Professional Documents
Culture Documents
47. genome
48. restriction enzyme
49. restriction fragment
50. plasmid
51. vector
52. ligation
53. gene therapy
54. recombinant DNA
55. clone
56. GMO
Basics
1. The following pairs of letters represent alleles of different genotypes. Indicate which
pairs are Heterozygous and which are Homozygous. Also indicate whether the
homozygous pairs are Dominant or Recessive (*note heterozygous pairs dont need
either dominant nor recessive labels.)
A. DD homozygous, dominant
D. ss ______________________
B. Dd _heterozygous______
E. Yy ______________________
C. dd __________________ F. WW ____________________
2. In humans, brown eye color (B), is dominant over blue eye color (b). What are the
phenotypes of the following genotypes?
A. BB ________________________
B. bb ________________________
C. Bb ________________________
If this cross produced 50 seeds how many would you predict to have a wrinkled
pod? ______
a.
b.
What is the probability that the next child will also be normal? __________
c.
d.
What is the probability of having a child that dies at one from this disorder?
__________
5. In humans, free earlobes (F) is dominant over attached earlobes (f). If one
parent is homozygous dominant for free earlobes, while the other has
attached earlobes, can they produce any children with attached earlobes?
a.
b.
Some times we only know about the offspring and we want to learn about the parents. If
you have been paying attention, you should have started to notice a pattern. You begin
by listing the known genotype of the offspring (usually the recessive trait because you
should know those letters). Keep in mind that one letter (allele) came from each parent.
*Remember that your prediction for the parents genotype, must also work with any
given phenotypic information (i.e. the letters should be able to match the physical
appearance of the parent).
When an organism has the dominant phenotype, then its genotype can be either
heterozygous or homozygous dominant (you cant tell by looking at it). This type of
problem requires that we do a test cross using a homozygous, recessive organism.
Example: In Dalmatian dogs, the gene for black spots is dominant to the gene for liver
colored spots. If a breeder has a black spotted dog, how can she find out whether it is
homozygous or heterozygous spotted dog?
*B = black spots and b = liver spots
If the breeder finds a black spotted dog, whose ancestry is not known, she cannot tell by
looking at the dog if it is BB or Bb. She should find a liver spotted dog, whose genotype
must be bb and mate it with the black spotted dog in question.
1st is the cross of a heterozygous individual:
8. In another cross, a yellow seeded plant was crossed with another yellow seeded plant
and it produced offspring of which about 25% were green seeded plants.
What are the genotypes of both parents?
9. You found a wild, black mouse. Explain how you would determine the genotype of this
mouse. *Hint in mice, white fur is recessive.
a. Draw Punnett squares for your possible crosses.
b. You have 24 offspring, 23 with black fur and 1 with white fur. What was the
genotype of the mouse? __________
c. If you only had 3 black offspring, can you tell what the genotype was of the
suspect mouse? Explain why or why not.
12. Cross two pink Four oclock flowers (incomplete dominance). Use CRCR = red, CWCW =
white.
a. Complete a Punnett square for this cross.
c.
d.
13. In humans straight hair (HSHS) and curly hair (HCHC) are incompletely dominant, that
result in hybrids who have wavy hair (H SHC). Cross a curly hair female with a wavy haired
male.
a. Complete a Punnett square for this cross.
c.
Codominance
14.A black chicken (CBCB) is crossed with a speckled chicken (C BCW).
a.
Show the Punnett square for the cross.
b.
c.
16. You are blood type O and you marry a person with blood type AB.
a. Complete a Punnett square for this cross.
b. The judge ruled in favor of the mother and ordered Charlie Chaplin to pay child
support costs of the child. Was the judge correct in his decision based on blood
typing evidence? Explain why or why not. *refer to any Punnett squares to support
your answer.
18. Suppose two newborn babies were accidentally mixed up in the hospital. In an effort
to determine the parents of each baby, the blood types of the babies and the parents
were determined.
Baby 1 had type O Mrs. Brown had type B Mrs. Smith had type B
Baby 2 had type A Mr. Brown had type AB Mr. Smith had type B
a. Draw Punnett squares for each couple (you may need to do more than 1 square/
couple)
b. To which parents does baby #1 belong? Why? Hint you may want to refer to
your Punnett squares.
Sex-Linked Traits
19. Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait. A person with hemophilia is lacking certain proteins
that are necessary for normal blood clotting. Hemophilia is caused by a recessive allele
so use XH for normal and Xh for hemophilia. Since hemophilia is sex-linked, remember
a woman will have two alleles (XHXH or XHXh or XhXh) but a man will have only one allele
(XH or Xh). A woman who is heterozygous (a carrier) for hemophilia marries a normal
man:
a. What are the genotypes of the parents?
________________________________________
b. Make a Punnett square for the above cross.
21. Muscular dystrophy is a sex-linked trait. What parental genotypes could produce a
female with muscular dystrophy? Do the Punnett square. *use XM = normal muscles,
and Xm = muscles missing dystrophin protein
Pedigree Charts
23. Use the below pedigree chart to answer the following three questions. Muscle type is
not a sex-linked characteristic. Shaded individuals express slow twitch muscles.
25. List the possible genotypes of the following hemophilia pedigree chart below.
Remember hemophilia is a sex linked trait that is caused by a recessive allele,
therefore you must denote the individuals sex chromosomes as well as the hemophilia
allele (ex: XHXh , XhY .).
Gel Electrophoresis
(2)
(3)
(4)
Useful Websites to the complete the tasks above and to answer the following syllabus
points.
Gene Transfer
3.4.10: Outline a basic technique for gene transfer involving plasmids, a host cell (bacterium, yeast or
other cell), restriction enzyme (endonuclease) and DNA ligase
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/primrose/chapter10.htm
http://plato.acadiau.ca/courses/biol/Microbiology/animtransfer.htm
Animated tutorial.
http://www.biodiv.org/gbo/maps.asp#
Gene Therapy
3.4.13: Outline the process of gene therapy using a named example
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genet
herapy.shtml
Good overview
http://www.genetics-and-society.org/technologies/other/somatic.html
http://www.genome.gov/10004764
Looks OK
The link below is a great resource for the type of biotechnology that we are currently studying. These
should help to solidify some of these ideas. You can either watch these animations from your
computer, (while on the net) or download them to watch whenever you want. To watch these
animations, you will need the Macromedia Flash plug-in to be installed on your computer. This is free
and easily done.
(1)
Investigate & watch each of the biotechnologies listed, that we are covering in the class.
(2)
Ensure you do the fly-over of the chromosome (with the volume up).
Enjoy !
Add labels to the right hand diagram to make this into a good example of gene transfer
HL
Dihybrid Crosses
26.In pea plants, the round seed allele is dominant over the wrinkled seed allele, and
the yellow seed allele is dominant over the green seed allele. The genes for seed
texture and those for seed color are on different chromosomes. A plant
heterozygous for seed texture and seed color is crossed with a plant that is
wrinkled and heterozygous for seed color. *R = round, r = wrinkled, Y= yellow, y =
green
a. Construct a Punnett square (16 boxes) for this cross.
Punnett Square:
If two adults were heterozygous for both traits (EeGg), what are the chances of having a
child that is completely normal? ____________________
Has just PKU? ____________________
Has just galactosemia? ____________________
Has both diseases? ____________________