening exponent, n
e)
Strength at 0.2% offset, Sy
f)
Percent reduction in area, % RA
g)
True fracture ductility, f
SOLUTION
(a)
True fracture strength, f
b)
Total true strain at fracture
c)
Strength coefficient, K
K = 360 ksi
d)
Strain hardening exponent, n

n = 0.11
e)
Strength at 0.2% offset, Sy

This is the stress corresponding to a plastic strain of 0.002

Page 13 of 31
f)
Percent reduction in area, % RA
RA = 0.381 or 38 %
g)
True fracture ductility, f

Page 14 of 31
2.
The following stress-strain and strain-life properties are given for a steel:
E = 30 x 10 ksi
KN = 137 ksi
b = -0.11
c = -0.64
SOLUTION
a)
Elastic strain-life
intercept at 2Nf = 1 of
Plastic strain-life
intercept at 2Nf = 1 of
Determine the transition life (2Nt). From graph 2Nt = 30,000 reversals
using equation
2Nt = 30,366 reversals

Page 15 of 31
nN = 0.22
b)
Draw the hysteresis loops corresponding to strain amplitude (/2) values of 0.05,
0.00125 and 0.0007. Determine the fatigue life in reversals at these three strain levels.
by iteration
/2 = 0.05
/2 = 70.1 ksi
2Nf = 100
/2 = 0.0125 /2 = 24.18 ksi
2Nf = 3 x 105
/2 = 0.0007 /2 = 18 ksi
2Nf = 1 x 107
For /2 = 0.05
For /2 = 0.0125
The hysteresis loop for 0.0007 is almost a straight line

Page 16 of 31
Using the computer program the life can be calculated
Modulus of Elasticity
= 30000
Fatigue Strength Coefficient
= 120.0
Fatigue Strength Exponent
= -0.11
Fatigue Ductility Coefficient
=
0.95
Fatigue Ductility Exponent
=
-0.64
Cyclic Strength Coefficient (K)
= 137.0 input
Cyclic Strain Hardening Exp. (N)
= 0.22 input
_______________________________________________________
Strain Mean Max.
Amplitude Stress Stress
Life In Reversals
_____________________________
Morrow
Man-Hal
________________________________________________________
c)
SWT
.05000
.00125
.00070
0.00
0.00
0.00
70.1
24.8
18.0
1.075E+02
3.514E+05
1.122E+07
1.075E+02
3.514E+05
1.112E+07
1.109E+02
5.992E+05
1.775E+07
.00800
0.00
45.2
2.527E+03
2.527E+03
3.024E+03
Determine the elastic, plastic and total strain amplitude for a life (2Nf) of 2 x 106
reversals.
= 0.0008111 + 0.0000881
= 0.000899

Page 17 of 31
d)
life (2Nf) of 500 reversals.
= 0.002109 + 0.017798
= 0.019818
e)
Determine the cyclic stress amplitude corresponding to fatigue lives of 500 and 2 x 106
reversals.
Basquin Equation
at 2Nf = 500
at 2Nf = 2 x 106
f)
From computer program at a strain amplitude of 0.008 the life is 2500 reversals. (See
computer results above) This component will not meet the life requirements.

Page 18 of 31
3.
Smooth aluminum specimens are subjected to two series of cyclic load-controlled tests.
The first test (level A) varies between a maximum stress value, max, of 21.3 ksi and a
minimum value, min, of -30.1 ksi. The second test (level B) varies between 61.5 and 10.1
ksi. Predict the life to failure, in reversals, at the two levels. Use the Morrow, MansonHalford and Smith-Watson-Topper relationships for the predictions. Assume that there is
no mean stress relaxation. The material properties for the aluminum are
E = 10.6 x 103 ksi
KN = 95 ksi
Nf = 160 ksi
b = -0.124
Nf = 0.22
c = -0.59
nN = 0.065
Listed below are actual test results at the two levels. Three tests were run at each of the
levels. Compare the predictions to these values.
Level
Test Results: Lives in Reversals, 2Nf
5.4 x 105
5.5 x 105
7.2 x 105
5.6 x 104
6.4 X 104
6.9 X 104
SOLUTION
Using the following equations:
Mean Stress
Stress Range
Stress Amplitude
The strain amplitude can be determined using:

Page 19 of 31
Therefore:
MAX
MIN
/2
/2
Case A
21.3
- 30.1
- 4.4
25.7
0.002425
Case B
61.5
10.1
35.8
25.7
0.002425
The results from the life prediction program

Modulus of Elasticity
= 10600
Fatigue Strength Coefficient
= 160.0
Fatigue Strength Exponent
= -0.124
Fatigue Ductility Coefficient
=
0.22
Fatigue Ductility Exponent
=
-0.59
Cyclic Strength Coefficient (K)
= 59.0 input
Cyclic Strain Hardening Exp. (N)
= 0.065 input
_______________________________________________________
Strain Mean Max.
Amplitude Stress Stress
Life In Reversals
_____________________________
Morrow
Man-Hal
________________________________________________________
.002425
.002425
-4.4
35.8
21.3
61.5
3.498E+06
4.626E+05
3.545E+06
3.694E+05
SWT
5.646E+06
9.842E+04
Comparing these predictions with measured result, note that all three methods give nonconservative estimates.

Page 20 of 31
Fracture Mechanics
1.
A large plate made of AISI 4340 steel contains an edge crack and is subjected to a tensile
stress of 40 ksi. The material has an ultimate strength of 260 ksi and a Kc value of 45 ksi
%in. Assume that the crack is much smaller than the width of the plate. Determine the
critical crack size.
SOLUTION:
Since the ratio of crack length to plate width, a /b is very small the SIF is given by:
For a KC = 45 ksi/in and a stress = 40 ksi
aC = 0.32 in
2.
A large cylindrical bar made of 4140 steel (y = 90 ksi) contains an embedded circular
(penny shaped) crack with a 0.1 in. diameter. Assume that the crack radius, is much
smaller than the radius of the bar, R, so that the bar may be considered infinitely large
compared to the crack. the bar is subjected to a tensile stress of 50 ksi. Determine the
plastic zone size at the crack tip. Are the basic LEFM assumptions violated?
SOLUTION:
Since the crack size is much small than the radius of the bar, the SIF for a circular
embedded crack in an infinite body, can be used.
Therefore:
Since the crack is embedded in a large cylindrical bar plane strain conditions are
developed and the plastic zone size is given by:
Since rY is very much smaller than a the LEFM assumptions are not violated
Page 21 of 31
3.
A very wide late made from Al 7075-T651 (KIc = 27 ksi %in., y = 80 ksi) contains an
edge crack. Plot the allowable nominal stress (ksi) as a function of crack size, (in
inches), if the design requirements specify a factor of safety of 2 on the critical stress
intensity factor. If the plate specifications were changed so that Al 7050-T73651 was
used (KIc = 35 ksi %in., y = 70 ksi), re-plot the curve. For a nominal stress of one-half the
yield stress, determine the increase in allowable flaw size by changing from the Al 7075
alloy to the Al 7050 alloy.
SOLUTION:
For a very wide edge cracked plate the SIF is given by:
For the 7075 -T651 Al alloy the material yields at a stress of 80 ksi. Therefore the
smallest crack that can occur while the material remains nominally elastic is:
a = 0.007 in
For the 7050-T73651 Al alloy the smallest crack that can occur while the material
remains nominally elastic is:
a = 0.016 in
The allowable crack size as a function of crack size is shown below:

Page 22 of 31
For a nominal stress of the yield stress the allowable flaw size for
7075 alloy
a = 0.029 in
7050 alloy
a = 0.063 in
The 12.5% reduction in yield strength is overshadowed by the 117% increase in allowable
flaw size.

Page 23 of 31
4.
Design a pressure vessel that is capable of withstanding a static pressure of 1000 psi and
that will leak-before-burst. The required material has a fracture toughness of 60 ksi
%in. and a yield strength of 85 ksi. The diameter of the vessel is specified to be 4 ft. A
crack with surface length of 1 in. can reliably be detected. Since the cost of the vessel is
related directly to the amount of material used, optimize the design so that the cost is
minimized.
SOLUTION:
The stress intensity factor for a 1 inch crack must be less than the fracture toughness for
the vessel to leak before break, KI < KIC
The stress intensity factor for a semi-elliptical crack is
The shape parameter Q is found from the graph.

Given: KIC = 60 ksi/in
Y = 85 ksi
dia = 48 in
pressure = 1000 psi
The stress due to the pressure is:
The ratio / Y is:
To leak before break, the crack dimension, a is equal to the wall thickness, t.
The SIF is:
Using the figure solve this equation iteratively

t
/ Y
KI
0.35 0.81
1.6
63.67
too large
0.4
0.71
1.85
55.39
The optimum design results in a wall thickness of 0.37 in
Page 24 of 31
5.
A component made from 7005-T53 aluminum contains a semi-circular surface crack (a/c
= 1) and is subjected to R = 0.1 loading with a stress range, , of 250 MPa. (Refer to
Example 1 for an expression for the stress intensity range, K.) the following crack
growth data were obtained in laboratory air environment. Using these data:
a)
b)
c)
Plot crack length, (mm), versus cycles, N

Plot da/dN versus K. Identify the three regions of crack growth.
Determine the Paris law constants, C and m, for the linear region of crack growth.
________________________________________________________
N (cycles)
a (mm)
da/dN (mm)
_________________________________________________________
95,000
0.244
100,000
0.246
7.00 x 10-7
105,000
0.251
3.920 x 10-6
110,000
0.285
9.665 x 10-6
115,000
0.347
1.053 x 10-5
125,000
0.414
1.230 x 10-5
130,000
0.490
2.063 x 10-5
135,000
0.621
4.661 x 10-5
140,000
0.956
9.565 x 10-5
145,000
1.577
3.964 x 10-4
147,000
2.588
1.105 x 10-3
147,400
3.078
1.554 x 10-3
147,500
3.241
8.758 x 10-3
147,500
3.445
__________________________________________________________

Page 25 of 31
SOLUTION:
The SIF for a semi-elliptical crack is:
for a semi-circular crack /Q is /2 therefore
For a = 0.244 mm
N (cycles)
a (mm)
K
(MPa/m)
da/dN (mm)
Log(K)
Log(da/dN)
95000
0.244
4.93
100000
0.246
4.95
7.00 x 10-7
0.695
-6.155
105000
0.251
3.920 x 10-6
0.699
-5.406
110000
0.285
5.33
9.665 x 10-6
0.727
-5.015
115000
0.347
5.89
1.053 x 10-5
0.77
-4.977
125000
0.414
6.43
1.230 x 10-5
0.808
-4.91
130000
0.49
6.99
2.063 x 10-5
0.845
-4.686
135000
0.621
7.87
4.661 x 10-5
0.896
-4.332
140000
0.956
9.77
9.565 x 10-5
0.99
-4.019
145000
1.577
12.55
3.964 x 10-4
1.099
-3.402
147000
2.588
16.07
1.105 x 10-3
1.206
-2.957
147400
3.078
17.53
1.554 x 10-3
1.244
-2.808
147500
3.241
17.99
8.758 x 10-3
1.255
-2.058
147500
3.445
18.54

Page 26 of 31
The a vs N curve is:
The da/dN plot is:
For all points:

Neglecting points 1to 3 and point11

Page 27 of 31
6.
Calculate the critical defect size for each of the following steels assuming they are each
subjected to a stress of 0.5y. Comment on the results obtained.
Yield Strength y
(MN/m2)
Fracture Toughness
(MN-3/2)
Mild Steel
207
200
Low-alloy Steel
500
160
Medium Carbon Steel
1000
280
High-carbon Steel
1450
70
18% Ni (Maraging)
Steel
1900
75
Tool Steel
1750
30
Steel
SOLUTION
Critical defect size
For mild steel
Critical Defect Size 2c = 2 x 1.189 = 2.38 m
Steel
Yield
Strength y
(MN/m2)
Fracture
Toughness
(MN-3/2)
ac
(mm)
Critical Defect
Size 2ac
(mm)
Mild Steel
207
200
1189
2378
Low-alloy Steel
500
160
130.
260
Medium Carbon Steel
1000
280
100
200
High-carbon Steel
1450
70
2.97
5.9
18% Ni (Maraging) Steel
1900
75
1.98
4.0
Tool Steel
1750
30
0.374
0.75
LEFM can be applied to high strength steels because critical defect size is small, however
materials such as mils steel would require very large specimens in order to achieve this critical
defect size

Page 28 of 31
7.
A sheet of glass 0.5 m wide and 18 mm thick is found to contain a number of surface
cracks 3 mm deep and 10 mm long. If the glass is placed horizontally on two suports,
calculate the maximum spacing of the supports to avoid the fracture of the glass due to its
own weight. For glass KIC = 0.3 (MN-3/2) and density = 2600 kg/m3.
SOLUTION
The worst case is when the defect is midway between the supports on the bottom of the plate
The aspect ratio of the defect
= a / 2c = 3/10 = 0.3
For a semi-elliptical flaw
Using the Flaw Shape Parameter graph of Question 5 and assuming that /YS = 0
The Shape Parameter Q = 1.62
= 3.52 MN / m2
From beam theory the stress at the crack is

where
weight per unit length w = 2600 x 0.5 x 0.018 x 9.81 = 230 N /m
L = 1.82 m

Page 29 of 31
8.
The accident report on a steel pressure vessel which fractured in a brittle manner when the
internal pressure of 19 MN/m2 had been applied to it shows that the vessel had a
longitudinal crack 8 mm long and 3.2 mm deep. A subsequent fracture mechanics test on
a sample of the steel showed that it had a KIC value of 75 MN-3/2 . If the vessel diameter
was 1 m and the thickness was 10 mm, determine whether the data reported are consistent
with the observed failure.
The aspect ratio of the defect
= a / 2c = 3.2 / 8 = 0.4
For a semi-elliptical flaw
Using the Flaw Shape Parameter graph of Question 5 and assuming that /YS = 0
The Shape Parameter Q = 2.0
For a thin walled cylinder

Hence LEFM predicts quite accurately the observed fracture pressure of 10 MN/m2

Page 30 of 31
9.
An aluminum alloy plate with a yield stress of 450 MN/m2 fails in service at a stress of
110 MN/m2 . The conditions are plane stress and there is some indication of ductility at
the fracture. If a surface crack of 20 mm long is observed at the fracture plane calculate
the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip. Calculate also the percentage error likely if
LEFM was used to obtain the fracture toughness of this material.
SOLUTION
(i) Using LEFM
(ii) Using the plastic zone correction
Hence the % error in using LEFM would be 1.5%

Page 31 of 31

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MAAE 4102 - Strength and Fracture

The Gerber relationship in general form is

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4102 - Strength and Fracture

If values of SN are substituted the equation can be solved for a

Therefore a = 3 m Substituting in the Gerber equation and solving for a

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4102 - Strength and Fracture

m = 0 (same as fully reversed loading)

The a for various m can now be plotted on a S-N curve

MAAE 4102 - Strength and Fracture

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4102 - Strength and Fracture

When Su = 70 ksi and f = 115 ksi

Se = 33 ksi and using S1000 = 0.9 Su = 63 ksi

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4102 - Strength and Fracture

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4102 - Strength and Fracture

and Su = 100 ksi

Se as 0.5 Su , S1000 as 0.9 Su

N = 8.9 x 104 cycles

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

A switching device consists of a rectangular cross-section metal cantilever 200 mm in

for mild steel

Aluminum Alloy 24S-T3 reversed axial stress

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

A pressure vessel support bracket is to be designed so that it can withstand a tensile

In a similar way for medium strength steel

Which is more damage tolerant ?

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

If the material has a critical stress

From the graph:

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

Similarly for other holes:

The high values of q indicate that the steel is notch sensitive.

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

Fatigue endurance (cycles)

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

The true plastic strain at fracture was found to be 0.48. Determine:

True fracture strength, f

Total true strain at fracture

Strain hardening exponent, n

Strength at 0.2% offset, Sy

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

Percent reduction in area, % RA

True fracture ductility, f

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

2Nt = 30,366 reversals

Problem Set Solutions

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

The hysteresis loop for 0.0007 is almost a straight line

MAAE 4012 - Strength and Fracture

Using the computer program the life can be calculated

Problem Set Solutions