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EXAMINATION
December2002
DURATION: 3

HOURS

Department
Name&
CourseNumber:
CourseInstructor(s):

No. of Students:55

Mechanical & AerospaceEngineering AERO 4306

M. L Yaras

|zED MEMORANDA

open books and notes,calculator

Students MUST count the number of pages in this examinationquestion paper before beginning to
write, and report any discrepancy immediately to a proctor. This question paper has 3
pages.

This examinationquestion MAy

be taken from the examination room.

Answer all 5 questions. They are of equal value.

l. A rectangularwing (.aspect
ratio : I l) is being designedto give an elliptic lift distribution
at cruise:
r

L= Lo

:,2

r-l-l-l
\bt2)

The airfoil sectionis a NACA 631412, and the angleof attackat the root (50)
is 5.5 degreeslor cruiseconditions. Determinethe cruiselift and drag coefficients.
2. A communicationssatellitewas carriedby the SpaceShuttleinto a LEO (Low Earth
Orbit) at an altitude of 322 km and is to be transferredto a GEO (Geosynchronous
Earth
Orbit) at 35,890 km using a Hohmanntransfer.Find the specificangularmomentumand
time of flight of the satelliteon this trajectory.Determinethe total AV requiredfor this
transfer.

,t"C

w
AERO4306
FinalExamination
December
2002

The aircraft data to be usedfor questions3 to 5 is given below.

V
747-4A0

36 l l 1l n
{1 l .l r 0 m }

84fr0
n5ft2
ref : www.boeirg.com

aircraft type : Boeing 747-400 widebody transport aircraft

maximumtake-offmass:397,000 kg
emptymass: 183,200kg
maximum fuel capacity: 173,520kg
wing area: 525 m'
aerodynamicproperties:
CL.* (cruiseconfiguration): 1.65
(take-off configuration): 1.90
Cr_,nr*
C1.u*(landing configuration): 2.75
Cn o:0.019
engines: four turbofan engineseachwith 281,400N of max. staticthrust and 800 ke/s
massflow.rateat sealevel.
specificfuel consumption: 0.06 kgN-hr (can be assumedto be constant)

Fl /

AERO4306
Final Examination
December
2002
3. For maximum-weighttake-offwith a full load of fuel, determinethe valuesof initial and
final cruisespeed& altitudethat will maximize the range.Calculatethe corresponding
range.You may assumethat 5o/oof the total fuel is consumedfor take-offand climb to
initial cruisealtitude,and that 30 min. of fuel reservesare to be availableat the end of the
flight.
4. Using the specificexcesspower envelopefor the Being 747-400operatingat continuous
maximum thrust settings,given in the figure below, determinethe bestclimb path from
takeoffto 11,000maltitude and250mls.Sketchthe path onto the figure on this page,and
hand in the page togetherwith your examination booklet. Estimate the time required to
climb from sealevel to this altitudebasedon the bestclimb path.

Specific Excess Power {m/s)

18000

5
10
20

16000

40

14000
12000
10000
h (m)
8000
6000
4000
2000

V (m/s)

5. Given that this aircraft is operatingat its maximum take-off weight, using a detailed
analysis,predict the ground roll distancefrom standingstartto the point at w.hichthe
wheelsbecomeairborne.The friction coefficient for a standardtarmacrunwa.ysan be
taken as 0.02, and vou may neglectthe groundroll beyondthe rotation point. You may
also assumethat the airplaneattitudeduring ground roll gives CL:O.25.