31.hoa - tong.NS - Assignment.2013 Pakistan Eartquake. On BBC and The Guardian

English Newspaper Style
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Reasons to choose the topic
The 2013 Pakistan earthquake was a magnitude 7.7 earthquake that took place
on 24 September, with an epicenter 66 kilometers north-northeast of Awaran in the
province of Balochistan, southwestern Pakistan. At least 825 people were killed, and
hundreds more were injured. On 28 September another earthquake with a 6.8
magnitude hit Pakistan at a depth of 14.8 km, killing at least 45 people. The
earthquake was apparently powerful enough to raise a small island, meaning "quake
island", in the Arabian Sea, variously reported as being 350 metres to 1 kilometer off
the shore of Gwadar.
Balochistan is the largest province but this is the most sparsely populated areas of Pakistan.
This area frequently occur earthquakes because it is located in the active region of the earth's
crust. This event just occurs within 1 week, but because of the number of its casualties and
devastating power in Pakistan, it immediately becomes one of the hottest news of many TV
channels, newspaper included BBC and The Guardian. They keep close watch on every detail of
the earthquake. Many reporters are spending their concern about the death toll from epicenter of
earthquake, how Pakistan overcomes this problem on news.
Because of these reason, this event made me interested in English articles. Therefore, in this
assignment, I decide to analyze 20 articles about this topic on BBC and Guardian to study about
English newspaper style.
1.2.
Common structure of an article on Guardian.co.uk
1.2.1. Headline
Headlines are the vital part of a newspaper because they are one of the first
thing readers see when they pick up a newspaper. Headline is always at the top of
the article in bold type and bigger side than the body. A headline has two purposes:
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To grab the readers attention
To tell the reader what the story is about.
In general, the headlines on BBC and The Guardian.com sum up the news in the stories they
serve. They distil the news and are specific.
E.g.
Pakistani army appeals for aid for quake-hit Balochistan [art.1]
Pakistan earthquake: hundreds feared dead in remote Baluchistan province [art.13]
1.2.2. Lead
The leads set the tone for the feature stories: they give the reader an idea of what the story is
about and do it in an interesting manner. There are many ways to begin a feature story. A lead
may be description, summary, comparison, question, quotation, etc It seems that articles on
BBC and The Guardian.com all have lead.
E.g.
The worst affected area of the 7.8-magnitude earthquake which hit southwestern Pakistan on Tuesday is the dust-strewn town of Mashkel, located just
a few kilometres from the Iranian border in the province of Balochistan. [art.2]
Militants narrowly miss helicopter carrying head of disaster relief agency,

while Frontier Corps are also shot at nearby
1.2.3. Body
Body is the main part of an article. All the details and information are shown here.
The body of an article on BBC and The Guardian.com has close relation to its other parts.
Journalists build a sound story structure by using facts, statistics, and supporting information in a
logical sequence, adding quotation. On BBC and The Guardian, each paragraph often includes
no more than two sentences.
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1.2.4. Ending
Ending is a common part of articles. One difference between a news story and a feature
story is the ending. Endings for a hard news article occur when all of the information has been
presented according to the inverted pyramid form. By contrast, the feature article needs more
define closure. There are many kinds of ending used in an article on BBC an The Guardian.com:
they may be quote ending, restatement ending, summary ending, surprises ending, etc.
2. LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ARTICLES ABOUT JAPAN

NUCLEAR DISASTER ON BBC AND THE GUARDIAN.COM
2.1.
Syntactical feature of articles about 2013 Pakistan
earthquake on BBC and The Guardian.com

2.1.1. Headline
2.1.1.1.
Structure of headlines
a. Headlines in the form of simple sentence:

Simple sentence with active verbs:
Simple sentence with active verb in present tense:
The headlines have used the present tense to describe events that have
already happened.
E.g. Pakistani army appeals for aid for quake-hit Balochistan [art.1]
Other cases can be found in the headlines: 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 19.
Sentence in future tense
The headlines often use infinitives to refer to the future.
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E.g. Rescuers struggle to reach Pakistan quake zone [art. 4]
Other cases can be found in the headline: 17.
Simple sentence with passive verbs:
E.g. The remote corner of Pakistan flattened by an earthquake [art. 2]
Another case can be found in 7.
b.
Headline in the form of noun phrase:
Headlines are not always complete sentence. Some headlines consist of noun phrases
with no verb.
E.g. Pakistan earthquake: Hundreds dead in Balochistan [art.3]
Other cases can be found in headlines: 13, 15, 18, 20.
General speaking: Headlines in the form of a sentence are the most popular. Most
of the headlines have a subject and a verb - in the form of the complete sentences rather
than the noun phrases with no verbs. They had a common characteristic- a verb. News is
activity and a verb represents action. Headlines often leave out articles and the auxiliary
verb be, have. In headlines, simple form is often used instead of progressive and perfect
form. Above all, prefer active voice to the passive in most of the headlines.
2.1.1.2.
Omission
a. Article omission
Article the and a or an can be omitted from headlines.
E.g.
-
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The Pakistani army appeals for aid for quake-hit in Balochistan.
Scores dead in Pakistan earthquake [art 20]
The Scores dead in the Pakistan earthquake

Other cases can be found in headlines: 2, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19.
b. Verb omission
E.g.
-
The Indian Ocean's newest island here to stay? [art.15]
The Indian Ocean's newest island is a place to stay?

Another case can be found in headlines: 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 18, 20.
Headline in form of simple sentence: 75%

Headline in form of a noun phrase: 25%
Article omission: 55%
Verb omission: 40%
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2.1.1.3.Headline interpreting
Headlines
Article
Interpretation
The Pakistani army appeals for aid
Pakistani army appeals for aid for

quake-hit Balochistan
for quake-hit in Balochistan.

The remote corner of Pakistan was
flattened by an earthquake
The remote corner of Pakistan

flattened by an earthquake
2
Hundreds of people have died in the

earthquake in Balochistan, Pakistan
Pakistan earthquake: Hundreds dead

in Balochistan
3
Rescue are struggling to reach
Rescuers struggle to reach Pakistan

quake zone
Pakistan quake zone

A new island off Gwadar pushing up
Pakistan quake island off Gwadar 'emits
by a Pakistan earthquake emitted
flammable gas'
flammable gas
5
Pakistan have appealed to militants over
Pakistan appeals to militants over
earthquake
earthquake
6
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Pakistani quake area was struck
again
Pakistani quake area struck again

7
Pakistan quake highlighted

Balochistan ethnic fractures
Pakistan quake highlights

Balochistan ethnic fractures
8
A bomb killed three troops in quake

area of Pakistan
Pakistan bomb kills three troops in

quake area
9
Pakistan: Strong earthquake hits south-
A strong earthquake hit south-west of
west
Pakistan
10
A 7.8-magnitude earthquake hit a
7.8-magnitude earthquake hits near
region near the Iran-Pakistan border
Iran-Pakistan border
11
Rescuers headed to the site of
Rescuers head to site of earthquake
earthquake near the Iran-Pakistan
near Iran-Pakistan border
border
12
There are hundreds of feared dead in
Pakistan earthquake: hundreds
remote Baluchistan province in
feared dead in remote Baluchistan

province
Pakistan earthquake
13
Pakistan earthquake death toll rises
The death toll in Pakistan earthquake
as rescuers struggle to help injured
rose as rescuers struggle are helping
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injured people
14
The Indian Ocean's newest island is
a place to stay?
The Indian Ocean's newest island

here to stay?
15
Baluchistan separatists in Pakistan
Baluchistan separatists in Pakistan
fired rockets at a earthquake-relief
fire rockets at earthquake-relief

helicopter
helicopter
16
In Breaking News, a second Pakistani
Breaking News Second Pakistani
Earthquake hit in One Week
Earthquake to Hit in One Week

17
There is the reaction of the Deadly
Deadly Pakistan earthquake: the
Pakistan earthquake
reaction
18
The Pakistan Aftershock hit region
Pakistan Aftershock Hits Region
19
There are the scores dead in the
Pakistan earthquake
Scores dead in Pakistan earthquake
20
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Summary:
In articles about 2013 Pakistan earthquake, headlines in the form of simple
sentence are of big percentage (75%), 25% of headlines in these articles are in the form
of noun phrase, no headline in the form of prepositional phrase. 55% of headlines
omitted articles, and 40% omitted verb.
2.1.2. Lead
The lead should be able to stand alone as a concise overview. It should
define the topic, establish context, explain why the topic is interesting or notable, and
summarize the most important points, including any prominent controversies. The
emphasis given to material in the lead should roundly reflect its importance to the
topic, according to reliable, published sources, and the notability of the articles
subject is usually established in the first few sentences. Significant information
should not appear in the lead if it is not covered in the remainder of the article. There
are many ways to begin an article. Here some of them.
2.1.2.1.
Contrast lead:
E.g.: Barely half an hour after they were jolted by a major earthquake on
Tuesday, people of the Pakistani coastal town of Gwadar had another shock
when they saw a new island emerge in the sea, just over a kilometre from the
shore. [art.5]
2.1.2.2.
Summary lead
Summary lead is used for an in-depth or new-oriented story. It tells the reader
immediately what the story is about, goes in to detail, using quotation and
description to complete the story.
E.g. The Pakistani army has asked aid agencies to help with relief efforts in an
area in the south-west of the country hit by a powerful earthquake. [art.1]
Other cases can be found in the articles: 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 14, 16
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2.1.2.3.
Quote lead
E.g.: An improvised roadside bomb in the earthquake-hit Pakistani province of

Balochistan has killed two soldiers and wounded three others working to help
survivors, army officials have said. [art.9]
Other cases can be found in the articles: 10, 13
2.1.2.4.Direct lead
E.g. A powerful earthquake has killed at least 328 people and wounded
hundreds more in Pakistan's remote south-west province of Balochistan.
[art.3]
Other cases can be found in the articles: 11, 12
2.1.2.5.Suspense lead
E.g. New outcrop of land formed after Pakistan earthquake could be transient
mud volcano, or more permanent fixture [art.15]
The contrast lead: 5%

The summary lead: 40%
The quote lead: 15%
The direct lead: 15%
The suspense lead: 5%
No lead: 20%
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General speaking: The summary leads are mostly used in the articles about 2013
Pakistan earthquake on BBC and The Guardian.com, and no lead is the second. All articles on
BBC have lead, and the articles have no lead belong to The Guardian.com. Meanwhile, the
contrast lead, the quote lead and the direct lead are less used.
2013 Pakistan earthquake was the hot topic on media in September 2013, readers
wanted to update more about the latest news developments of it. Summary lead tell the reader
immediately the main content of the article. Thus, it is understandable why summary lead is
widely used.
2.1.3. Bodies in articles about Pakistan earthquake.

Bodies in the articles about Pakistan earthquake on BBC and The
Guardian.com consist of many small paragraphs, convey several ideas. Most of
paragraphs contain no more than three sentences. Such patterns make articles
more readable. However, not each paragraph conveys on one idea, but one idea
can be expressed by some paragraphs.
2.1.4. Ending
2.1.4.1.
Summary ending:
E.g. Article 2:
Lead: The worst affected area of the 7.8-magnitude earthquake which

hit south-western Pakistan on Tuesday is the dust-strewn town of Mashkel,
located just a few kilometres from the Iranian border in the province of
Balochistan.
Ending: The road journey from Mashkel to Zahidan takes a few hours,
compared with the 15 to 18 hours it takes to reach Balochistan's capital,
Quetta.
So far, one of the few Islamic charities that has managed to reach the remote
town is Jamaat-ud-Dawa.
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The group, considered close the Pakistani army, is led by Hafiz Saeed, the
founder of the banned jihadist outfit, Lashkar-e-Taiba.
Other cases can be found in the articles: 15, 17, 18
2.1.4.2.Proximity ending:
E.g. Article 5
Lead: Barely half an hour after they were jolted by a major earthquake
on Tuesday, people of the Pakistani coastal town of Gwadar had another
shock when they saw a new island emerge in the sea, just over a kilometre
from the shore.
Ending: But while these inland volcanoes have sat along the Makran
coast for centuries, the islands appearing in the sea hardly last more than a
few months.
"One reason is that over a period of time, the pressure that propelled the sea
floor to the surface eases up, causing the islands to subside," he says.
"Another reason is that the fine-grained muddy material of the sedimentary
seabed soon starts to erode due to sea action. In seven or eight months, the
island is gone, and only its signature remains on the seabed.".
Other cases can be found in the articles: 19
2.1.4.3.Restatement ending:
E.g. Article 6
Lead: Officials in Pakistan have made an appeal to separatist militant
groups in the south-western province affected by the deadly earthquake to
halt attacks.
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12

Ending: Awaran is considered a hotbed of the separatist movement and is also
the home of a leading separatist militant, correspondents say.
Other cases can be found in the articles: 14
2.1.4.4.Quote ending:
a. Direct quote ending
E.g. Article 8
Lead: A powerful earthquake in Pakistan's south-western province of
Balochistan killed 400 people and affected more than 300,000 last Tuesday.
Ending: Privately, other army officials say that the force sometimes has
to do what needs to be done to establish the writ of the state.
One official said: "If one of their guys has killed several of my men, what
treatment do you expect me to give him when we catch him?"
Other cases can be found in the article : 20.
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13

The summary ending: 20%
The proximity ending: 10%
The restatement ending: 10%
The quote ending: 10%
No ending: 50%
General speaking: There are several types of ending in articles about
2013 Pakistan earthquake on BBC and The Guardian.com. However, no ending is
the most popular.
2.2.
Lexical features
2.2.1. Common vocabulary

2.2.1.1.
Vocabulary in headline
Newspapers headlines are often written in shorten form in order to

save space, but they cant be too short; they must tell the readers the
news in the articles they serve. Therefore, to satisfy the two requirements
above, the short words that also sound dramatic to grain strength for
headlines are used very regularly.
E.g.
-
Appeal here means request and quake-hit means area was hit by
an earthquake
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-
Rescuers head to site of earthquake near Iran-Pakistan border
[art.12]
Site here means the position, the epicenter of the earthquake.
2.2.1.2.
Vocabulary in lead
In leads, some strong verbs, impressive adjectives, dramatic nouns are

used to get readers interest and curiosity.
E.g.
Nouns:
-
threats from separatist rebels. [Art.13]
Rebel: someone who opposes or fights against people in authority.

-
New outcrop of land formed after Pakistan earthquake [art.15]
Outcrop: a rock or group of rocks above the surface of the sea.
Adjective:
-
which hit south-western Pakistan on Tuesday is the dust-strewn

town of Mashkel, [art.2]
Dust-strewn: dust and desolation from the rubble.

-
.could be transient mud volcano, or more permanent fixture [art.15]
Transient: Working or staying somewhere for only a short time.
Verb:
-
Rescue teams are struggling to reach remote areas.[art.4]
Struggle: try the best

-
Barely half an hour after they were jolted by a major earthquake [art5]
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15

Jolt: push or shake (someone or something) abruptly and roughly.
-
the deadly earthquake to halt attacks. [art.6]
Halt: Bring or come to an abrupt stop.

-
Rescuers say relief efforts have been hampered by huge distances

[art.13]
Hamper: to make it difficult for someone to do something.

2.2.1.3.Vocabulary of body
Vocabulary in bodies of the articles about 2013 Pakistan earthquake is almost
the progress and the consequences. The lexicon of shooting, terrorism is used the
most.
2.2.1.4.In ending:
Like in leads, in endings the writers use strong verbs, impressive
adjectives, and dramatic nouns or sometime quote the characters saying,
which are normal and easy to understand to end the articles.
E.g.
"Another reason is that the fine-grained muddy material of the sedimentary
seabed soon starts to erode due to sea action. In seven or eight months, the
island is gone, and only its signature remains on the seabed."
2.2.2. Compound words

2.2.2.1.
Compound adjectives
a. Two word compound adjectives:
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1/ Common noun Adjective (full form)
TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
in the south-west of the country
Meaning
The region of the country on the

south west side.
the south-eastern city of Bam
The city on the south east side of

Bam
Moving of lines on a rock surface or
The fault-lines move
The director-general
the ground that traces a geological

fault.
3
4
the chief executive of a large

organization.
2/ Common noun Common noun

TT
1
Compound Adjectives
Article
Meaning
north-east of Awaran
on the north east side of Awaran
south-west province of
The provice on the south west side
Balochistan
of Blochistan
six districts Awaran
Six districts in Awaran
mud-brick houses
House was made by mud and brick
Pakistan-Iran border
11
Border between Pakistan and Iran
north-west India
12
The region on the north west of
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17

India
3/ Common noun Past participle

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
The quake-hit Balochistan
Meaning
Balochistan province was hit by

earthquake
the dust-strewn town of Mashkel
The town of Mashkel have a lots

dust and desolation from the
rubble.
8
3
the disaster-hit villages
The villages are hit by disaster
dome-shaped body
The new island have a dome shape
nuclear-armed country
The country has nuclear weapon
fractures - broken arms
The arm of victims in the

earthquake was broken
the earthquake-hit Pakistani
province
8
A province in Pakistan was hit by

earthquake
the earthquake-affected districts
20
of Awaran
The districts of Awaran was

affected by earthquake
4/ Adverb Past participle

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18

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
So-called
Meaning
Commonly called
5/ Adjective (full form) Common Noun

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
a long-running separatist
Meaning
A separatist insurgency lasted in a
insurgency
long time
large-scale
involving large numbers or a large
area; extensive:
6/ Adjective Past participle

Compound Adjectives
Article
Meaning
to coarse-grained sand
Sand is coarse
fine-grained muddy material
Mud is smooth
7/ Proper noun Noun

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
Meaning
The machine sending roentgen ray
X-ray machine
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19

8/ Prefix Common noun
TT
1
Compound Adjectives
Article
the Indian sub-continent
Meaning
A small continent Indian
Concrete structures have a lot of
multi-storey concrete structures
20
stage.
9/ Adverb Common noun

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
Meaning
No-one
Having no one.
sparsely-populated
The population is small and sparse
10/ Cardinal number Common Noun

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
The 7.8-magnitude earthquake
Meaning
The earthquake degree is 7.8 on the

Richter scale

Richter scale

Richter scale
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20
29-year old
To be at the age of 29

Richter scale
The ninth-floor home
10
The ninth floor of home
11/ Adverb Adjective

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
easily-collapsible mud homes
Meaning
The mud homes is easily to

collapse.
12/ Bare infinitive Preposition

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
Troop build-up
Meaning
The troop are added
13/ Verb Common noun

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TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
open-air conditions
17
Meaning
happening or existing outdoors
b. More than two word Compound Adjectives
1/ Cardinal number Common Noun Adjective

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
The 45-year-old farmer
Meaning
The farmer is 40 years old
2/ Prefix Noun Phrase

TT
Compound Adjectives
Article
Meaning
An group expressing disapproval of
anti-Pakistan militant group.
Pakistan militant
semi-official news agency
12
A news agency is not official
3/ Common Noun Common Noun Common Noun

TT
Compound Adjectives
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Article
22
Meaning

1
east-south-east of the town of
11
Khash
The region on the east south east side

of the town of Khash
2.2.2.2. Compound Noun
1/ Common Noun Common Noun
TT
Compound Nouns
Article
Rescue teams
Team specially rescue people in

danger
official rescue teams
Special team, which often was

established by government,
specially rescue people in danger
the separatist movement
This is movement that a group of

people separated from a thought or
a party
separatist militant groups
There are some groups of soldiers

fighting for separatists movement
4
a truckload
a quantity of goods that can be

transported in a truck
5
6
Meaning
Homeland
a persons or a peoples native land
Shockwave
a sharp change of pressure in a
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7
narrow region traveling through a

medium, especially air, caused by
explosion or by a body moving
faster than sound
The forefront
the leading or most important

position or place
the rescue operation
The activities to help people who

are in danger
10
the quake zone
The area was affected by

earthquake
11
A field hospital
a temporary hospital set up near a

battlefield to provide emergency
care for the wounded.
12
Coastline
the land along a coast
13
the deputy commissioner
who work to support the director in

a board or committee
14
an occupation force
A military forces on the territory of

other countries
15
army officials
People who work in high military

positions
16
Telecommunication services
12
services for connecting

communication over a distance by
cable, telegraph, telephone, or
broadcasting
17
the death toll
14
the number of deaths resulting from

a particular cause
18
infrastructure projects
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14
24
The projects of the basic physical

and organizational structures and
facilities
19
earthquake-relief helicopter
16
helicopters were used to rescue the

earthquake victims
20
Separatist militants
16
soldiers fighting for separatists

movement
21
Insurgent attacks
17
The attacks of people fighting

against a government or invading
force; a rebel or revolutionary
22
the quake victims
19
People who are in danger in the

earthquake
23
A government spokesman
19
a person who makes statements on

behalf of a government
24
local government official
20
The officials in local government
25
Headquarters
20
Head office is based at a specified

location
26
office buildings
20
large buildings have many offices
2/ Prefix Common Noun
TT
Compound Nouns
Article
the rehabilitation
Meaning
helping (someone) to health or

normal life by training and therapy
after illness
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25

2
Teleconnection
15
a causal connection or correlation

between meteorological or other
environmental phenomena which
occur a long distance apart
3/ Adjectives (full form) Common Noun
TT
Compound Nouns
Article
poor road networks
The road system is poor
1
A powerful earthquake
A earthquake is strong and

powerful
2
paramilitary force
organized similarly to a military

force
3
4
Meaning
the provincial capital Quetta
Quetta is the most important city of

one provinces
Impoverished region
The region that exhaust the

strength or vitality
the territorial integrity
territory of a country is preserved
the coastal zones.
15
The areas is near a coast
political party
18
a party that fight for the rights for a

class
the meteorological office
18
The office study of the processes

and phenomena of the
atmosphere, especially as a means
of forecasting the weather
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10
the prime minister
18
the head of an elected government;

the principal minister of a sovereign
or state
4/ Preposition Common Noun
TT
1
Compound Nouns
Article
Meaning
17
a smaller earthquake following the main
Aftershock
shock of a large earthquake

2
Outskirts
20
the outer parts of a town or city
Outpouring
15
something that streams out rapidly
5/ Present participle Common Noun
TT
Compound Nouns
Article
Meaning
the hissing sound
a sharp sibilant sound:
the coming months
15
Some next month
6/ Proper Noun Common Noun
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TT
1
Compound Nouns
Article
Meaning
The government of Balochistan
Balochistan government
provice.
2
Baloch nationalist rebels.
The rebels in Balochistan province
Pakistani quake area
Area in Pakistan was hit by earthquake
Pakistani army
Army of Pakistan
The US Geological Survey
12
Geological Survey center of United

Nation
the Asian continent
15
The mainland of Asian
Corps
Corporation
7/ Common Noun - Suffix
TT
1
Compound Nouns
Article
Meaning
19
causing problems, in an annoying
Troublesome
way
2.2.2.3. Compound Verb

1/ Preposition Verb
TT
Compound Verb
Article
Meaning
Pushing up a rock or group of rocks
Outcrop
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15
28
above the surface of see

In general: Using compound adjectives and compound nouns help the reporters
write the news more effectively and attractively. Thus they are widely used in articles
about 2013 Pakistan earthquake. They help authors write the news more easily and
effectively. However, some compound words seem technical and quite hard to
understand.
2.3.
Relations of parts of articles about 2013 Pakistane
arthquake
E.g.
Article 4: Rescuers struggle to reach Pakistan quake zone
Relations between headline and other parts:
Headline: Rescuers struggle to reach Pakistan quake zone
Some question readers may expect to find answers after reading the
headline:
1) Why the rescuers have to struggle to reach to Pakistan quake zone ?
2) Where is Pakistan quake zone?
3) How is consequence of this earthquake?
4) How is rescuers struggle to reach Pakistan quake zone?
5) Who are rescuers?
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Lead: Rescue teams are struggling to reach remote areas worst hit by the
powerful earthquake which struck Pakistan's south-western province of
Balochistan
Some question readers may expect to find answers after reading the
lead:
6) What do sorvivors need afterearthquake?
7) What did they do for helping survivors?
8) How is Balochistan provice?
The body closely related to the headline because it contains
information needed for those questions:

1) Why the rescuers have to struggle to reach to Pakistan quake zone ?
The area affected by the quake is vast, impoverished and sparsely-
populated.
Rescue teams are struggling to reach remote areas worst hit by the
powerful earthquake which struck Pakistan's south-western province of Balochistan.
2) Where is Pakistan quake zone?
The powerful earthquake struck Pakistan's south-western province of
Balochistan.
3) How is consequence of this earthquake?
At least 348 people died and hundreds were injured.
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30

4) How is rescuers struggle to reach Pakistan quake zone?
The interior minister said huge efforts are under way but even by
helicopter the quake zone is hours away from help.

Interior minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan told the National Assembly
that there were still areas which the authorities had not been able to reach by road
or by helicopter.
5) Who are rescuers?
The rescue and relief effort has been led by Pakistan's official
paramilitary force, the Frontier Corps, which already had thousands of soldiers
deployed in the area because it is fighting a long-running separatist insurgency by
Baloch nationalist rebels.
Western aid workers and international charity groups have long been
discouraged from working in the province - Pakistan's largest but least populated.
6) What do sorvivors need afterearthquake?
Survivors need more tents, food and water. Officials also say there is a
lack of doctors and medical supplies.

7) What did they do for helping survivors?
A field hospital is being established there and teams of doctors and
paramedics are also on the way.

8) How is Balochistan provice?
Many houses were flattened forcing thousands of people to spend
nights in the open.

Awaran district reportedly has around 300,000 residents. A local
government official said about 90% of houses in the district had been destroyed.
Most people live in mud homes which collapsed easily and many are feared to be
trapped under the rubble.
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31
Relations between key words:
Area affected emote areas vast impoverished worst hit had not
been able to reach the disaster is beginning to unfold be trapped under
the rubble.
Rescuers struggling huge efforts help on the way field hospital
Worst hit new island scientists survey officials say
3. EXPRESSION ABOUT 2013 PAKISTAN EARTHQUAKE
TT
Expressions
Aftershock
Meaning
a smaller earthquake following the main shock of a

large earthquake
Abandon
if someone does something with abandon, they

behave in a careless or uncontrolled way, without
thinking or caring about what they are doing
Anonymity
TONG THI HOA_ETE31
when other people do not know who you are or
32

what your name is
4
Calamity
a terrible and unexpected event that causes a lot

of damage or suffering
Corps
Corporation
Correspondent
someone who is employed by a newspaper or a

television station etc to report news from a
particular area or on a particular subject
Custodial (adj)
relating to the custody of someone, especially a

child
Desperate (adj)
willing to do anything to change a very bad

situation, and not caring about danger
Epicenter
the place on the surface of the Earth that is right

above the point where an earthquake begins
inside the Earth
10
Exploit
a brave and exciting adventure that someone has

had
11
Fissure
a deep crack, especially in rock or earth
12
Fledgling (adj)
a fledgling state or organization has only recently

been formed and is still developing
13
Fracture
a crack or broken part in a bone or other hard

substance
14
Geopolitics
ideas and activities relating to the way that a

country's position, population etc affect its political
development and its relationship with other
countries, or the study of this
15
Governor
the person in charge of governing a country that is

under the political control of another country
16
Holy (adj)
connected with God and religion
17
Hostile
angry and deliberately unfriendly towards
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33

someone and ready to argue with them
18
Insurgent
one of a group of people fighting against the

government of their own country, or against
authority
19
Monsoon
the season, from about April to October, when it

rains a lot in India and other southern Asian
countries
20
Mound
a pile of earth or stones that looks like a small hill
21
Movement
a group of people who share the same ideas or

beliefs and who work together to achieve a
particular aim
22
Panicky (adj)
very nervous and anxious
23
Paramilitary (adj)
a paramilitary organization is an illegal group that

is organized like an army
24
Reinforcement
more soldiers, police etc who are sent to a battle,

fight etc to make their group stronger
25
Seismic (adj)
Technical relating to or caused by earthquake
26
Separatist
someone who belongs to a group that wants to

start a new country with its own government, by
separating from the country that they belong to
now
27
Shockwave
a very strong wave of air pressure or heat from an

explosion, earthquake, etc
28
Speculation
when you guess about the possible causes or

effects of something without knowing all the facts,
or the guesses that you make
29
To appeal (v)
an urgent request for something important
30
To deploy (v)
to organize or move soldiers, military equipment

etc so that they are in the right place and ready to
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34

be used
31
To flabbergast
extremely surprised or shocked
32
To flatter (v)
to praise someone in order to please them or get

something from them, even though you do not
mean it
33
To hamper (v)
to make it difficult for someone to do something
34
To impoverish
to make someone very poor
35
To jolt
to move suddenly and roughly, or to make

someone or something move in this way
36
To struggle
strive to achieve or attain something in the face of

difficulty or resistance
37
Tremor
a small earthquake in which the ground shakes

slightly
38
Truckload
the amount that fills a truck
39
Winnow
to make a list, group, or quantity smaller by getting

rid of the things that you do not need or want
4. SIMILARTIES
FEARTURES
PAKISTAN
AND
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
IN
ARTICLES
EARTHQUAKE
ON
LINGUISTICS
ABOUT
BBC
AND
2013
THE
GUARDIAN.COM
4.1.
Similarities in linguistic features between articles about
2013 Pakistan earthquake on BBC and The Guardian.com

4.1.1. Writing style
Almost articles on BBC and The Guardian.com concluded more than one issue.
The issues were divided in to some paragraphs and marked with subtitles. Most of
the articles about 2013 Pakistan earthquake on BBC and The Guardian.com show
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35

the most important information fist. Besides focusing on the consequence, the
writers also report the rescue, political, and new island
The headline of article on BBC and The Guardian are not only in the form of
simple sentence with both active and passive verb but in the form of noun phrase.
4.1.2. Vocabulary
Vocabulary used in articles bout 2013 Pakistan earthquake is on disaster and
policy, especially nouns. Beside, there are a lot of compound words both on
BBC and The Guardian.com to depict disaster. The synonyms are used in
order to avoid repeating.
E.g.
Rescuers, struggling, huge efforts, help, field hospital
Worst hit, new island, scientists, survey.
4.2.
Differences between articles about 2013 Pakistan
4.2.1. Differences in writing styles

Almost articles on BBC have their own lead while some articles on The
Guardian.com have no lead. Leads on The Guardian.com show more details
about what mentioned on headlines and what would be written in bodies.
Most lead on BBC look longer than leads on The Guardian.com

E.g.
Article 6 on BBC:
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36

-
Headline: Pakistan appeals to militants over earthquake
Lead: Officials in Pakistan have made an appeal to separatist militant

groups in the south-western province affected by the deadly
earthquake to halt attacks.
Article 14 on The Guardian.com:
- Headline: Pakistan earthquake death toll rises as rescuers struggle to help

injured
- Lead: Provincial official puts death toll from magnitude 7.7 quake in Awaran
district in Baluchistan at 210, with 375 people injured
4.2.2. Differences in lay out

-
The articles on BBC seem to be longer than on The Guardian.com
Caption for illustrative picture on BBC longer than on The

Guardian.com
BBC used more picture on article than The Guardian.com
5. CONCLUSION
In general, the main part of an article are headline, lead, body and ending.
1/ Headline: most of newspaper headlines are often written in a special style. There
are some special rules of grammar, and words are often used in unusual ways. In
these articles, there are some kinds: headlines in form of simple sentence (75%),
in the form of noun phrase (25%). Articles and verbs are usually omitted in
headlines.
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37
2/lead: There are some kinds of leads used in articles: contrast lead (5%),
summary lead (40%), quote lead (15%), direct lead (15%), suspense lead (5%),
no lead (20%). A lead is usually used to help the reader realize what the story is
about. So, in the leads, journalists often use strong, active verb. It makes the reader
attracted to the story and tried to read the article until the end.
3/ Body: Parts of the body have close relationships to help the reader easy to
understand. There are many key words are used in the body to link other
paraphrases of its together.
4/ Ending: There are 4 kinds of endings used in these articles: summary ending
(20%), proximity ending (10%), restatement ending (10%), quote ending (10%),
no ending (50%). Moreover, the quote ending which is quite striking and memorable
is used much.
5/ The language used in articles about 2013 Pakistan earthquake is not too
complicated. It seems to be easy for the reader to understand the whole article.
Besides, compound words are the important constituents of these articles. It consist
at least two stems and occurs in language as many forms. However, in these
articles, compound adjectives are use much, compound nouns and verbs are also
used but less than these.
6/ The reporters build the story by using facts, supporting information. Quotations
are added to lend credibility to the facts and the information. Transitions are used to
provide connection among the paragraphs. Transitions help lead the reader from this
idea or fact to the next. A synonym, a referring idea can be used as a transition.
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38
7/ The length of the article is various because the space of news network is free.
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39
6. APPENDIX
*****ARTICLES ON BBC.CO.UK*****
Article 1:
Pakistani army appeals for aid for quake-hit Balochistan
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22203935
Thousands have lost their homes in the Mashkel area of Pakistan
The Pakistani army has asked aid agencies to help with relief efforts in an area in the
south-west of the country hit by a powerful earthquake.
Troops were deployed after the 7.8-magnitude quake struck over the border in Iran on
Tuesday, affecting the Mashkel area of Balochistan province.
An army spokesman told the BBC that the army alone did not have the capacity to provide
relief in the weeks ahead.
The quake killed 35 people in Pakistan and left thousands homeless.
Pakistan's National Disaster Management Authority say a further 150 people have been
injured. Iranian media reported that one person had been killed in Iran.
It was the most powerful earthquake to hit Iran in more than 50 years, and shook tall
buildings as far away as India and the Gulf States.
The quake completely or partially destroyed hundreds of mud houses, with thousands forced
to spend a third day under open skies, the BBC's Shahzeb Jillani reports.
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Mashkel is a remote district of the province which can take 10 to twelve hours to reach from
the provincial capital, Quetta.
Offers of help
Since Tuesday, the army has sprung into action to fly helicopters to deliver medicines, rations
and tents to the earthquake survivors.
Many believe the army is keen to project its soft image in an otherwise hostile part of the
country, where they are opposed by separatist insurgents and extremist Sunni groups.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon issued a statement on Wednesday saying the UN stood
ready to help "if asked to do so" and the US has also offered assistance.
Tuesday's earthquake was about 180 times stronger in energy release than a 6.3-magnitude
quake that struck on 10 April near the nuclear plant at Bushehr in south-western Iran. That
quake killed at least 37 people and wounded 850.
Scientists say earthquakes in south-eastern Iran are triggered by the clash between the
Arabia and Eurasia tectonic plates, the former of which is pushing north at a rate of several
centimetres each year.
In 2003, a 6.6-magnitude quake destroyed much of the south-eastern city of Bam and killed
some 26,000 people.
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Article 2:
The remote corner of Pakistan flattened by an earthquake
The remoteness and inaccessibility of Mashkel has hampered the relief effort
The worst affected area of the 7.8-magnitude earthquake which hit south-western
Pakistan on Tuesday is the dust-strewn town of Mashkel, located just a few kilometres
from the Iranian border in the province of Balochistan.
Mostly made up of narrow streets, date trees and mud houses, the paramilitary Frontier
Corps have a strong presence here as they do in the rest of the province.
And it was the Frontier Corps which found itself at the forefront of the violent tremors which
flattened much of the town.
Lieutenant Colonel Mohammed Arif is the officer in charge of the area, and saw his
headquarters collapse before his eyes.
"My residence is on a small hill. From there, I saw the shockwave ripping through the town
and destroying houses with it."
"It was a terrible sight which I can never forget."
No shelter
Officials estimate that about 80% of the houses in the Mashkel area collapsed - either
partially or completely - in the quake.
Mashkel has been left in ruins by the quake
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42

Army helicopters have been delivering tents from the provincial capital, Quetta.
But we saw family after family sitting amid the ruins of their mud-brick houses under open
skies with no shelter.
Mashkel social worker Lareef Baloch says that most houses in the town are uninhabitable.
"The structures still standing are dangerous because they have cracks in them," he told the
BBC.
"We see army helicopters flying in and out of town, but we haven't received any tents,
blankets, medicines or food."
The relief operation has been hampered by the remoteness of the affected area. The road
journey from Quetta to Mashkel is long and dangerous.
Since Tuesday, small aftershocks have continued to hit the area.
One survivor told the BBC that he was traumatised by the experience and now has difficulty
sleeping at night.
Oil smuggling
The Pakistani army says it has tried its best in the rescue and relief effort.
The army says people in the region need help from outside
But an army spokesman told the BBC that people of the area will need help from national
and international aid groups in the rehabilitation and reconstruction process in the weeks
ahead.
It could be that ties on the ground will also play a role in providing help to quake victims.
Residents of Mashkel have close ties with ethnic Balochs in Iran's Sistan province.
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43

Many people have families and relatives on both sides of the border.
The town's economy depends on oil smuggling from Iran and the annual date harvest.
The BBC saw several vehicles with Iranian registration plates being used to transport people
on sandy tracks.
When the earthquake struck this week, many people preferred to take their injured across
the border to the city of Zahidan in Sistan province.
The Iranian authorities were quick to relax border movements to facilitate the relief effort.
The road journey from Mashkel to Zahidan takes a few hours, compared with the 15 to 18
hours it takes to reach Balochistan's capital, Quetta.
So far, one of the few Islamic charities that has managed to reach the remote town is
Jamaat-ud-Dawa.
The group, considered close the Pakistani army, is led by Hafiz Saeed, the founder of the
banned jihadist outfit, Lashkar-e-Taiba.
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Article 3:
Pakistan earthquake: Hundreds dead in Balochistan
The BBC's Shahzeb Jillani: "The scale of the disaster is beginning to unfold"
A powerful earthquake has killed at least 328 people and wounded hundreds more in
Pakistan's remote south-west province of Balochistan.
The 7.7-magnitude quake struck on Tuesday afternoon at a depth of 20km (13 miles) northeast of Awaran, the US Geological Survey said.
Many houses were flattened and thousands of people have spent the night in the open.
After the quake, an island appeared off the coast near the port of Gwadar.
People gathered on the beach to see the new island, which is reported to be about 200m
(656ft) long, 100m wide and 20m high, and scientists have been sent to survey it.
Officials say such land masses have appeared before in the area, and usually disappear
again over time.
Tuesday's quake was so powerful it was felt as far away as India's capital, Delhi, and Dubai.
Workers in Karachi had to evacuate their offices because of the strong tremors.
Balochistan is Pakistan's largest but least populated province.
The military has a heavy presence in the area because it is fighting a long-running separatist
Baloch insurgency, and so its troops were among the first to respond to the crisis.
Mud houses
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45

More than 300,000 people have been affected over a total of six districts - Awaran, Kech,
Gwadar, Panjgur, Chaghi and Khuzdar - Balochistan government spokesman Jan
Muhammad Buledi said.
He told BBC Urdu that the death toll currently stood at 328 - 160 in Awaran town, 125 in other
areas of Awaran district and 43 in Kech.
It is feared the death toll could rise once other areas are reached. The number of wounded is
reportedly more than 440.
Awaran local government official Abdul Rasheed Baluch said about 90% of houses in the
district had been destroyed.
Some 250 houses collapsed in the village of Dalbedi and villagers were clawing through
debris for possessions, an AFP photographer at the scene said.
"We have lost everything, even our food is now buried under mud and water from
underground channels is now undrinkable because of excessive mud in it due to the
earthquake," 45-year-old farmer Noor Ahmed told the AFP.
Entir
e villages in the Balochistan district of Awaran are reported to have been flattened in the 7.7magnitude earthquake.
Man
y people spent the night in the open air, awaiting emergency relief supplies the army says it is
sending from the regional capital Quetta.
Most of the homes in the area are made from mud brick and easily collapsed when the tremors struck
on Tuesday.
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46

In the hours afters after the quake, witnesses noticed a small island had appeared in waters off the
nearby port town of Gwadar.
The island is up to 200m (656ft) long and 100m wide, officials say. Such land masses have appeared
before along the Balochistan coastline, and disappeared again after heavy rains and winds.
The quake was so powerful it was felt across Pakistan and India. These office workers in Karachi
were forced to evacuate their building.
The army says it has sent more than 200 soldiers, medical teams and tents from the regional
capital Quetta.
But the mountainous terrain and loss of communications is hampering the rescue operation.
Helicopters have been airlifting the most seriously injured to Karachi, while others are being
cared for in neighbouring districts.
"We are seriously lacking medical facilities and there is no space to treat injured people in
the local hospitals," Mr Buledi said.
The affected area is vast, impoverished and sparsely-populated. Awaran district reportedly
has around 300,000 residents.
Most people live in easily-collapsible mud homes, and many are feared to be trapped under
the rubble.
The region is prone to earthquakes, with at least 35 people killed in a 7.8-magnitude tremor
that was centred in south-eastern Iran in April.
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Article 4:
Rescuers struggle to reach Pakistan quake zone
The area affected by the quake is vast, impoverished and sparsely-populated.
Rescue teams are struggling to reach remote areas worst hit by the powerful
earthquake which struck Pakistan's south-western province of Balochistan.
The interior minister said huge efforts are under way but even by helicopter the quake zone
is hours away from help.
Survivors need more tents, food and water. Officials also say there is a lack of doctors and
medical supplies.
At least 348 people died and hundreds were injured when a 7.7-magnitude quake hit the
region on Tuesday.
Interior minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan told the National Assembly that there were still
areas which the authorities had not been able to reach by road or by helicopter.
The BBC's Shahzeb Jillani: "The scale of the disaster is beginning to unfold"
The authorities insist they are capable of dealing with the disaster and the government has
not issued any appeals for international help.
The affected area is vast, impoverished and sparsely-populated.
Restive province
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48

The rescue and relief effort has been led by Pakistan's official paramilitary force, the Frontier
Corps, which already had thousands of soldiers deployed in the area because it is fighting a
long-running separatist insurgency by Baloch nationalist rebels.
The force stands accused of enforced disappearances and rights abuses in the impoverished
and lawless province.
Western aid workers and international charity groups have long been discouraged from
working in the province - Pakistan's largest but least populated.
More than 300,000 people were affected over six districts - Awaran, Kech, Gwadar, Panjgur,
Chagai and Khuzdar - Balochistan government spokesman Jan Muhammad Buledi said on
Wednesday.
The BBC's Shahzeb Jillani in Karachi says that the district worst affected by the quake,
Awaran, is considered a hotbed of the separatist movement and is also the home of a
leading separatist militant.
Awaran district reportedly has around 300,000 residents. A local government official said
about 90% of houses in the district had been destroyed. Most people live in mud homes
which collapsed easily and many are feared to be trapped under the rubble.
A field hospital is being established there and teams of doctors and paramedics are also on
the way.
New island
The quake occurred at a depth of 20km (13 miles) north-east of Awaran, the US Geological
Survey said. Many houses were flattened forcing thousands of people to spend nights in the
open.
After the quake an island appeared off the coast near the port of Gwadar, reported to be
about 200m (656ft) long, 100m wide and 20m high.
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Scientists have been sent to survey it as reports say that yet more islands may have
emerged along Pakistan's southern coastline.
Officials say such land masses have appeared before in the area, and usually disappear
again over time.
Workers in Karachi had to evacuate their offices because of the strong tremors.
The region is prone to earthquakes, with at least 35 people killed in a 7.8-magnitude tremor
that was centred in south-eastern Iran in April.
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Article 5:
Pakistan quake island off Gwadar 'emits flammable gas'
Footage shows people flocking to see the new island, which oceanographer Dr Simon Boxhall describes as
"quite extraordinary, but not unique"
Barely half an hour after they were jolted by a major earthquake on Tuesday, people of
the Pakistani coastal town of Gwadar had another shock when they saw a new island
emerge in the sea, just over a kilometre from the shore.
A local journalist, Bahram Baloch, received the news via a text message from a friend.
"It said a hill has appeared outside my house," Mr Baloch said.
"I stepped out, and was flabbergasted. I could see this grey, dome-shaped body in the
distance, like a giant whale swimming near the surface. Hundreds of people had gathered to
watch it in disbelief."
We could hear the hissing sound of the escaping gas
Mr Baloch and some friends landed on the island on Wednesday morning to check it out and
to take pictures.
"It's an oval shaped island which is about 250ft to 300ft (76-91m) in length, and about 60 to
70ft above the water," he said
It has a rough surface, much of which is muddy and some parts are mostly made up of fineto coarse-grained sand. One part of it is solid rock, and that is where Mr Baloch and his
friends landed.
Obse
rvers embrace a rare opportunity to tread on land recently risen from the seabed
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51
Some parts are composed of fine- to coarse-grained sand; whereas other sections appear to be solid
rock
Seis
mic activity appears to have sparked the unusual land formation
Much of the new piece of land is muddy

Subs
idence may erase the island again
"There were dead fish on the surface. And on one side we could hear the hissing sound of
the escaping gas," Mr Baloch said.
Although they couldn't smell gas, they did put a match to the fissures from where it was
oozing, and set it on fire.
"We put the fire out in the end, but it was quite a hassle. Not even the water could kill it,
unless one poured buckets over it."
The story now doing the rounds in Gwadar is that a similar hill had jutted out of the sea 60 or
70 years ago, and that the elders had then named it the Zalzala Koh, or the quake hill.
They say Tuesday's earthquake has brought it back.
New island seen from space
Their story is not entirely incorrect. However the quake hill that appeared in 1945 was not
near Gwadar, but over 100km to the east, although it was along the same coastline, which is
called the Makran coast.
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The island that popped up is the fourth in this region since 1945
About 700km from east to west, the Makran coast is characterised by high seismic activity,
and is home to several hills called mud volcanoes, having craters at the top from which
methane gas seeps.
These volcanoes are located inland, and have been there for a long time. But similar
formations that emerge offshore are usually washed away by the sea.
Geologists say it is part of the continuing process of continental drift, or the drift of land mass
across the oceans that brought the Indian sub-continent to collide with Eurasia and created
the fault-lines, some of which run through the Makran coast.
Gas activation
Tuesday's earthquake shook Balochistan
Rashid Tabrez, the director-general of the Karachi-based National Institute of Oceanography,

says the energy released by the seismic movements of these fault-lines activates
inflammable gases in the seabed.
"The seabed near the Makran coast has vast deposits of gas hydrates, or frozen gas having
a large methane content," he explained.
"These deposits lay compressed under a sediment bed that is 300m-800m thick."
"When the plates along the fault-lines move, they create heat and the expanding gas blasts
through the fissures in the earth's crust, propelling the entire sea floor to the surface."
The island that popped up near Gwadar is the fourth in this region since 1945, and the third
during the last 15 years, he said.
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Mud volcanoes like Chandragup are formed as a result of gases from seismic activity on the coastal
seabed
In 1999, and again in 2010, islands appeared within 1km of the coast of Ormara, just below
the delta of the Hingol river.
One of the best known mud volcanoes of the region, the Chandragup, is located just inland
from this location, a little way off the Hingol river.
Pilgri
ms give offerings to Chandragup's crater
The volcano serves as a holy site for Hindu pilgrims who make their offerings here in April
each year before proceeding to the nearby cave temple of Hinglaj.
Mr Tabrez says the seismic activity in the coastal seabed has caused the gases to make
conduits inland, leading to the formation of Chandragup and other mud volcanoes.
But while these inland volcanoes have sat along the Makran coast for centuries, the islands
appearing in the sea hardly last more than a few months.
"One reason is that over a period of time, the pressure that propelled the sea floor to the
surface eases up, causing the islands to subside," he says.
"Another reason is that the fine-grained muddy material of the sedimentary seabed soon
starts to erode due to sea action. In seven or eight months, the island is gone, and only its
signature remains on the seabed."
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54
Article 6:
Pakistan appeals to militants over earthquake
Saba Eitizaz reports from Balochistan, one of the worst affected areas
Officials in Pakistan have made an appeal to separatist militant groups in the southwestern province affected by the deadly earthquake to halt attacks.
A spokesman for the Balochistan regional government said insurgent attacks were
hampering rescue and relief efforts in some districts.
At least 400 people died and hundreds were injured when a 7.7-magnitude quake hit the
region on Tuesday.
Rescue teams are still trying to reach affected areas.
The government said that official rescue teams have not been able to reach many affected
areas because of poor road networks, says the BBC's Shahzeb Jillani, in Quetta.
Officials estimate that about 300,000 people in six districts have been affected by the
earthquake. Survivors need more provisions like food and water and there is also a lack of
doctors and medical supplies.
At least 10 army helicopters are conducting rescue operations, with teams being flown to
affected areas. About 500 wounded people have been moved and are being treated at a
district hospital in Awaran.
Many survivors have been left homeless after Tuesday's earthquake.
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The 7.7 magnitude quake destroyed thousands of homes in Pakistan's Balochistan region.
Resc
ue teams have struggled to reach many parts of the remote region.
The government estimates that 300,000 people have been affected by the quake.
Food, tent and medicine have also been distributed to some of the affected areas.
Jan Mohammad Bulaidi, a spokesman for the Balochistan government, said that disruption of
the communications systems in the affected areas was hampering rescue operations.
He also appealed to the government to allow international humanitarian organisations to
participate in relief efforts.
Western aid workers and international charity groups have long been discouraged from
working in Balochistan - Pakistan's largest but least populated province.
Pakistan's official paramilitary force, the Frontier Corps, has been leading rescue and relief
operations.
It already had thousands of soldiers deployed in the area because it is fighting a long-running
separatist insurgency by Baloch nationalist rebels.
On Thursday an army helicopter carrying the head of Pakistan's national disaster agency,
Maj Gen Alam Saeed, escaped a rocket attack, reports say.
Later, members of the Frontier Corps also came under fire in Awaran, the district worst
affected by the quake.
The force stands accused of enforced disappearances and rights abuses in the impoverished
and lawless province.
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The quake occurred at a depth of 20km (13 miles) north-east of Awaran, the US Geological
Survey said. Many houses were flattened, forcing thousands of people to spend nights in the
open.
Awaran is considered a hotbed of the separatist movement and is also the home of a leading
separatist militant, correspondents say.
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Article 7:
Pakistani quake area struck again
The quakes struck one of the country's most impoverished areas
A 6.8-magnitude earthquake has struck south-west Pakistan, in a region where at least

400 people died in a quake earlier this week.
Reports said the quake hit remote Awaran district, killing at least 15 people and burying
others under rubble.
An official told Pakistan television that communications already damaged by last Tuesday's
quake had been cut off.
Efforts to help thousands left homeless by the first earthquake have struggled against poor
roads and separatists.
The US Geological Survey said Saturday's tremor measured 6.8 magnitude and could be felt
across Balochistan province.
Pakistan's Meteorological Department classed it as an aftershock measuring 7.2 magnitude.
Abdul Rasheed Baloch, the deputy commissioner of Awaran district, told Pakistani television
that one village, Nokjo, had suffered damage to most of its buildings, leaving people trapped
under debris.
"The telephone system has been damaged and we are not able to talk to someone and find
out the exact information about the losses... but we have reports of severe losses in that
area," he said, according to Associated Press.
Eight of those who died in Saturday's tremor were from Nokjo, officials said, with another four
killed in the Mashkay area.
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An Agence France-Presse reporter in Awaran said hundreds of patients being treated after
the last quake fled a hospital in panic as the latest tremor struck.
Saturday's quake was felt as far away as Karachi.
An office worker there described his chair shaking: "At first I thought it was a delusion or a
false feeling. But all my colleagues ran out of the office. The shakes were heavy."
Officials have estimated that about 300,000 people were affected by the earlier, 7.7
magnitude quake which levelled mud and homemade brick homes, injuring hundreds.
Many survivors have been sleeping in the open air or in tents.
The BBC's Saba Eitizaz: "We saw people panicking and fleeing their shops"
Rescue and relief efforts after the earlier quake have been hampered by the region's poor
road network.
Officials have appealed to separatist military groups operating in the area following attacks
on army units involved in providing assistance.
Pakistan's official paramilitary force, the Frontier Corps, has been leading rescue and relief
operations.
It already had thousands of soldiers deployed in the area because it is fighting a long-running
separatist insurgency by Baloch nationalist rebels.
The violent force of Tuesday's 7.7-magnitude quake caused the creation of a new 200m
(656ft) long island off the coast of Pakistan near the port of Gwadar.
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Article 8:
Pakistan quake highlights Balochistan ethnic fractures
Villag
ers in Teertaj turned away soldiers when they arrived after the quake with tents and food supplies
A powerful earthquake in Pakistan's south-western province of Balochistan killed 400

people and affected more than 300,000 last Tuesday.
A week on, the disaster - and the Pakistani government's response to it - have exposed the
deep ethnic fault-lines threatening the stability of this nuclear-armed country.
Half an hour's drive on a dirt track outside the town of Awaran lies the village of Teertaj. Last
week, when the area was struck by a 7.7 magnitude earthquake, 95% of the mud brick
houses in the village collapsed.
If they [the army] find me, they will kill me
Twenty-two people died in that small village alone.
Many of those who survived were deeply traumatised and suffered fractures - broken arms,
ribs and head injuries. The main hospital in Awaran did not have an X-ray machine. Those
who could manage to do so rushed their injured relatives to hospitals in the port city of
Karachi - between six and seven hours' drive away.
Within the next 48 hours or so, when Pakistani soldiers arrived in Teertaj with a truckload of
tents and food supplies, the villagers turned them away. "We told them we did not want
anything to do them," says a villager.
Insurgency
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Resentment against the army and the official paramilitary force, the Frontier Corps, is not
limited to a few villages. It runs deep in Balochistan, Pakistan's largest province in terms of
area, rich in resources, but also its most impoverished region.
Thousands of Pakistani soldiers have been deployed there, and effectively control large parts
of the province. The army says it is fighting for the territorial integrity of Pakistan. It is battling
separatist Baloch insurgents, who they allege are being backed by foreign forces, namely
India.
But the army itself is viewed as an outsider force, as it is largely composed of ethnic Punjabis
and Pashtuns. The troops are accused of carrying out large-scale enforced disappearances
and custodial deaths of Baloch nationalists - charges they deny.
Since the quake, army reinforcements have been brought in from the provincial capital, Quetta, as
well as Karachi.
Balo
chistan is Pakistan's largest province in terms of area
Some army officials says force is sometimes necessary to establish the writ of the state
Balo
chistan is rich in resources but remains Pakistan's most impoverished region
"There is not a village in this area which has not experienced abuses by the Pakistani army.
Several of my friends and colleagues have been caught and killed in cold blood; some
remain missing to this day," says 29-year old Baloch Khan, head of one of several Baloch
nationalist groups, the Baloch Student Organisation (Azad).
He was a student of history at a university in Karachi, but abandoned higher education and
took to the mountains of Balochistan. The faction of Baloch nationalists he now leads is
outlawed by the authorities and described as an anti-Pakistan militant group.
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Today, like the rest of his comrades, Baloch Khan is on the run from the Pakistani security
agencies. "If they find me, they will kill me," he says.
We met him at a secret location in the middle of nowhere in Awaran district. He sat there in
front of a straw hut surrounded by a couple of mud-brick houses. For someone opposing the
mighty Pakistani army, he appeared surprisingly calm and at ease with his surroundings.
"This is my homeland, which has been occupied by the Pakistani army. We are fighting for a
free Balochistan," he says.
People can see we are trying to help them. They can see we are on their side
Maj Gen Samrez Salik33 Infantry Division
Are you a militant? Do you carry weapons for your protection, I asked.
"No," he says. "I carry books with me. I like to read about people like Ho Chi Minh and Che
Guevara."
But surely, these are desperate times, when survivors of earthquake need tents, medical
supplies and doctors?
I asked him, why disrupt the relief effort?
"Our people are desperate for help, but how can we take aid from the same people who have
destroyed our homes, killed our people and subjugated us for decades?" he asks.
Troop build-up
Baloch nationalists fear the army is using the calamity in Awaran to deploy more troops and
prepare for a fresh military operation against the insurgents.
Army officials admit that since the earthquake, their base in Awaran has expanded, with
reinforcements being flown in and trucked in from the provincial capital, Quetta, as well as
Karachi.
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But they say the deployment is to safeguard the relief operation.
"Our rescue and relief teams have been fired upon. Our helicopters have been attacked,"
says Maj Gen Mohammed Samrez Salik, general officer commanding of 33 Infantry Division.
"They are trying to hamper our relief activities. But we are fighting back."
He recognises that the army faces resentment from some of the disaster-hit villages, but
insists the mood is shifting.
"People can see we are trying to help them. They can see we are on their side. And [given]
the kind of respect I am getting when I visit some of these villages, I have no reason to
believe we are viewed as an occupation force."
Privately, other army officials say that the force sometimes has to do what needs to be done
to establish the writ of the state.
One official said: "If one of their guys has killed several of my men, what treatment do you
expect me to give him when we catch him?"
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Article 9:
Pakistan bomb kills three troops in quake area
Resentment against the army runs deep in Balochistan
An improvised roadside bomb in the earthquake-hit Pakistani province of Balochistan

has killed two soldiers and wounded three others working to help survivors, army
officials have said.
The explosion near the army vehicle happened near the town of Mashkay.
The area was one of many parts of Balochistan hit by the 24 September quake which killed
400 people.
Baloch insurgents had warned of attacks on the military who they earlier accused of
suppressing their movement.
The 7.7-magnitude earthquake affected more than 300,000 people.
Correspondents say that the attack late on Tuesday highlights the difficulties and dangers
inherent in providing relief supplies to an area where separatists have been battling the army
for years.
The vehicle hit by the bomb was carrying troops whose unit had been dispatched to the area
to provide relief to disaster zone inhabitants.
No-one has claimed responsibility for the attack but correspondents say that suspicion has
fallen on separatists.
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Rockets were also launched against members of the paramilitary Frontier Corps delivering
earthquake relief in the Awaran district of Balochistan, army officials said. There were no
casualties.
Insurgents have launched several attacks on rescue teams, correspondents say, firing
rockets at army helicopters and issuing threats.
The BBC's Shahzeb Jillani says that resentment against the army and the Frontier Corps
runs deep in Balochistan, Pakistan's largest province in terms of area.
The province is renowned for being rich in resources while at the same time being one of
Pakistan's most impoverished regions.
Thousands of Pakistani soldiers have been deployed there, and effectively control large parts
of the province. The army says it is fighting for the territorial integrity of Pakistan. It says that
the insurgents are being backed by foreign forces, namely India.
But our correspondent says that the army itself is viewed as an outsider force, largely
composed of ethnic Punjabis and Pashtuns.
Troops are accused of carrying out large-scale enforced disappearances and custodial
deaths of Baloch nationalists - charges they deny.
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Article 10:
Pakistan: Strong earthquake hits south-west
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12222081
Pictures show the inside of GEO television's newsroom in Karachi as the earthquake hit
A strong earthquake measuring 7.2 has hit south-western Pakistan, in a desert area
bordering Iran and Afghanistan, the US Geological Survey says.
The quake struck at 0123 on Wednesday (2023 GMT on Tuesday), some 55 km (34 miles)
west of Dalbandin in Pakistan, at a depth of 84km (52 miles).
It was located several hundred kilometres from the Pakistani city of Quetta and the city of
Zahedan, Iran.
Officials in nearby towns indicated that damage was not extensive.
The 7.6-magnitude Kashmir earthquake of October 2005 killed 73,000 people.
In its initial reports the US Geological Survey (USGS) said the quake happened at a depth of
just 10km (6.2 miles).
Earthquakes at such a shallow depth have the potential to cause major destruction and loss
of life.
However, a later bulletin from the USGS revised the depth of the quake to 84km, potentially
limiting the effects.
However, reports said the quake was felt across Pakistan and as far away as Delhi, India,
and the Gulf emirates of Dubai and Qatar.
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An automatically generated USGS estimate suggested that 109,000 people in the region
around the epicentre could be exposed to "very strong" shaking and "moderate/heavy"
structural damage, but none to "severe" shaking or "heavy damage".
Farrukh from Karachi e-mailed the BBC with his account of how the quake shook his ninthfloor home.
"I suddenly felt my head spinning and within a few seconds I realised that a strong
earthquake had hit us.
"It was as if you multiplied the effect on the ground to perhaps two or three times. My whole
family were woken up with fear and the children started screaming. It was quite shocking and
fearful and I prayed for Allah to help us," he said.
Frequent quakes
The area hit by the recent earthquake is sparsely populated and is located in a seismically
active zone.
The nearest town, Dalbandin, 55km east of the epicentre, is thought to have a population of
about 15,000 people.
Much of the area is so remote that the Chagai hills area of Balochistan was used as a site for
the country's nuclear test in 1998.
However, major population centres are relatively close to the quake's epicentre.
The Iranian city of Zahedan, some 310km (195 miles) west of the quake, is home to some
570,000 people.
The historic Iranian city of Bam, west of Zahedan, was devastated by an earthquake in 2003.
In Pakistan, the Balochistan provincial capital of Quetta is also home to 560,000 people.
Balochistan is a focus of some militant activity, sharing a long and porous border with conflict
zones in southern Afghanistan.
TONG THI HOA_ETE31
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Pakistan is still dealing with the aftermath of devastating floods in the 2010 monsoon season,
as well as battling Taliban militants in several tribal areas.
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*****ARTICLES ON THEGUARDIAN .COM*****

Article 11:
7.8-magnitude earthquake hits near Iran-Pakistan border
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/16/earthquake-hits-iran-paki
border
Many feared dead as tremors felt as far as north India and Gulf states after quake strikes near
Iranian city of Khash
An image released by the US Geological Survey shows the location of the earthquake in Iran. Photograph: EPA
A powerful earthquake has hit the border regions between Iran and Pakistan, with reports of
casualties currently confused.
Communications to the region near the epicentre, in a remote corner of the south-east of
Iran, appear to be cut off.
Tremors were felt across the Gulf region, across Pakistan and well into north-west India on
Tuesday, when the quake happened at 10.44am GMT.
The US Geological Survey said it had measured the earthquake at magnitude 7.8 and gave
its location at 50 miles east-south-east of the town of Khash, in Iran. It is the biggest
earthquake in Iran for 40 years.
Though the area is largely desert and mountains, there are several major cities, including
Zahedan, 125 miles away, which has more than half a million inhabitants.
One Iranian told the Guardian that the small town of Hiduj, which had a population of around
1,000 according to a 2006 census, had been badly damaged.
The Iranian semi-official news agency Fars quoted Tehran University's geophysics centre as
saying the quake had hit the south-eastern city of Saravan in Sistan and Baluchistan
province, at 3.14pm local time and reported that it had killed at least 40 people, according to
TONG THI HOA_ETE31
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some of their sources. At least seven villages near the city had been affected, the agency
said.
But Fars also quoted Fariborz Rashedi, the head of medical emergencies for Sistan and
Baluchistan, as saying the situation in his province was "normal", with only three people
injured.
On the Pakistan side, the situation seemed just as confused. "We have reports of three
deaths near the Pakistan-Iran border in MashKhel area of Panjgore district," said a local
government official, requesting anonymity.
The official added that around 40 people had been injured when wooden roofs and mud walls
collapsed. The sparsely populated district is one of Pakistan's most underdeveloped, with
minimal telecommunication and infrastructure.
There is no official announcement of a death toll by Pakistan's disaster management
authority. However, a police officer in the Kalat district, near the provincial capital of Quetta,
said they are assessing the damage in towns along to the Iranian border.
Iran earthquake location. Graphic: The Guardian
There are reports of panic in Karachi where residential buildings and government offices
have developed cracks.
Saleh Mangi, from the NGO Plan International, said he was in a meeting with staff in their
office in Thatta, around 65 miles from the port city, when they felt the ground shake. "It was
horrible we felt the movement in the chairs and even the cupboards were shaking. This is
the strongest quake I have felt since the 1980s. And this is an area prone to earthquakes and
cyclones."
"We sounded our emergency alarm and emergency alarms were going off in the houses
around us. Everyone was pouring out of their homes and offices. People were afraid and
didn't know what was happening. People are afraid to go back to their homes and the
government is telling fishing communities [on the coast] not to go into the sea as that would
be very dangerous."
Close to 8 magnitude means an extremely powerful quake, on a level with the one that killed
an estimated 68,000 people in Sichuan province, China, in 2008.
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An Iranian citizen in the southern city of Shiraz, about 650 miles from the epicentre, said the
quake was felt there.
There was concern that facilities associated with Iran's controversial nuclear programme
might have been affected.
A witness in Saravan told BBC's Persian service: "The earthquake was felt gravely across
the city and the old part of the city as well as its main sport centre have been destroyed but
thanks God because it could be worse."
Ahmad-Reza Shajiee, the deputy head of Iran's Red Crescent, told the state Irna news
agency that there was a complicated emergency situation in affected areas in Sistan and
Baluchistan.
"Soon after we received the news about the quake, a crisis meeting was held and a group of
rescuers from the Red Crescent society were dispatched to Sistan and Baluchistan
province," he said.
But the Bushehr nuclear power plant was not damaged, said an official at the Russian firm
that built the plant. The official at Atomstroyexport, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said
he had spoken to a colleague at the plant after the quake and that no damage was reported.
Bushehr, Iran's sole nuclear power plant, is near the Gulf coast in western Iran. There was no
immediate independent confirmation of his statement.
In Delhi, India, more than 1,500 miles from the suspected epicentre, office workers
evacuated buildings as fittings shook and windows rattled. Tremors lasted for around 30
seconds.
"It was very frightening. Everything started moving. I ran into the street," said Ghautam
Menon, an office worker in the south of the Indian capital.
In 2003, a major quake near the Iranian city of Bam, not far from Tuesday's epicentre, killed
30,000.
Iran experiences earthquakes frequently. A week ago, a 6.1-magnitude quake hit near
Bushehr, on the Persian Gulf coast, killing at least 37 people.
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Article: 12
Rescuers head to site of earthquake

near Iran-Pakistan border
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/17/rescuers-earthquake-iran
border
Dozens feared dead after 7.8-magnitude quake strikes near city of Khash and sends tremors
as far as India and Gulf states
Iranian Red Crescent workers erect tents for the victims of the earthquake in the city of Saravan, south-eastern Iran.
Rescue teams were on their way to remote border regions between Iran and Pakistan on
Tuesday night, after a powerful earthquake struck.
Though tremors were felt across the Gulf region, Pakistan and well into north-west India after
the quake happened at 3.14pm (11.44am UK time), local authorities said there were only
limited casualties. However, it was the biggest earthquake in Iran for 40 years and there were
fears of massive casualties yet to be reported.
A Pakistani military official said his initial information was that 34 people had been killed and
80 injured in the country, saying all of the dead and injured so far were in the town of
Mashkal.
The US Geological Survey said it had measured the earthquake at magnitude 7.8 and gave
its location at 50 miles east-south-east of the town of Khash, in Iran. Though the area is
largely desert and mountains, there are several major cities, including Zahedan, 125 miles
away, which has more than half a million inhabitants.
One Iranian told the Guardian that the small town of Hiduj, which had a population of around
1,000 according to a 2006 census, had been badly damaged.
The Iranian semi-official news agency Fars quoted Tehran University's geophysics centre as
saying the quake had hit the south-eastern city of Saravan in Sistan and Baluchistan
TONG THI HOA_ETE31
72

province at 3.14pm and initially reported that it had killed at least 40 people. However, TV
stations later downgraded their estimate to "several feared dead".
Speaking to the Iranian Students News Agency (Isna), Hatam Naroee, the governor of Sistan
and Baluchistan province, reported no fatalities.
"Except for a limited number of villages, telecommunication services and electricity wires and
water pipelines of other villages close to the epicentre are safe," he said, explaining that the
region was sparsely populated.
An official from Iran's Red Crescent Society told Isna that 22 search and rescue teams,
including 17 rescue dogs, had been dispatched to the region.
On the Pakistan side, the situation also seemed confused.
"We have reports of three deaths near the Pakistan-Iran border in Mash Khel area of
Panjgore district," said a local government official, requesting anonymity.
The official said about 40 people had been injured when wooden roofs and mud walls
collapsed. The thinly populated district is one of Pakistan's most underdeveloped, with
minimal telecommunication and infrastructure.
Close to magnitude 8 means a powerful quake on a level with the one that killed an
estimated 68,000 people in Sichuan province, China, in 2008.
Experts said the depth of the earthquake may have saved many lives.
"The earthquake in Iran was strong but fortunately its source was quite deep, about 80km [50
miles] ... the intensity of the shaking was less than it would have been for a shallower
earthquake of the same magnitude," said Dr David Rothery, chair of the Open University's
volcanoes, earthquakes and tsunamis course.
Saleh Mangi, from the NGO Plan International, said he was in a meeting with staff in an
office in Thatta, around 65 miles from the Pakistani port city of Karachi, when the ground
shook.
"People are afraid to go back to their homes and the government is telling fishing
communities not to go into the sea as that would be very dangerous," he said.
There was concern that facilities associated with Iran's nuclear programme might have been
affected. But the Bushehr nuclear power plant was not damaged, said an official at
Atomstroyexport, the Russian firm that built the plant.
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Article 13:
Pakistan earthquake: hundreds feared dead
in remote Baluchistan province
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/pakistan-earthquakebaluchistan-province-rescuers
Rescuers say relief efforts have been hampered by huge distances involved and threats from
separatist rebels
More than 300 people are feared to have been killed in one of the worst earthquakes to hit
Pakistan in years, and with the death toll steadily rising emergency relief efforts have been
hampered by the vast distances involved, security threats from separatist rebels and minimal
infrastructure in one the country's most remote regions.
By Thursday morning the toll was officially at 348, Associated Press reported. A spokesman
for the Baluchistan provincial government, Jan Mohammad Bulaidi, said 552 people had
been injured.
Twenty-four hours after a quake with a magnitude of 7.7 wrought destruction in Pakistan's
impoverished Baluchistan province on Tuesday, a leading aid organisation said it could not
be sure whether all the affected areas had been reached.
"This is a huge, sparsely populated province so it's clear that there are distant villages that no
one has yet reached," said Ateeb Siddiqui, the head of operations for the Pakistan Red
Crescent.
The death toll jumped dramatically overnight and continued to rise during the day on
Wednesday as rescue workers reached new areas. Fifteen children were killed in one
madrasa alone when the religious school collapsed on top of them.
Jan Muhammad Buledi, a spokesman from the Baluchistan provincial government, said more
than 300,000 people had been affected in what is now believed to be the worst earthquake to
hit Pakistan since 2005, when about 75,000 people were killed in the country's north.
"We are finding it very difficult to reach the affected remote areas," he said .
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The island that appeared near the port town of Gwadar after the earthquake. Photograph: Pakistan government
handout/EPA
Many people broke bones or even lost limbs entirely during the collapse of mud buildings
which were unable to survive the powerful quake. The tremor was felt as far away as New
Delhi and triggered a "mud volcano" off the coast of Baluchistan.
Red Crescent workers from the major regional cities of Karachi and Quetta have had to travel
hundreds of miles just to reach the worst affected areas in the district of Awaran, where an
estimated 90% of houses have been destroyed.
"Even getting from district offices takes time because once you are off the highways the
roads are really not that good," said Buledi.
In addition to medical help the Red Crescent and other organisations are delivering tents,
blankets, food and stoves to people who have lost their homes.
An army spokesman in the provincial capital of Quetta said members of the Frontier Corp
helping with relief work had come under attack in an area called Mashkel. No injuries were
reported and he described the attack as a "minor incident".
Baluchistan is home to an entrenched insurgency by separatist rebels who say the Pakistani
state exploits the region for its natural mineral wealth but does nothing for the people of the
province. A spate of bombings targeting a Shia ethnic group in the restive regional capital
Quetta in January killed almost 100, injured many more and led to the sacking of the
provincial government. The tension between Islamabad and the region's militant groups
remains unresolved. In August, tens were killed and more than 20 kidnapped in an attack by
militants dressed in security forces uniforms.
On Wednesday, the Pakistani army said 1,000 troops and 200 doctors had gone to the area
and "more are being sent all the time". A convoy of 60 army trucks left Karachi early on
Wednesday, carrying supplies for those affected by the quake.
The force of the quake also released jets of methane from the seabed near the port town of
Gwadar, pushing up massive amounts of mud, sand and rock, forming a new island. Experts
TONG THI HOA_ETE31
75

said the exceedingly rare phenomenon had happened in the area in the past and the island
would erode away over time.
According to the Pakistani Navy geologist Mohammed Danish, who was interviewed on
national television, the island is 18 metres high, 30 metres long and 76 metres wide.
"There are stones and mud," he said, warning residents not to try to visit the island. "Gasses
are still emitting."
But dozens of people had already visited the island, said the deputy commissioner of
Gwadar district, Tufail Baloch, who travelled there by boat himself on Wednesday morning.
Water bubbled along the edges of the island, in what appeared to be gas discharging from
under the surface, Baloch said. He said the area smelled of gas that caught fire when people
lit cigarettes.
Dead fish floated on the water's surface while local residents were visiting the island and
taking stones as souvenirs, he added.
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Article 14:
Pakistan earthquake death toll rises as rescuers struggle to help injured
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/pakistan-earthquakedeath-toll-rises
Provincial official puts death toll from magnitude 7.7 quake in Awaran district in Baluchistan at
210, with 375 people injured
The rubble of a house after the magnitude 7.7 earthquake struck in Awaran district, Baluchistan province, Pakistan.
Photograph: Stringer/Pakistan/Reuters
Rescuers are struggling to help thousands of people injured and left homeless after their
houses collapsed in a massive earthquake in south-western Pakistan as the death toll rose
to 210, officials said.
The magnitude 7.7 quake struck in the remote district of Awaran in Pakistan's Baluchistan
province on Tuesday afternoon. Such a quake is considered major, capable of widespread
and heavy damage.
The tremors were felt as far away as New Delhi, the Indian capital, some 740 miles
(1,200km) away.
A provincial official, Zahid bin Maqsood, put the death toll at 210 and said 375 people had
been injured, while a spokesman for the provincial government, Jan Mohammad Bulaidi, put
the death toll at 216 the conflicting figures likely to be due to the difficulty in contacting local
officials and people in the remote region.
In the densely populated city of Karachi on the Arabian Sea and Quetta, the capital of
Baluchistan province, people ran into the streets in panic when the quake it, praying for their
lives.
The Pakistani military said it was rushing troops and helicopters to Awaran district and the
nearby area of Khuzdar. Local officials said they were sending doctors, food and 1,000 tents
for people who had nowhere to sleep as strong aftershocks continued to shake the region.
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Most of the victims were killed when their houses collapsed. Pakistani television showed
pictures of the area: walls of the mud brick homes had collapsed and people were gathered
outside because they had no houses to sleep in.
Baluchistan is Pakistan's largest province but also the least populated and most
impoverished. Awaran district has about 300,000 residents.
The area where the quake struck is at the centre of an insurgency that Baluch separatists
have been waging against the Pakistani government for years. The separatists regularly
attack Pakistani troops and symbols of the state, such as infrastructure projects.
Baluchistan and neighbouring Iran are prone to earthquakes. A magnitude 7.8 quake centred
just across the border in Iran killed at least 35 people in Pakistan last April.
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Article 15:
The Indian Ocean's newest island here to stay?
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/pakistan-earthquakeisland
New outcrop of land formed after Pakistan earthquake could be transient mud volcano, or
more permanent fixture
Pakistanis walk on the newly formed island off the coastline of Gwadar. Photograph: Gwadar local government office/Xinhua
Press/Corbis
When a new mound of land rose from the coastal waters of the Indian Ocean following
Tuesday's destructive earthquake in Pakistan, the internet and news bulletins buzzed with
speculation and questions. Where had this island as yet it has no name come from? And,
perhaps more intriguingly in a region no stranger to turbulent geopolitics, who owns it?
The origins of this fresh piece of land remain unclear. Perhaps seismic shaking agitated the
outpouring of mud from beneath the sea bed. So-called mud volcanoes are pretty common
along this Makran coast, and elsewhere they are often found to have enigmatic
teleconnections with large earthquakes. A more direct connection with the earthquake is also
possible. Although the 7.7-magnitude seismic jolt occurred far inland and deep beneath
ground, it lay on a rupture zone that shallows towards the coastline and surfaces just
offshore. Here, ancient beaches elevated many metres above sea level confirm that, in the
past, big earthquakes have lifted these shores up in equally dramatic fashion.
Earthquakes are a reasonably common way for the planet to create new land. One of the first
accounts came from Charles Darwin when, midway through his Beagle voyage along the
Patagonian archipelago, he witnessed a great earthquake thrust the coastline of Chile a few
metres upwards, stranding vast foreshores high and dry. The recent lethal earthquakes in
Sumatra in 2004 and Japan in 2011 caused a similarly dramatic reshaping of the coastal
zones.
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In geological terms, this is simply one way in which land masses get bigger and territory is
gained. For the residents of the nearby town of Gwadar, the fledgling island offers intriguing
opportunities for development, tempered no doubt by debates about just who has jurisdiction.
Small and barren, the new arrival is unlikely to create much of a land rush. A few years
before Darwin's earthquake, a small volcanic island emerged south of Sicily, launching a
vigorous diplomatic spat as regional powers competed to claim its anchorage. A conference
was convened in London to discuss its ownership, but erosion took it once more beneath the
waves before it had a chance to make it on to maritime charts.
If this fresh mound a few hundred metres offshore is indeed a mud volcano, then it is just as
likely that in the coming months it will be gradually worn and winnowed away by the waves
and disappear entirely. If not, then the latest seismic lurch marks one more incremental
advance in the building of the Asian continent.
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Article 16:
Baluchistan separatists in Pakistan fire rockets
at earthquake-relief helicopter
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/pakistan-militantsattack-baluchistan-relief-helicopter
Militants narrowly miss helicopter carrying head of disaster relief agency, while Frontier Corps
are also shot at nearby
Pakistani children in the Labach area after the 7.7-magnitude earthquake. Tens of thousands of survivors are still waiting for
help. Photograph: Banaras Khan/AFP/Getty
Separatist militants fired two rockets that narrowly missed a Pakistani government helicopter
surveying a region devastated by an earthquake, underscoring the dangers authorities face
in helping victims in Baluchistan, the country's poorest province.
Helping the residents has been made even harder by the danger from Baluchistan
separatists who have been battling the government for years.
The militants fired two rockets on Thursday at a helicopter carrying top Pakistani officials in
charge of relief operations, but missed their target, said the deputy district commissioner,
Abdur Rasheed.
The helicopter was carrying the head of the country's National Disaster Management
Authority, a Pakistani army general in charge of relief operations and other officials.
In another incident about 12 miles (20km) north of the town of Awaran, militants fired at
Frontier Corps troops involved in relief operations, said a military official. None of the troops
was wounded.
The interior minister, Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan, told MPs that security problems were making
it difficult for rescuers to reach some areas.
There is strong resentment in Baluchistan against the government, which many residents
contend exploits the south-western province's oil, gas and mineral deposits but fails to
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reinvest in the desperately poor region. The province is Pakistan's largest, making up about
40% of the country's territory, but also its least populated, with only 9 million people.
One local, Masrullah, said the separatists had warned that aid workers should not travel with
the army or government officials to avoid being attacked. The separatists had already given
out relief supplies to the village, he said.
Another resident, Mohammed Omar Meerwani, said the ongoing insurgency had already
driven many people in the district to leave for other parts of Baluchistan or elsewhere in
Pakistan before the earthquake.
Earlier this week, separatists fired on troops escorting doctors helping out with the quake
effort. No one was hurt.
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Article 17:
Breaking News Second Pakistani Earthquake to Hit
in One Week
http://guardianlv.com/2013/09/breaking-news-second-pakistaniearthquake-to-hit-in-one-week/
On Saturday at 12:34 p.m. (1304 IST), a 6.8 earthquake has struck southwest Pakistan, the
second earthquake to hit the ravaged area in less than one week.
At least 12 people were killed in Saturdays quake with the death toll rising, leaving an
unknown number of people buried under the rubble. Eight of the 12 reported dead came from
the Nokjo area, the other four from Mashkay.
At least 400 persons were killed in the earlier quake that struck Tuesday.
Saturdays quake hit the remote area of the Awaran district, which is the poorest district in the
southwest province. The force of the earthquake measured at a depth of 14 kilometers and
could be felt as far away as the outer borders of Karachi.
Pakistani television reports the Nokjo area suffered damage where most of the villages mud
buildings have collapsed trapping people under the debris.
Communications have been hampered because of the devastation, but reports are coming in
telling of severe damage to the area.
The US Geological Survey stated Saturdays seismic activity measured 6.8 on the Richter
scale and was an aftershock from Tuesdays quake. However, the National Seismic Center of
Pakistan corrected this report stating that Saturdays earth movement was measured at a 7.2
magnitude and is deemed an independent earthquake which shook the area, not an after
shock.
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When Saturdays tremor was felt, many of the injured hurt in Tuesdays earthquake ran in
panic from the hospital where they were being treated.
Reports reflect that Tuesdays seismic event affected over 300,000 people, leveling many
buildings in the area. Many of the survivors are currently taking sanction in outdoor tents or
sleeping in open-air conditions.
Thousands of soldiers had already been deployed to the ravaged area prior to both
earthquakes. Their presence in the area is because of a long running insurgency by Baloch
rebel separatists.
Insurgent attacks on rescue convoys heading to Mashkay to aid with food and water supplies
are threatening rescue efforts, making it difficult for aid workers to reach out and rescue
survivors in the worst hit areas.
After Tuesdays quake, 30,000 are still waiting for aid and almost certainly hoping the seismic
activity ends.
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Article 18:
Deadly Pakistan earthquake: the reaction
http://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2008/oct/29/pakistan-earthquake
Pakistan's English language Dawn newspaper has a series of photographs showing people
forced out into the streets when the quake struck Baluchistan province at about 5.30am.
The series includes images of residents of the regional capital, Quetta, described by Dawn
as "one of the chilliest cities in the region", huddled together with blankets wrapped around
their shoulders.
On the BBC News website, residents have been describing the shock and panic that followed
the quake, which killed at least 135 people and destroyed hundreds of homes.
"It was the worst 40 seconds of my life," said Najam Maghlani from Quetta.
Saif-Ud-Din Shahwani, a development manager, said: "It was terrible, even though Quetta
was not damaged so badly. We have heard that rural areas have been badly hit, whole
villages destroyed."
He said one political party had started a campaign to collect essential items for the affected
villagers.
The Lahore-based Nation newspaper says on its website that the death toll has risen to more
than 150, the majority from the Ziarat area.
It reports that 25 doctors and 100 paramedics have been sent to a field hospital to help the
survivors while the meteorological office has warned that the aftershocks could last for a
week.
The Nation reports that the prime minister, Yousuf Raza Gilani, has announced aid of
300,000 rupees (about 2,300) each for the relatives of dead and 100,000 rupees for the
wounded.
The charity Mdecins Sans Frontires has a message on its website saying it sent a team
directly from Quetta to Ziarat after the first quake.
Its team started treating wounded people in a village on the way. The website says the
agency is preparing more tents, cooking sets, fuel cans, blankets, body bags and medical
stocks.
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The US Geological Survey reports that the quake was of a magnitude of 6.4 and was centred
34 miles north-east of Quetta. It has produced this map showing the area around the quake.
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Article 19:
Pakistan Aftershock Hits Region
http://guardianlv.com/2013/09/pakistan-aftershock-hits-region/
Another major earthquake shook southwestern Pakistan on Saturday, taking the lives of 15
more people for sure and causing many others to panic. This Pakistan aftershock hit the
region again not long after a first quake struck in the same area and it ended up killing
hundreds of citizens.
At the United States Geological Survey website, it stated that the quake measured around
6.8 and hit near the southwest part of the country in Baluchistan.
Tents and other supplies were being given to many of the quake victims in different areas
surrounding the epicenter of the earthquake aftershock on Saturday afternoon and evening.
People were frightened and dismayed that another earthquake had struck Pakistan again.
Pakistans own Meteorological Department stated that by its measurements of the
aftershock, they believe it was at a 7.2 magnitude, and that the epicenter was located around
90 miles west of Baluchistan.
A government spokesman by the name of Jan Mohammad Buledi said the citizens killed on
Saturday perished from falling debris. He also added that the death count from Tuesdays
deadly earthquake was now at least 515 with that count surely to rise.
There was not much left to destroy by way of buildings after last weeks catastrophe. Very
little of the dirt and homemade slab houses in the region were able to withstand the first
earthquake, which was said to have measured at 7.7. It flattened whole towns and
submerged folks underneath the wreckage. Since that time, over thousands of people have
been using the tents or staying outside under the open sky for fear of other building collapse
with more aftershocks like this one. The people also are suffering from heat exhaustion, no
clean water, and having to be out in the extreme heat. They are clueless as to what to do and
do not know where to turn at this time.
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Pakistani meteorologist Arif Mahmood explained to the few Pakistani television viewers that
had electricty and working television sets that Saturdays earthquake was a violent
aftershock and such tremors might go on for weeks to come. There is no way to tell if and
when they might hit.
The quake which happened on Tuesday caused a new island to be created near Pakistans
coast. It was quite a surprise that this happened.
Baluchistan is Pakistans biggest province but it contains the least population. It has very
jagged landscape and there are hardly any good roads to travel on. This has made getting
help to the injured very hard for rescue personnel. Pakistanis Air Force has been using
helicopters to get the wounded out and also fly in provisions as they come available.
This is helping the Pakistan people somewhat, but who knows what will happen if another
aftershock was to strike Pakistan again? The damage is extremely severe right now. The
people do not need any more quakes to hit them. The civil unrest they have to deal with is
troublesome enough. Now to have to handle this natural disaster as well is a very taxing
burden on the country at large.
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Article 20:
Scores dead in Pakistan earthquake
http://www.theguardianbd.com/scores-dead-pakistan-earthquake/
A powerful earthquake of 7.7 magnitude has killed at least 208 people in a remote
area of south-west Pakistan, local officials say.
It struck at 16:29 (11:29 GMT) at a depth of 20km (13 miles), 66km north-east of
Awaran in Balochistan province, the US Geological Survey said.
It was felt as far away as Karachi, Hyderabad, and Indias capital, Delhi.
After the quake, a small island appeared off the coast near the port of Gwadar,
witnesses reported.
People gathered on the beach to see the new island, which is about 9m (30ft) high
and 100m long, Gwadar Police Chief Pervez Umrani said.
Balochistan is Pakistans largest but least populated province.
The province is prone to earthquakes, with at least 35 people killed in a 7.8magnitude tremor that was centred in south-eastern Iran in April.
Mud houses
Balochistan government spokesman Jan Buledi put the death toll at 208 and warned
it could rise. At least 340 people have been injured.
Awaran local government official Abdul Rasheed Baluch said: We have been busy
in rescue efforts for the whole night and fear we will recover more dead bodies from
under the rubble during daylight.
Around 90% of houses in the district have been destroyed. Almost all the mud
houses have collapsed.
Many of the casualties are said to be from Labach, on the northern outskirts of
Awaran town.
Houses are also reported to have caved in in the district of Khuzdar.
Officials in the regional capital, Quetta, said some areas may have suffered serious
damage but the remoteness made early assessment impossible.
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People in the region mostly live in mud houses as opposed to multi-storey concrete
structures, says the BBCs Shahzeb Jillani.
The few concrete buildings in the area mostly house government offices, he adds.
An emergency has been declared in the earthquake-affected districts of Awaran and
Chagai.
Provincial disaster management officials say tents and medical supplies have been
sent from Quetta and neighbouring district headquarters.
More than 200 soldiers have also been despatched for rescue efforts.
Pakistans chief meteorologist Mohammad Riaz told reporters it was a major
earthquake that could cause extensive damage.
But it would depend on how dense the population is in the area around the
epicentre, he said.
Light tremors were also said to have been felt in Karachi and Hyderabad, with
reports of people rushing out of office buildings.
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7. REFERENCE
Books:
1. Nguyen Thanh Huong PhD, 2009, English Newspaper Style.
2. Pham Tu Uyen, 2011, English Newpaper Style Assignment English in Articles
about Norway attacks on BBC and The New York Time, Jully 2011
Website:
1. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/
2. http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/
3. http://www.wikipedia.org/
Articles for illustration

1. Pakistani army appeals for aid for quake-hit Balochistan (http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
2. The remote corner of Pakistan flattened by an earthquake
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
3. Pakistan earthquake: Hundreds dead in Balochistan (http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
4. Rescuers struggle to reach Pakistan quake zone (http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
5. Pakistan quake island off Gwadar 'emits flammable gas' (http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
6. Pakistan appeals to militants over earthquake (http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
7. Pakistani quake area struck again (http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
8. Pakistan quake highlights Balochistan ethnic fractures (http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
9. Pakistan bomb kills three troops in quake area (http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
10. Pakistan: Strong earthquake hits south-west (http://www.bbc.co.uk/)
11. 7.8-magnitude earthquake hits near Iran-Pakistan border

(http://www.theguardian.com/uk)
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12. Rescuers head to site of earthquake near Iran-Pakistan border
13. Pakistan earthquake: hundreds feared dead in remote Baluchistan province
14. Pakistan earthquake death toll rises as rescuers struggle to help injured
15. The Indian Ocean's newest island here to stay?
16. Baluchistan separatists in Pakistan fire rockets at earthquake-relief helicopter
(http://guardianlv.com)
17. Breaking News Second Pakistani Earthquake to Hit in One Week (http:
18. Deadly Pakistan earthquake: the reaction (http://www.theguardian.com/uk)
19. Pakistan Aftershock Hits Region (http://guardianlv.com)
20. Scores dead in Pakistan earthquake (http://www.theguardianbd.com/)
CONTENT
Page
1.
Introduction
1.1.
Reasons to choose the topic
1.2.
Common structure of an article on BBC
1.2.1.
Headline
1.2.2.
Lead
1.2.3.
Body
1.2.4.
Ending
2.
Linguistic features of articles about 2013 Pakistan earthquake
on BBC and The Guardian.com

2.1.
Syntactical features of articles about 2013 Pakistan

TONG THI HOA_ETE31
92

2.1.1.
Headlines in articles about 2013 Pakistan earthquake on BBC
2.1.1.1. Structure of headlines
3
3
a. Headlines in the form of simple sentence

b. Headlines in the form of noun phrase
2.1.1.2. Omission
a. Article omission
b. Verb omission
2.1.1.3. Headline interpreting
2.1.2.
Leads
2.1.2.1. Contrast lead
2.1.2.2. Summary lead
10
2.1.2.3. Quote lead
10
2.1.2.4. Direct lead
10
2.1.2.5. Suspense lead
10
2.1.3
Bodies in articles about Pakistan earthquake
11
2.1.4.
Endings
11
2.1.4.1. Summary ending
11
2.1.4.2. Proximity ending
12
2.1.4.3. Restatement ending
13
2.1.4.4. Quote ending
13
2.2.
Lexical features of articles about 2013 Pakistan earthquake on
14
BBC
2.2.1.
Common vocabulary
14
2.2.1.1. Vocabulary in headline
14
2.2.1.2. Vocabulary in lead
15
TONG THI HOA_ETE31
93

2.2.1.3. Vocabulary in body
16
2.2.1.4. Vocabulary in ending
16
2.2.2.
Compound words
17
2.2.2.1. Compound Adjectives
17
a. Two-word Compound Adjectives

b. More-than-two-word Compound Adjectives
17
23
2.2.2.2. Compound Noun
24
2.2.2.3. Compound Verb
30
2.3.
Relations of parts of articles about 2013 Pakistan earthquake
31
3.
Expressions about 2013 Pakistan earthquake
38
4.
Similarities and differences in linguistics features
38
4.1
Similarities
38
4.2
Differences
38
Conclusion
40
Appendix
41
References
93
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31.hoa - tong.NS - Assignment.2013 Pakistan Eartquake. On BBC and The Guardian

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31.hoa - tong.NS - Assignment.2013 Pakistan Eartquake. On BBC and The Guardian

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English Newspaper Style

Reasons to choose the topic

Common structure of an article on Guardian.co.uk

TONG THI HOA_ETE31

English Newspaper Style

To grab the readers attention

To tell the reader what the story is about.

Pakistani army appeals for aid for quake-hit Balochistan [art.1]

Pakistan earthquake: hundreds feared dead in remote Baluchistan province [art.13]

Militants narrowly miss helicopter carrying head of disaster relief agency,

English Newspaper Style

2. LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ARTICLES ABOUT JAPAN

Syntactical feature of articles about 2013 Pakistan

earthquake on BBC and The Guardian.com

a. Headlines in the form of simple sentence:

Simple sentence with active verb in present tense:

Sentence in future tense

The headlines often use infinitives to refer to the future.

TONG THI HOA_ETE31

English Newspaper Style

Headline in the form of noun phrase:

Pakistani army appeals for aid for quake-hit Balochistan [art.1]

TONG THI HOA_ETE31

English Newspaper Style

The Pakistani army appeals for aid for quake-hit in Balochistan.

Scores dead in Pakistan earthquake [art 20]

The Scores dead in the Pakistan earthquake

The Indian Ocean's newest island here to stay? [art.15]

The Indian Ocean's newest island is a place to stay?

Headline in form of simple sentence: 75%

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English Newspaper Style

Pakistani army appeals for aid for

for quake-hit in Balochistan.

The remote corner of Pakistan

Hundreds of people have died in the

Pakistan earthquake: Hundreds dead

Rescue are struggling to reach

Rescuers struggle to reach Pakistan

Pakistan quake zone

Pakistan quake island off Gwadar 'emits

by a Pakistan earthquake emitted

Pakistan appeals to militants over

TONG THI HOA_ETE31

English Newspaper Style

Pakistani quake area struck again

Pakistan quake highlighted

Pakistan quake highlights

A bomb killed three troops in quake

Pakistan bomb kills three troops in

A strong earthquake hit south-west of

7.8-magnitude earthquake hits near

region near the Iran-Pakistan border

earthquake near the Iran-Pakistan

near Iran-Pakistan border

Pakistan earthquake: hundreds

remote Baluchistan province in

feared dead in remote Baluchistan

Pakistan earthquake death toll rises

The death toll in Pakistan earthquake

as rescuers struggle to help injured

rose as rescuers struggle are helping

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