Professional Documents
Culture Documents
No. 8
Newsletter of t h e S o c i e t y of Af r i c a n i s t A r c h a e o l o g i s t s i n America
Edited by P.L. Shinnie and issued from t h e Department of Archaeology,
U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary, Calgary, A l b e r t a , T2N lN4, Canada.
This i s s u e has been e d i t e d by Francois J . Kense.
The
Francois J. Kense
B e n e f i t s t o Researchers :
Computer programs would allow the p l o t t i n g of d i s t r i b u t i o n maps
a t v a r y i n g s c a l e s f o r use w i t h t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n of t h e A t l a s
o r t o c o n c e n t r a t e on a p a r t i c u l a r r e g i o n . It would a l s o p r o v i d e ,
p o t e n t i a l l y , a wide range of r e l a t i v e l y inexpensive o u t p u t s from o r d i n a r y black1 i n e r e p r o d u c t i o n s t o t r a n s p a r e n c i e s .
The S i t e Record F i l e would provide complete r e f e r e n c e t o t h e
l o c a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n on a p a r t i c u l a r s i t e , whether t h e s e be
publ ished r e f e r e n c e s , unpublished f i l e s , o r a c t u a l c o l l e c t i o n s
housed i n a p a r t i c u l a r i n s t i t u t i o n . Computer p r i n t - o u t s of
t h i s d a t a could be o b t a i n e d by r e q u e s t u n l e s s r e l e a s e of
i n f o r m a t i o n i s d e c l a r e d r e s t r i c t e d by the o r i g i n a t i n g s o u r c e ,
Computer programs would a l l ~ wt h e s o r t i n g of s i t e Lists, :
r e f e r e n c e s , and d i s t r i b u t i o n maps on t h e b a s i s of a p a r t i c u l a r
i n t e r e s t s u c h a s c u l t u r a l e n t i t y , time, presence of a s s o c i a t e d
o r g a n i c remains o r such s p e c i f i c s a s t h e presence of i r o n ,
ground and bored s t o n e , bone t o o l s , s t r u c t u r e s and s o on.
The c i r c u l a t i o n of p e r i o d l i s t i n g s of r e c e n t r e s e a r c h and
r e f e r r a l s t o r e l e v a n t publ i c a t i o n s would provide q u i c k r e f e r e n c e
t o new m a t e r i a l . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , i n d i v i d u a l s could r e q u e s t new
l i e t i n g s c r o s s - r . e f e r e n c e by s p e c i f i c i n t e r e s t s .
The u s e of Index Recording S h e e t s i n p e r s o n a l f i l e s p r o v i d e s
e a s y r e f e r e n c e t o p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n and a l l o w s s p a c e f o r
recording s p e c i a l - i n t e r e s t data.
Benefits t o Teaching_Institutions :
1.
2.
Development of t h ? A t l a s o L A f r i c a n p r e p i s t o r y
The A t l a s p r o j e c t f o r m a l l y begain i n 1957 under t h e a u s p i c e s of
t h e S c i e n t i f i c C o u r c i l of A f r i c a , a f t e r recommendations from J.D. C l a r k .
I n 1959, r e s p o n s i 5 il i t y , v i t h o f f i c i a l s p o n s o r s h i p , was assumed by
t h e IVth Pan-African Congress through which a Commission on t h e Atlas
was a p p o i n t e d . The p r o j e c t gained momentum i n 1962 through a g r a n t
from t h e I n s t i t u t e of S o c i a l Sciences a t the U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a
a t Berkeley, and a number of r e g i o n a l c o r r e s p o n d e n t s r e p r e s e n t i n g
most A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s responded w i t h r e g i o n a l o r s p e c i f i c - t o p i c maps
and l i s t s of s i t e s . Where l o c a l a s s o c i a t e s were n o t a v a i l a b l e ,
p l o t t i n g was done by t h e A t l a s s t a f f from published s o u r c e s . T h i s
c o l l a b o r a t i v e e f f o r t was t h e b a s i s of t h e f i r s t e d i t i o n , published
by the U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago P r e s s i n 1967, w i t h t h e a i d of a
g r a n t from t h e Wenner-Gren Foundation towards p r o d u c t i o n c o s t s .
A 1 t e r n a t i v e t o Index Recording S h e e t s
I n view of t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y of p u t t i n g i n t o e f f e c t some l e v e l of
s i t e i n f o r m t i o n a s soon a s p o s s i b l e , wc have a l s o drawn up a n
a b b r e v i a t e d v e r s i o n of t h e Index Recording S h e e t (samples of b o t h
r e c o r d i n g s h e e t s a r e included a t t h e end of t h i s r e p o r t ) . T h i s s t r e a m -
l i n e d v e r s i o n w i l l be used i n t h e d i r e c t t r a n s f e r of b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n
t o a f i r s t - s t a g e , n i n p l i t i c 4 computer f i l e and w i l l a l l o w i n i t i a l
work w i t h computer i n p u t and o u t p u t p o t e n t i a l s . It w i l l a l s o p e r m i t
a more d i r e c t i n c o r p o r a t i o n of r e c o r d i n g systems e i t h e r i n e x i s t e n c e
o r b e i n g c u r r e n t l y updated i n v a r i o u s c o u n t x i e s .
WE WISH TO EMPHASIZE t h a t t h e Index Recording S h e e t s a8 approved
by t h e Pan-African Congress and t h e Commission a r e t h e most complete
and a g r e e d upon format, and should be used f o r a l l c u r r e n t and r e c e n t
r e s e a r c h . However, f o r o l d e r excavated s i t e s , f o r t r a n s c r i p t i o n of
e x t e n s i v e e x i s t i n g f i l e s , o r i n l i e u of no in ormation, t h e
a b b r e v i a t e d v e r s i o n could be a n a c c e p t a b l e i n t e r i m s u b s t i t u t e .
D Karl a sabage,
Research A s s o c i a t e ,
Commission on t h e Atlas of
African Prehistory,
Berkeley Off i c e
e a r n e s tLy r e q u e s t continued a s s i s t a n c e .
J . Desmond Clerk, P r e s i d e n t
Glynn L 1 . I s a a c , S e c r e t a r y
Commission on t h e A t l a s of A f r i c a n
P r e h i s t o r y , Berkeley O f f i c e
AND,
The s i t e s o r a r e a s which t o p l a n t o c o n t r i b u t e .
?it, 1
ion /
! Cnlrurol-8tratip;rnphYr
, ,+<
designation
SASES ref.
I
fncluded in 1967
Atlas? (circle)
Yea
no
Provenance : (check)
Unknown
Loose surface fLnds
Approximate number if total not
Griddedlplot ted surface
exactly known (circle)
Other cultural material
collection
1-10, 11-20, 21-50, 51-100,
from same site? yes no
In situ in exposures
Test pit excavation
If yes, what?
101-500, 501-1000, more than
1000
Major excavation
I
Stone Artifacts: (indicate number)
Pottery:
Total number of sherde
Trimed tools
Number of decorated/rim
Modifiedlutiliaed
eherds
.'
Flakeslbladee
Other clay objects
Cores
Debitage
Metal Objects
Ground and bored atone
Bone Tools
Raw Material
Other
Metric data available? yes no
--
--.
---
Dating evidence:
---
,-
Collected by:
Date:
supplementary notee
---
11
(yee/no)
4)
(yeslno
(yer/no)
6)
(yea /no
I .
,bi;81tf
S 1 t e Name
y'"
..
'
u n i t ? Yes
No
How many?
-4-.
' * t itude
Lonq It ude
E l evat ion
I n meters
Nature of s i t e
O-open
l=rocksheI t e r
2-cave
3=hotsprlnq
bother
rml
? rovenance (Mode o f Acqu Is 1 t ion)
0-un known
I-loose surface f 1 nds
2-gr tdded/plot ted
surface c o l l e c t i o n
3-in s i t u i n exposures
4 - G s F i T t excevet Ion
SmmJor excatfa t 1on
.
bi
t::ral Classif l c a t l o n /
.+ t u r a l - s t r a t i q r a p h i c
. csignation (c.g. W l 1 ton)
Gross C u l t u r a l D f v l s i o n
E a r l y Stone Age
Hlddle Stone Age
Later Stone Age
l ron Age
H Istorlcal
Confidence o f
Cul t u r i t l
Classiffcation
facertain
2mprobabl e
3-bes t app rox.
FGT tne f o l l o w i n s c a t e g o r i e s o f Information:
.'it
or
Lower P a l e o l l t h l c
Middle P a l e o l l t h l c
Upper P a l e o l f t h l c
Epl-Paleollthlc
Neollthtc
Other
0-not givedunknown
1- 1-20
2- 21-50
6- 1001-5000
3.1 51-100
7- 5001-10,000
4.. 101-500
8- 10,001-56,000
5- 501-1000
9- > 50,000
blank-uncertain/unknown
h a bsent
l-present
e i t a c t u a l Hater la1 :
flaked
stone
ground
stone
pottery,
metals
clay f i q s .
etc.
bone
artlf.
shell
artlf.
qlass
artif.
wood
artlf.
?;ssociated Material :
iauna
plants
pollen
human
structure
rerains
o f any
sort
paintings, other
engravings,
art
other
Lab Number
--
Date I n
B.P.
NEWS
ITEMS
EAST AFRICA
p l a t f o r m - l i k e c a i r n s a t l o c a l i t i e s where t h e r e was a n e x c e s s of s t o n e
i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e was ( a t l e a s t f o r p a r t of the period of o c c u p a t i o n
of t h e s e s e t t l e m e n t s ) much p r e s s u r e of p o p u l a t i o n on t h e a v a i l a b l e
land.
These s e t t l e m e n t s may have s u r v i v e d t i l l around t h e s i x t e e n t h
c e n t u r y A.D.;
t h e d a t e of t h e i r f o u n d a t i o n i s u n c e r t a i n b u t may be a s
e a r l y a s the f i r s t c e n t u r i e s of t h e C h r i s t i a n e r a .
David P h i l l i p s o n conducted e x c a v a t i o n s f o r f i v e weeks a t a ate
Stone Age' s i t e a t Lowasera, n e a r Khomode, L o i e n g e l a n i n e a r t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n c o r n e r of Lake Rudolf (Turkana) a t 2 ' 5 6 ' ~ . , 36'43'~.
The s i t e
l i e s on beach d e p o s i t s 80 m above t h e p r e s e n t water l e v e l , b e s i d e a n
o l d embayment of t h e Lake. Rise of t h e Lake t o t h i s h e i g h t e v i d e n t l y
soon followed a p e r i o d of v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y marked by t h i c k t u f f s and
l a v a flows.
The upper l a y e r s of t h e beach and t h e o v e r l y i n g t e r r e s t r i a l d e p o s i t s
y i e l d e d abundant u n i s e r i a l bone harpoons (two b i s e r i a l fragments were a l s o
found on t h e s u r f a c e ) , o b s i d i a n and chalcedony m i c r o l i t h s and heavy d u t y
t o o l s of l a v a . P o t t e r y from t h e lower l e v e l s was extremely t h i n and
f r i a b l e , b u t t h i s was r e p l a c e d d u r i n g t h e o c c u p a t i o n of t h e s i t e by a
t h i c k e r , b e t t e r made ware : a l l excavated s h e r d s were undecorated.
Faunal remains a r e almost e x l u s i v e l y of f i s h , hippopotamus and t u r t l e .
S e v e r a l human b u r i a l s were recovered, of which two a t l e a s t a r e
contemporary w i t h the main o c c u p a t i o n of t h e s i t e .
Geological mapping e n a b l e s a d e t a i l e d r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e
micro-environment t o be o f f e r e d , and r a d i o c a r b o n d a t e s a r e a w a i t e d .
Neville Chittick
B r i t i s h I n s t i t u t e i n Eastern
Africa
It was n o t p o s s i b l e t o resume e x c a v a t i o n s a t Aksum i n t h e e a r l y
p a r t of t h i s y e a r , b u t i t i s hoped t h a t i t may be f e a s i b l e t o do s o i n
October.
t h e o t h e r may be t h e s i t e
Opone of t h e P e r i p l u s of ~hsE-r y ~ h r e e a n?.a_:
of a n e a r l i e r t r a d i n g p o r t . That a t Daamo is undated, b u t t h e r e a r e
i n d i c a t i o n s t h e r e a l s o of p o s s i b l e c o n t a c t w i t h t h e Graeco-Roman
world, o r p o s s i b l y w i t h a n c i e n t Egypt.
Arch e o l o g i c a l survey i n t h e r e g i o n of Lake E y a s i and Lake Natron
i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e R i f t V a l l e y , Tanzania, has l e d t o t h e
f i n d i n g of f r e s h evidence of p r e h i s t o r i c i r r i g a t i o n a g r i c u l t u r e i n t h a t
r e g i o n ; i t i s expected t h a t s e t t l e m e n t s of t h i s n a t u r e (of which
Engaruka i s t h e o u t s tand ing example) were e s t a b 1 is hed over a r e g i o n
e x t e n d i n g from t h e south-eaa t e r n end of Lake Eyas i northwards p o s s i b l y
a s f a r a s Lake Baringo,
During August and September 1975, David P h i l l i p s o n , the A s s i s t a n t
D i r e c t o r , conducted e x c a v a t i o n s 2.t Lowasera, n o r t h of L o i e n g e l a n i n e a r
t h e s o u t h - e a s t e r n c o r n e r of Lake Turkana ( R u d o l f ) . The s i t e l i e s on beach
d e p o s i t s b e s i d e a n i n l e t of a l a k e 80 m t r e s above t h e p r e s e n t l e v e l . A
long sequence of d e p o s i t s was inves Ligated, i n c l u d i n g evidence f o r
v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y of Kount Kulal a t a d a t e preceding t h e r i s e of t h e
Lake t o i t s 80-metre l e v e l . The msin human o c c u p a t i o n took p l a c e when
t h e w a t e r s had begun t c r e t r 2 a t from t h i s l e v e l . The p r i n c i p a l
encampmentcovered a roughly c i r c u l a r a r r a 30 metres i n d i a m e t e r , b u t
more s p o r a d i c a c t i v i t y o r s e t t l e m e n t was i n d i c a t e d a l o n g a s t r e t c h
of t h e former l a k e s h o r e a l m c s t 500 metres i n l e n g t h b u t n o t e x t e n d i n g
more t h a n 50 o r 70 me4:rcz back from t h e s h ~ r e l i n e . Stone a r t i f a c t s
included b o t h backed ~ z i c r o l i ~ h(of
s c b s i d i a n and chalcedony) and
l a r g e s c r a p e r s , -'. ,- - r .:.d pounlers (of Lava). P o t t e r y i s g e n e r a l l y
c o a r s e , t h i n - w a l l e d and ~ ~ n d c c o r a t c db;u t one s h e r d b e a r i n g 'wavy l i n e '
d e c o r a t i o n was a l s o r e c o v c r c d . Tbcre were many u n i s e r i a l l y barbed
bone harpoon heads. Faunal. r e n a i n s a r e . a r y l a r g e l y of f i s h , hipppotamus and t ~ ~ t l -e ,:-y few l a r d a n i i n a l ~b c i n g r e p r e s e n t e d . E i g h t
human b u r i a l s werc! i n v e s t i , ~ ? d , of which two (one covered w i t h a
s m a l l s t o n e c a i r n ) wcre d c F i n ~ t e l yrontempcrnry w i t h t h e main
o c c u p a t i o n of t h c s i t e . R ~ d i c c ~ r b odnc t r s a r c n o t y e t a v a i l a b l e .
I n February 1976 a rccorinaissance was made of t h e n o r t h e r n
f r i n g e of t h e n o r t h Kenys p l a i ~ nand t h e f o o t h i l l s of t h e E t h i o p i a n
escarpment around S o l o l o and Moyale. l X s c o v e r i e s i n c l u d e d s c h e m a t i c
rock p a i n t i n g s and s e v c r l l czvcs 2r.d rock s h e l t e r s , a t one v e r y l a r g e
example of which, a t Z l e 3 o r , 26 km n x t h - w e s t of T u r b i , i t i s hoped
t o excavate l a t e r i n the year.
ETHIOPIA
RE CENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL I??SEABCH I N SOUTHEASTERN
ETHIOP TA : SOME PRELIMINARY RESULTS
----.
During t h e w i n t e r o i 1974 and t h i s y e a r , w i t h f i n a n c e provided by
t h e National Science Fouildation and t h e Swan Fund, a group of a r c h a e o l o g i s t s from Berkeley, geomorphologists from Macquaries U n i v e r s i t y and a
rock a r t s , p e c i a l i s t from Cambridge U n i v e r s i t y , c a r r i e d o u t r e c o n n a i s s a n c e
and some e x c a v a t i o n and copying of rock p a i n t i n g s i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t
of the Afar R i f t a t c.900m 2nd the n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e S o u t h e a s t
P l a t e a u a t a b o u t 2,500~1. Our main o b j e c t i v e s were:
t o l o c a t e and sample s c a l c d o c c u p a t i o n s i t e s , h o p e f u l l y w i t h
p l a n t remains and f a u n a , t h a t could be r a d i o m e t r i c a l l y d a t e d
and t i e d i n t o t h e c l i m a t i c and e c o l o g i c a l changes recorded
by t h e geomorphologis Cs,
t o t r y t o r e c o n s t r u c t t h e economic base by sampling and c a t c h ment a n a l y s i s a t s e l e c t e d s i t e s .
t o t r y t o a s s e s s t h e e x t e n t t o which t h e c o n s t r a s t i n g ecosystems of R i f t and P l a t e a u may have bccn r e s p o n s i b l e f o r
observed d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e c u l t u r a l assemblages,
t o t r y t o document t h e appearance of domestic p l a n t s and animals
i n t h a t p a r t of s o u t h e a s t e r n E t h i o p i a and t o c o n s t r u c t models
f o r p r e h i s t o r i c lcnd - n d r c s o u r c e use based on t h e work of t h e
e c o l o g i c a l botanist/anthropologist, Claudia Carr from the
U n i v e r s i t y of Califo-nFa a t Santa Cruz, who i s a t p r e s e n t s t u d y i n g
t h e p a s t o r a l and a g r i c t ! l t u r a l G a l l a groups a t t h e s o u t h end of t h e
Afar R i f t t o y-:?vide a b a s i s f o such
~
model b u i l d i n g .
I n 1974 o a r work wns mostly c l - c i t ? d t o t h e R i f t and t h i s y e a r we
extended t h i s work and c a r r i e d o u t r c c o n n a i s s a n c e of the upper p a r t of
t h e Webi S h e b e l i oil t h e Soutlieas t e r n P l a t e a u . This y e a r , a l s o , Richard
Wilding of t h e N a t i o m l U n i v e r s i t y i n Addis Ababa surveyed mediaeval
town s i t e s i n e a s t e r n Shoz and s c u t h and e a s t of Haror and joined us
f o r p a r t of o u r own survey i n C z l e .
The main s i t e s a r e ;?1 c i t h c r z d j a c e n t t o o r w i t h i n t h e escarpment
c o u n t r y o r on t h e S o ~ t i l e a s t e r nP l a t e a u . A s i n o t h e r p a r t s of t h e R i f t
Valley system, t h e r e i s rmch evidence i n b o t h c a s e s f o r Cainozoic
v o l c a n i c a c t i v i t y and t e c t o n i c movement y i e l d i n g v o l c a n i c rocks and
sediments w i t h p o t e n t i a l f o r d a t i n g . S e v e r a l of our s i t e s m e r i t much
more e x t e n s i v e e x c a v a t i o n t l i a ~we have y e t been a b l e t o c a r r y o u t and
i t must be emphasised t h a t t h i s i s a r e p o r t on r e c o n n a i s s a n c e and
potential:
t h e d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s remain t o be c a r r i e d o u t . The s i t e s
d i s c u s s e d h e r e arc! azadeb; A - L a ; G a r i b a l d i ; Lake Besaka; A l a d i S p r i n g s ;
Dire Dawa; Laga O4a.
A t -Gadeb
3. we excavat.2d ~t t h r e e a;ecs vhere fauna and Developed
Oldowan a r t i f a c t s were e r o d i n g frsin :he middle p a r t of t h e o l d e r
sedimentary sequence. The il::iin c l i f f sect-ion h c r e i s 22 m high. Lake
d e p o s i t s ( d i a t o r n i t e s ) i l l the? low>:: ~ s i . .zt r c civerlairi by a l t e r n a t i n g
f l u v i a l g r a v e l s ar.2 san3s a n i d.;ai:c-'.lce<:ljs ci.zy:;; t h e whole i s capped
and s e a l e d by a s~~:.csirc rclnJ:::x:;c.
?:il:-t!.~.11
n o t iC f u l l y primary
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:..
i n t h e upper
1
:
t L c ~ ~ s c T - - ; . ~ * L ~ ~ilo~.;
- ~ c J ~that
Is
they can have
p a r t of t h e section 2
been moved v e r y l i t t l e iif2.;i 5=1:,.:c; : l i c c ~ ~ : : c d . 3 . 2 a z s e x b l a g e from
Gadeb 2 3 f a l l s j n t c , M21-:. L.:.,:!.:.:!.
' c C:!vc!-cpcil Cldc,,:~n R c a t e g o r y w i t h
choppers ( 2 7 % ) ) polyl-,c:'.:r--:,.I (L:.:!),
1 5 ~ 1 : ; . r':x;.\: s c r a p e r s (37%) on
f l a k e s , frag:r..~.t:ts 3r.i r2r~::l:a ?n,3 c,: ? ~ - , <2 ,.r- * c : r ~ - r . '(here i s a l s o a
s i n g l e f i c r o n hg.ni';.:.-: h?l-kcd ;j i i ? c i n ,iy
i
b y h ? r d han-mcr, and a p r o t o b i f a c e . A11 the ar:iS:*cis -rt: . A -Is t7r. c ? l , > i c s o r chunks of b a s a l t
n = , s ~ r b ' . ~ ~ ; .f: r m (:<!.l
.', 2.:
s l i g h t l y lower t h a n
o r welded t u f f . 'i':-.~.~
2B, i n c l u d e s tllc :;ED. r;',- 2 -.:' , 2 ; : I < - . . - - 2 : ; o ;.ln;;?e~:s,
18% polyhedrons,
r:
: ::I-'.i,-c. :-,,:-c l:l-?ccc..: ( 7 .5%) - 5 hand42% l i g h t r'.u:y scr,?:-.. .c:
axes and
" o t t e r I. l . i .i
. L-.: i.,r zs,.~':i;zcs
a r c t y p i c a l of
:%:'
:.
...
.t
w i t h t h e primary f l a k e s s t r u c k o f f i n p r e p a r i n g t h e c o r e s and a l s o t h e
f l a k e s and b l a d e s which were t h e d e s i r e d product. Tools a r e mostly
u n i f a c i a l and p a r t i - b i f a c i a l p o i n t s , of t e n broken i n t h e manufacture,
b u t t h e r e a r e a l s o s i d e s c r a p e r s , d e n t i c u l a t c s and b u r i n s . A p a r t i c u l a r l y
i n t e r e s t i n g technique of c o r e r e j u v e n a t i o n r e s u l t s i n blade-1 i k e
r e d i r e c t i n g f l a k e s which a t f i r s t appearance resemble backing and i t
i s n o t unreasonable t o s u g g e s t t h a t some such f o r m may l i e behind t h e
Blade I n d u s t r y t r a d i t i o n t h a t makes i t s f i r s t appearance i n a l r e a d y
developed form a t t . a base of t h e iJpper V e r t i s o l , from where o s t r i c h
e g g s h e l l has been dated t o 14,750 5 201: y c a r s B.P.
Blade i n d u s t r y
a r t i f a c t s were n o t found i n dens? corlcentzations b u t were s c a t t e r e d
throughout t h e lower p a r t of tha Upper V e r t i s o l and comprised backed
b l a d e s and m i c r o l i t h i c f urr.ls t o g e t h e r w i t h e n d - s c r a p e r s and b u r i n s
s i m i l a r t o those of t h e Kenya Capsi2.n. I n 1975 we recovered a sample
of an assemblage showing t e c h n i c a l characteristics r e l a t i n g i t b o t h
w i t h t h e "Middle" snd " L ~ l t e r Storrc ASCII t r a d i t i o n s and, s i m i l a r l y ,
occupying a n i n t e r n c d i a t c s t r a t i g r a p h i c p o s i t i o n .
Porc E p i c Cave, Dire D2vn.
The cave i s 2km s o u t h of t h e town i n t h e r i g h t hand w a l l of a deep
gorge c u t through t h e l i m s t o n e by sr, important w d i , and is 165m above
t h e wadi bed, approached by a v e r y s t c e p c;ii;?b. It i s d r y and has a
c o m n d i n g view over " e s u ~ r o u n d i n gc o u n t i y . On t h e s o u t h w a l l a r e
some poorly prescriled schen~ati.: and n r l t u r a ~ i s t i .p~a i n t i n g s h u t t h e
n o r t h w a l l i s p a r t l y obscure:l by a t h i c k c u r t a i n of d r i p s t o n c r e s t i n g
on and s e a l i n g a b r e c c i e c o n t a i n i c g fauna and numerous "Middle Stone
Age" a r t i f ~ c t s .
A t r e n c h was dug f r o n t h s s o u t h t o t h e n o r t h w a l l s , p r o v i d i n g a
c r o s s - s e c t i o n of t h e s t r a t i g r a p h y . The s e c t i o n exposed d r i p s t o n e o v e r l y i n g t h e b r e c c i a w i t h th- "Middlc Cimna Age" i n d u s t r y . This g i v e s
p l a c e t o waterlo?ti sands and t!~e d-.olr. scqutnce r e s t s on a f r i a b l e d a r k
c l a y over bedrock. I+ h c l p s t o qhow t h ~ what
t
t h e previous e x c a v a t o r s
had thought was a mfxtulc of "f.liddlel' and "Later Stonc Age" a r t i f a c t s
f r o n t h e d e p o s i t s i n t h e froi?t p a r t of t h c cave I-lad, i n f a c t , o c c u r r e d
subsequent t o th? s c a l i n g of :he b r d c c i a hp t h e d r i p s t o n e and was most
l i k e l y duc t o t h e a c t i o n of s m l l strcolns ( s i m i l a r t o t h e o l d e r evidence
t o be s e e n i n our z e c t i o n ) e r o d i n g t h e b r e c c i a , c a r r y i n g away t h e f i n e s
and l e t t i n g down t h e h e a v i e r m a t e r i a l , i n c l u d i n g t h e a r t i f a c t s , which
l a t e r became i n c o ~ p o r a t e d i n t h e u n c o n s o l i d a t e d ashy sand w i t h t h e
d e b r i s of t h e "Later Stone Age" occup'ltion which was found t o c a p t h e
sequence towards the r e a r of t h -" c2ve.
The importance of t h i s s i t e l i e s i n the n a t u r e of t h e "Middle Stonc
Age" assemblage. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t o o l s a r e a v a r i e t y of r e touched
u n i f a c i a l , S i f a c i a l and p a r t i - b i f a c i a l
a range of s c r a p e r
points
forms, u s u a l l y n o t s o w e l l made as t h e p ~ i n t s ;some b u r i n s , c h i e f l y
t e c h n i c a l e x a n p l e s , and a small percentage of n a t u r a l l y backed b l a d e s .
It would appear t h a t t h e b l a d e and f l a k e forms used f o r t h e p o i n t s and
t h e u t i l i z e d / m o d i f i e d f l a k e s and b l a d e s were s p e c i a l l y s e l e c t e d s i n c e
t h e mode of t h e i r l e n g t h / b r e a d t h r a t i o s d i f f e r s s i g n i f i c a n t l y from t h a t
of t h e unmodified w a s t e . Thc g r e a t e s c number of c o r e s a r e L e v a l l o i s
We c o n f i d e n t l y e x p e c t t o o b t a i n d a t e s and i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t
t h e Porc E p i c "Middle Stone Agett may be a s o l d as 50,000 y e a r s . We
a l s o hope t h a t f u t u r e e x c a v a t i o n s w i l l y i e l d f u r t h e r human remains
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s i n d u s t r y i n view of t h e n a d i b l e fragment a s c r i b e d
by V a l l o i s t o a Neanderthaloid type.
Aladi Springs.
A t A l a d i S p r i n g s , some 120km west of Dire Dawa, i s a mound s p r i n g
capped by a t u f a c o n t a i n i n g a microblade i n d u s t r y i n o b s i d i a n and
c h e r t t o g e t h e r w i t h f r e s h w a t e r s h e l l s and some bone. A d a t e of 11,070
2 160 B.P. has been o b t a i n e d which conf i r n s t h e contemporaneity of
t h i s s p r i n g a c t i v i t y w i t h high l e v e l s i n t h e G a l l a Lakes, w i t h t h e
Holocene h i g h l a k e s t a n d s i n t h e c e n t r a l 2nd n o r t h e r n Afar and w i t h
t h a t a t Lake Besaka. Wc c a r r i e d o u t a s t e p e x c a v a t i o n a t A l a d i and
found t h a t t h e micro-blade i n d u s t r y o v e r l a y an e a r l i e r , n o t y e t d a t e d
assemblage of l a t e r "Middle Stoce Age" a f i n i t i e s c o n t a i n e d i n a
c a l c a r e o u s g r e e n c l a y loam. T h i s combines t h e "Middle Stone Age"
L e v a l l o i s and d i s c - c o r e
technology f o r making srnall p o i n t s and
s c r a p e r s w i t h a micro-blade element. This nay, however, have been
a s p e c i a l purpose s i t e a s , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l t o o l forms,
t h e r e occurred w i t h b o t h assemblages a number of heavy d u t y s c r a p e r s
w i t h a n a r c h a i c appearance and, had t h e s e n o t been found i n s i t u ,
they might have been c o n s i d e r e d as r e p r e s e n t i n g an o l d e r i n d u s t r i a l
stage
Lake Besaka, Me t a h a r a
o c c u r i n i s o l a t e d c o n t e x t s i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e midden.
It i s
e s p e c i a l l y i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t t h e m o l l u s c s h e l l s a r e marine and n o t
f r e s h w a t e r and a r e i d e n t i f i e d a s O l i v a c f . b u l b o s a and Engina m e n d i c a r i a ,
b o t h of which forms a r e w i d e s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t t h e Red S e a , t h e P e r s i a n
Gulf and t h e g a s t A f r i c a n c o a s t of which t h e n e a r e s t p a r t t o o u r s i t e
is D j i b o u t i some 500km t o t h e e a s t . U n f o r t u n a t e l y we have n o t y e t
s u c c e e d e d i n o b t a i n i n g a d a t e f o r t h i s P h a s e B a s s e m b l a g e b u t i t is
a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t i t c o u l d be a s much a s 7000 y e a r s o l d .
E r o d i n g from t h e younger s e d i m e n t s some 5m l o w e r was a s t i l l l a t e r
C
c h a r a c t e r i s e d by a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e of e n d - and s h o r t convex
Phase
s c r a p e r s and p o t t e r y and i t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h i s s u p e r f i c i a l s t a g e
may be r e l a t e d t o t h e i n t r o d u c i n g of d o m e s t i c s t o c k ( p r o v i s i o n a l l y
i d e n t i f i e d a r e t e e t h of c a t t l e ) and t h e u s e of s c r a p e r s f o r s k i n
d r e s s i n g a s t h e Gurage t a n n e r s s t i l l d o t o d a y . The same s e d i m e n t s ,
though a t a d i f f e r e n t p l a c e , produced a s m a l l stone bowl of v e s i c u l a r
l a v a , possibly suggesting a r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the N e o l i t h i c Stone
Bowl i n d u s t r i e s of E a s t A f r i c a which may t h u s p e r h a p s b e t h e outcome
of southward m i g r a t i o n of p a s t o r a l p e o p l e s o u t of t h e d r i e r n o r t h e r n
p a r t s of t h e R i f t due t o t h e c o n t i n u e d l a k e r e g r e s s i o n and d e s i c c a t i o n
Charcoal a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a broken
i n t h e 1 s t and 2nd m i l l e n n i a B.C.
p o t produced a d a t e of 3,400
280 B.P. f o r t h i s Phase C.
- -
T h i s y e a r a n o t h e r b l a d e i n d u s t r y s i t e was found i n a s m a l l g r a b e n
a b o u t 1.5km s o u t h of t h o s e j u s t d e s c r i b e d and s i t u a t e d between t h e
f a u l t s c a r p and t h e hinged and d o w n f a u l t e d r o c k s o f i t s o u t e r o r e a s t e r n
e d g e . Two e x p l o r a t o r y p i t s 4m d e e p c o n t a i n e d a r t i f a c t s t h r o u g h o u t and
t h e t h r e e P h a s e s a r e s t r a t i f i e d h e r e . I n t h e lower l e v e l s were found
y e t o l d e r b l a d e s r e m i n i s c e n t b o t h of t h e E l e n t e i t a n i n d u s t r y of t h e
Kenya R i f t and of t h e b l a d e s w i t h t h e " t r a n s i t i o n a l " "Middle S t o n e Age/
L a t e r S t o n e Age" assemblage a t G a r i b a l d i . It i s n o t u n l i k e l y t h a t
t h e s e c o u l d be a s much a s 20,000 y e a r s o l d .
It i s n o t g o i n g t o be e a s y i n s o u t h e a s t E t h i o p i a t o document t h e
domes t i c a t i o n of t h e E t h i o p i a n food p l a n t s a s t h e n e c e s s a r y e v i d e n c e
is h a r d l y l i k e l y t o have s u r v i v e d among t h e p a s t o r a l nomads i n t h e
R i f t and on t h e p l a t e a u , s i n c e , i f t h e y used g r a s s t h a t c h and cowdung
p l a s t e r on b e e h i v e - s h a p e d d w e l l i n g s , a s i s t r a d i t i o n a l t o d a y , t h i s
would l e a v e l i t t l e o r no t r a c e i n t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e c o r d . However,
we hope t o be a b l e t o o b t a i n d a t i n g f o r t h e p a i n t i n g s of c a t t l e and
f a t - t a i l e d s h e e p i n t h e c a v e s and r o c k s h e l t e r s i n t h e H a r a r P r o v i n c e
where, i n 1974, some 14 p a i n t e d c s v e s and r o c k s h e l t e r s were t r a c e d
c o m p l e t e l y o r i n p a r t by P a t r i c i a Vinnicombe C a r t e r ; and t h i s y e a r
we made a c o m p l e t e r e c o r d of t h e p a i n t i n g s i n t h e Laga Oda r o c k s h e l t e r
i n t h e e s c a r p m e n t 25km s o u t h w e s t of D i r e Dawa. A l l t h e s e p a i n t i n g s
an early s e r i e s with
f a l l i n t o t h r e e more main s t y l i s t i c g r o u p i n g s
c a r e f u l l y e x e c u t e d s m a l l p a i n t i n g s of c a t t l e , s h e e p and humans ;
f o l l o w e d by a s t y l e , a s i n t h e upper s h e l t e r a t Laga Oda, i n which t h e
a n i m a l s a r e drawn much l a r g e r and o f t e n n o t s o c a r e f u l l y ; and a l a t e
s t y l e i n whichschema t i c d e s i g n s i n c r e a s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y a n d , b e s i d e s
c a t t l e , camels a r e r e p r e s e n t e d . Thc u d d e r s of t h e cows a r e o f t e n
c a r e f u l l y d e p i c t e d d e n o t i n g t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e m i l k i n g t r a i t .
Acknowledgements
Our thanks a r e here g r a t e f u l l y acknowledged t o t h e N a t i o n a l Science
Foundation, Washington, f o r Grant No. SOC73-05513 A 0 1 under which most
of t h i s work was c a r r i e d o u t ; a l s o t o a l l those members of t h e 1974 and
1975 e x p e d i t i o n s whose c o l l a b o r a t i o n c o n t r i b u t e d s o m a t e r i a l l y t o t h e
s u c c e s s of t h e r e s u l t s : Allemayu Asfaw and Yesahak Worku of t h e
A n t i q u i t i e s Department, Addis Ababa; Paul Bishop of Macquarie U n i v e r s i t y ;
Richard G i l l e s p i e of Sydney Univers i t y Radiocarbon Laboratory; Frances
Dakin and W, Morton of t h e Geology Department, t h e N a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t y ,
Addis Ababa; Steve Brandt, A l l i s o n Galloway, H i r o Kurashina, Ron Reeves
and Kenneth Williamson of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley who
formed t h e e x c a v a t i o n teams ; P a t r i c k L. C a r t e r and P a t r i c i a Vinnicombe
C a r t e r of Cambridge U n i v e r s i t y who surveyed p r e h i s t o r i c s i t e s i n t h e
sotithern Harar Province and t h e rock a r t s i t e s of t h a t a r e a ; Richard
Wilding of t h e National U n i v e r s i t y , Addis Ababa who worked on p r o t o h i s t o r i c s i t e s ; Denis Geraads of t h e National U n i v e r s i t y , Addis Ababa
who i d e n t i f i e d the f a u n a l remains ; E l i z a b e t h McCown of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of
C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley who prepared and r e c o n s t r u c t e d t h e human s k e l e t a l
m a t e r i a l from Lake 3esaka and B e t t y B. Clark f o r o r g a n i z i n g t h e
commissariat and performing i l l u s t r a t i o n and s e c r e t a r i a l work. We a r e
a l s o deeply indebted f o r many kindnesses t o Mr. and Mrs. G e r r a r d Dekker
of Addis Ababa, t o Ato Bekele Negussie and the members of t h e s t a f f of
the Department of A n t i q u i t i e s , t o Ato Mamo Tesema of t h e N a t i o n a l Museum
and the many people i n E t h i o p i a , b o t h government o f f i c i a l s and p r i v a t e
i n d i v i d u a l s , a l l of whom helped us i n innumerable ways.
J. Desmond C l a r k , U n i v e r s i t y of
Dallas
May 1975
C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, and
M.A. J. Williams, Macquarie U n i v e r s i t y ,
New South Wales
La r g g i o n du Soddo e t c e l l e q u i l u i e s t l i m i t r o p h e a u sud
conservent une c e n t a i n e de s i t e s , a u t a n t de s t h l e s e t nombre de
tombes. Cf. Nyame Akuma, o c t o b r e 1975.
KENYA
P a l y n o l o g i c a l Kesul t s a t E a s t Rudolf
A p o l l e n assemblvge v7as e x t r a c t e d from a sample a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e
hominid s i t e KNMER 1592 a t I l e r c t i n t h e Koobi Fora Formation.
2 . 4 m.y. i n t h e F i t c h
I t s approximate LTe should be between 1 . 8
and M i l l e r d a t i n g h y p o t h e s i s , o r 1 . 5
1.6 m.y. i n t h e C u r t i s h y p o t h e s i s ,
TANZANIA
D r . Gerhard Liesegang of t h e F r o b e n i u s - I n s t i t u t i n F r a n k f u r t r e p o r t s t h a t
funds have been made a v a i l a b l e by t h e Foreign O f f i c e of t h e F e d e r a l
Republic t o the Nation Museum of Tanzania and t h e r r o b e n i u s -Ins t i t u t ,
F r a n k f u r t t o c o n t i n u e r e s e a r c h on s i t e s w i t h rock p a i n t i n g s i n C e n t r a l
Tanzania. The f i r s t campaign took p l a c e i n June
October 1974 and was
d i r e c t e d by F.T. Masao, Curator of t h e National Museum of Tanzania, who
w i l l a l s o l e a d the second p i e c e of f i e l d r.?search. The f i e l d w o r k was
o r i g i n a l l y planned f o r June
September 1976 b u t s i n c e M r . Masao has j u s t
f i n i s h e d t h e f i r s t d r a f t oF t h i s t h e s i s a t Sinon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y , a
s l i g h t s h i f t nay be n e c e s s a r y .
EGYPT
S y s t e m a t i c p r e h i s t o r i c s t u d i e s of t h e Siwa O a s i s r e g i o n d i r e c t e d
by D r . F e k r i A. Hassan, Washington S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Pullman, were
i n i t i a t e d d u r i n g t h e summer of 1975 a i d e d by Grant No. SOC75-00222
from t h e N a t i o n a l Science Foundation and Grant No. FU-54002 from t h e
Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n . The r e s e a r c h i s u n d e r t a k e n i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n
w i t h t h e G e o l o g i c a l Survey of Egypt.
P r e p a r a t i o n s f o r a second s e a s o n (Summer 1976) a r e underway.
The r e s u l t s of t h e f i r s t s e a s o n promise t o c l a r i f y t h e p l a c e of Siwa
d u r i n g t h e P a l e o l i t h i c - N e o l i t h i c t r a n s i t i o n and t h e p o s i t i o n of Siwa
w i t h i n t h e c u l t u r a l r e l a t i o n s among t h e Maghreb, t h e Nile V a l l e y , and
t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of t h e Egyptian Sahara.
**
Deb i b i (Dapaa)
Survey work and e x c a v a t i o n s continued i n A p r i l a t t h e i r o n working
s i t e d e s c r i b e d i n Nyame Akuma vol 7 . h t o t a l of 2 7 a l a g mounds w i t h i n a n
a r e a of 1% h e c t a r e s have now been mapped, the l a r g e s t of them b e i n g
n e a r l y 2 metres high and 25 metres long. This mighty i r o n working complex
secins .to d a t e from t h e heyday of Begho and s o f a r 3 r a d i o c a r b o n d a t e s have
been o b t a i n e d from c h a r c o a l s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f u r n a c e s i t e s :
GX
4226 A.D. 1430
100) Mound
N - 2286 A.D. 1480 2 65 )
GX
- 4227
A.D.
1650
+ 95
) Mound 2
( A l l based on t h e 5568 h a l f l i f e )
F o r t Ruychaver
Excavations were conducted a t F o r t Ruychaver on t h e Ankobra R i v e r
n e a r P r e s t e a (5O 22'N, 2O 8 ' 8" W) d u r i n g t h e Christmas v a c a t i o n w i t h t h e
h e l p of t h e Brathay E x p l o r a t i o n Group and a p a r t y of I 1 Ghanaian s i x t h formers and s t u d e n t s . The f o r t , b u i l t by the Dutch i n 1654 i n a n a t t e m p t
t o t a p t h e s o u r c e of t h e gold r e a c h i n g t h e f o r t s on t h e Gold Coast, was
t h e only f o r t b u i l t f a r i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r by t h e European powers b e f o r e
t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y and was blown up i n 1659. The s t o r y of t h e
d e s t r u c t i o n has always been somewhat mysterious and romantic and i n
e a r l i e r d e s c r i p t i o n s of the Cold c o a s t ' s f o r t s ( a s i n Lawrence 1963) o r
i n g e n e r a l h i s t o r i e s of Ghana, t h e r e i s e i t h e r no i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e
f o r t o r i t i s piecemeal and c o n f l i c t i n g . D r A. van Dantzig* and M r . D.
Mathewson r e l o c a t e d t h e f o r t i n 1969 f r o n t h e Ankobra r i v e r f o l l o w i n g
t h e d i s c o v e r y of a r e c o r d of a v i s i t t o the f o r t by a Colonel S t a r r e n b u r g
i n 1817. The p r i n c i p a l aims of t h e p r o j e c t were t o put t h e f o r t c o r r e c t l y
on t h e map, t o d e s c r i b e i t s l o c a t i o n , t o c l e a r the f o r t and c o n t o u r t h e
a r e a and conduct a small e x c a v a t i o n t o determine t h e n a t u r e of i t s
d e s t r u c t i o n and whether t h e r e was any l a t e r s e t t l e m e n t .
A s the f o r t i s
s o c l o s e l y d a t e d i t meant t h a t any a r t e f a c t could a l s o be c l o s e l y d a t e d
i f i t could be proved t h a t t h e r e was no subsequent s e t t l e m e n t .
The f o r t had been b u i l t on a s t e e p s i d e d 30 metre h i l l i n v e r y
t h i c k f o r e s t immediately above a s e r i e s of r a p i d s and a rock b a r on
t h e Ankobra r i v e r which would a c t a s a b a r r i e r t o a g g r e s s i v e moves up
t h e Ankobra from t h e c o a s t . Most of t h e a v a i l a b l e t h r e e weeks was
t a k e n up w i t h c l e a r a n c e work and mapping. N e v e r t h e l e s s a t o t a l of 20
p i t s were sunk. The f o r t , a s found, c o n s i s t e d of a mud and p o l e s t r u c t u r e
approximately 13.5 x 6 metres w i t h a r e d P a n - t i l e d r o o f . The t i l e s had
been shipped from Holland presumably a t g r e a t expense. The f o r t had been
d e s t r o y e d i n what must have been an e x c e s s i v e l y s t r o n g c o n f l a g r a t i o n a s
a l l t h a t remained was b u r n t mud and t i l e s which i n some c a s e s were
v i t r i f i e d . From t h e lumps of b u r n t c l a y i t was p o s s i b l e t o r e c o n s t r u c t
t h e s i z e of t h e b u i l d i n g timbers and t o a s c e r t a i n w a l l s of two t h i c k n e s s e s .
A s p a r t of a c o n t i n u i n g p r o j e c t on experimental archaeology i n t h e
Begho a r e a , two r u b b i s h dumps, which cons i s t e d of low mounds i n t h e
g a l l e r y f o r e s t around the p r e s e n t v i l l a g e of Hani, were excavated d u r i n g
t h e v i s i t of t h e Brathay Group under the s i t e s u p e r v i s i o n of Simon Grimes
of Durham U n i v e r s i t y . From o r a l evidence i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t they d a t e
from t h e 1930's and 4 0 ' s . The excavated m a t e r i a l i s a t p r e s e n t b e i n g
s t u d i e d and p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e s some of t h e changes t h a t have
t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e Hani cormunity d u r i n g t h e p a s t 35 y e a r s which have
s e e n t h e disappearance of s p i n n i n g u s i n g s p i n d l e whorls and t h e expanded
use of g a l v a n i z e d i r o n , enamel ware, p l a s t i c and aluminium which i s
r e p l a c i n g earthenware. It was of i n t e r e s t t o n o t e t h e percentage of
pot s h e r d s of d i f f e r e n t s i z e s which we hope may be of h e l p d u r i n g t h e
e x c a v a t i n n of Begho s i t e s i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e midden d e p o s i t s from
occupation a r e a s and mud w a l l s which o f t e n i n c c r p o r a t e (so~netimes
i n t e n t i o n a l l y ) l a r g e amounts of broken p o t t e r y . It i s hoped t h a t
the comparison of the f a u n a l m a t e r i a l w i t h t h a t from t h e nearby Begho
s i t e s w i l l a l s o be of s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e s t u d y of t h e economic b a s i s .
Merrick Posnansky
Department of Archaeology
Univers i t y of Ghana.
Excavations a t Ronoso and Ahwene Koko:
A-Preliminary Report
During the Christmas vacatiori of 1974/75 academic y e a r , an a r c h a e o l o g i c a l survey was conducted i n t h e Wenchi t r a d i t i o n a l a r e a by t h e w r i t e r .
The main aim of t h i s survey was co p l a n e x c a v a t i o n s which were scheduled
t o take p l a c e i n t h e long vacation. From 22nd September t o 1 5 t h October,
1975, e x c a v a t i o n s were conducted a t Eonoso and Ahwene Koko i n t h e Wenchi
t r a d i t i o n a l a r e a t o 3 s c e r t a i n what c o n t r i b u t i o n archaeology c a n make t o
t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y of the a r e a .
Bonoso 7O 3 7 ' ~2O 05'W:
Bonoso i s s i t u a t e d about 14 krn s o u t h of Wanchi i n t h e Brong Ahafo
Region. The Wenchis c l a i m t o have come from a hole a t Bonoso where
they s t a y e d f o r some time b e f o r e moving t o Ahwene Koko, which became
t h e C a p i t a l of enc chi.^
Excavations were conducted i n a n a r e a about 323 metres t o the n o r t h e a s t of t h e "hole of o r i g i n " . This a r e a was s e t t l e d by the Wenchis a f t e r
they had emerged from t h e
The Wenchi T r a d i t i o n a l Council f e l t t h a t
ans so.^'
12'W:
+-
Conclusions :
The Wenchis h c l i c v c t n n t t h e i r a n c e s t o r s emerged from t h e h o l e a t
~ ruled the a n c i e n t
Bonoso w i t h t h e i r s u b - c h i e f s arid ~ u c c n l n o t h e r lwho
Wenchi s t a t e . I f t h i s i s i n t e r p r e t e d a s t h e c r e a t i o n of a c e n t r a l i z e d
government w i t h i n n n c i c n t Wenchi and i f t h e r a d i o c a r b o n d a t e s from
Bonoso a r e c o r r e c t , thcn i C cnn 5 c concluded t h a t s t a t e f o r m a t i o n
began e a r l i c r i n Ghana than nlos t h i s t o r i a n s b c l i e v e .
There i s a wide gap b e t r ~ z e nt h e d a t e s o b t a i n e d f o r t h c two s i t e s .
The "missing l i n k " i s perhaps y e t t o bc found i n a n unexcavated a r e a
of t h e s e widespread and l a r p s i t e s .
I t i s p r e n a t u r e t o g i v ? ~ n yd e , a i l e d a c c o u c t of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
between Bonoso and Atwene Xo'w s i n c e t h e p:Y.c y froin t h c two a r e a s i s
s t i l l being s t u d , k d . IL can, h w c J C Y , be s a i d t h a t the s i l n i l a r i t y i n
v e s s e l f orln and of d e c r , r a t i v e teclmi.qucs erqloyed by t h e makers of Bonaso and
Ahwene Koko p o t t e r y i s s u g g e s t i v e of a cmnmn o r i g i n o f , o r a t l e a s t
c u l t u r a l s i m i l a r i t y be t w c c ~ , the oiCllF3ntS of Bmoso and Ahwene Koko.
The cupruous (? b r a s s ) o b j e c t s c b n d t h e g l a s s beads a r c i n d i c a t i v e of
t r a d e connections with the oucsidc w o r l d . The small shallow bowls may
s u p p o r t t h e d o c n ~ e n t a r yr e f e r e ~ c ? ' ~
t o t h e cloLh i n d u s t r y i n 1 7 t h c e n t u r y
If the tobacco ?ip2 fouc.? a t
6 c p t h of 34cms i n t r e n c h 018P18
Wenchi.
belongs '-0 3 a , as 1 a ! l i n c l i n e d t o bcl lev^, t h e n t h e c l a i m t h a t Ahwene
Koko was abandoned L ~ t w e c nl G C O aqd 170014 rmst be r e j e c t e d i n f a v o u r
of abandonment towards rhc? end of 5~ r e i g n of Osei Tutu (1711-12) 15
d u r i n g whose time Litwcix X u i c ~was invaded
.C
-
" c T r c
A l l b o n c ~? ~ r t--,t
c
i ~ .. 1 : i ;j ,t.l
b y 2,-. 2 , Grubb of t h e Zoology
t h a t t h e r e were n o t
Dep.?rtmcnt, LTdon. I!c ;Ccrnql : r .r t:cs::ed
s u f f i c i e n t Boric; f oL cc ; d r i s o L , t r d i d e n t i f a c t i o n i n t h e Zoology
I am
Depart1ncr.t and t b c r c f o r c k j s , ~ n ? l y s c sa r c p c r c l y t e n t a t i v e .
g r a t e f u l t o hirl f o r hi-s x m ~ v s i .~ .
I
L.B.
CrosslLnd, 1273
a p c i c . p . 69
Crossland, 1913 - o p . c i ; .
p. 3 7 .
10.
11.
12.
13.
K.Y. Daaku, and Van D s n t z i g , 1966 - "An Annotated Dutch Map of 1629"
i n Ghana Notes and Q u e r i e s , No. 9 , pp. 10-13.
14.
P. Ozanne, 1966
"Ahwene Koko: Zeventeenth Century Wenchi" i n
Ghana Notes and Q u e r i e s , No. 8.
15.
16.
Legon,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am v e r y g r a t e f u l t o t h e Leverhulme T r u s t f o r p r o v i d i n g funds
t
h
e i n i t i a l p a r t of my r e s e a r c h .
for
J . Boachie-Ansah
Department of Archaeology
U n i v e r s i t y of Ghana
Two d a t e s ; 2520 +_ 200 B.P. (GIF-3651) and 1940 +_ 300 B.P. (GIF-3652)
were o b t a i n e d from Melanoides t u b e r c u l a t a s h e l l s c o l l e c t e d a t
21m and
+ 22m r e s p e c t i v e l y . These come fro^:: a sandy u n i t t h a t accumulated i n
s h a l l o w , a g i g a t e d , a e r o b i c w a t e r s , w i t h i n a few metres of t h e former
lake surface.
Obviously more d a t e s a r e r e q u i r e d , b u t i f t h e s e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s
r e f l e c t t h e t r u e ages of the d e p o s i t s , then they a r e of c o n s i d e r a b l e
s i g n i f i c a n c e . The f i n e l y laminated s i l t s appear t o r e c o r d the l a s t
time t h e l a k e w a t e r s werc a b l e t o flow o u t of t h e c r a t e r ; c e r t a i n l y
no sedimentary evidence has y e t been found t o i n d i c a t e any subsequent
p e r i o d s of overflow. The period around 10000 B.P. i s w e l l known t o have
beep one when many A f r i c a n - l a k e s were p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h . ( C l e a r l y
Bosumtwi was no e x c e p t i o n , b u t t h i s i s t h e f i r s t evidence f o r such a
s t a t e of .af.fa,irs f r o u an a r e a s i t u a t e d e n t i r e l y w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n t
f o r e s t zone of West A f r i c a .
. .
- U n f o r t u n a t e l y I have n o t y e t been a b l e t o o b t a i n d a t e a b l e m a t e r i a l
from t h e . ' t o p of .the laminated s i l t s , s o t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e p e r i o d of
overflow i s unknown, However, the l a k e was c l e a r l y much lower around
2000 B.P, than i t had been a t t h e 'beginning of t h e Holocene, a l t h o u g h
s t i l l c o n s i d e r a b l y above p r e s e n t l e v e l . Again it is worth n o t i n g t h a t
some o t h e r A f r i c a n l a k e s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r than p r e s e n t c.2000 B.P.
'
Mike T a l b o t
~ e p a r t m e n tof Geology
U n i v e r s i t y of Ghana.
. .
32
Boyasi H i l l
- A Kintampo N e o l i t h i c
V i l l a g e S i t e i n t h e F o r e s t of Ghana.
- a quadrant
B - northeast
Trench C
n e a r t h e c e n t r e of a c i r c u l a r heap of s t o n e s which
appeared t o be t h e base of a l a r g e h u t ;
P i t R102
j u s t s o u t h of Mound A;
P i t V93
s t o n e t o o l "workshop s i t e " a d j a c e n t t o a
g r a n i t e boulder having g r i n d i n g grooves i n i t .
Stratigraphy
Layer
0.10
Layer 2
- 0.20m
pottery, polsiehd
Both l a y e r s c o n t a i n e d Kintampo c u l t u r a l m a t e r i a l
s t o n e a x e s , s t o n e beads, grooved s t o n e s , t e r r a c o t t a o r s t o n e t a b l e t s .
Cultural Material
Stone A r t i f a c t s - Ore ? a r s e e l e g a n t b i c o n i c a l l y p e r f o r a t e d
s t o n e beads was foucd e s w e l l a s one s t o n e bead, roughc u t , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t beads were manufactured a t t h e s i t e .
Architecture
A l l the p i t s excavated produced evidence of daub,
some w i t h impressions of poles on them, s u g g e s t i n g t h a t w a t t l e
and daub h u t s were i n use a t Boyasi. I s t h e r e any s i g n i f i c a n c e
i n having daub c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n many p l a c e s below t h e summit,
e s p e c i a l l y around rock exposures and g r a d u a l s l o p e s , w h i l e a t
t h e summit t h e r e a r e r u i n s of stone-based s t r u c t u r e s ? Were
t h e summit s t r u c t u r e s f ~ ar c h i e f l y person o r were they
d e f e n s i v e s t r o n g h o l d s o r j u s t c a t t l e - k r a a l s ? One wonders.
Sculpture
Boyasi H i l l has f u r n i s h e d evidence of a t e r r a
c o t t a f i g u r i n e of what a p p e a r s t o be a dog (Newton and Woodell,
1976). The c l a y m a t e r i a l and the e x t e n t of weathering of t h e
f i g u r i n e a r e s i m i l a r t o those of t h e p o t t e r y found i n t h e
e x c a v a t i o n . I f more f i g u r i n e s a r e found a t Boyasi, i t w i l l
f u r t h e r s t r e n g t h e n t h e evidence found a t N t e r e s o by D r . 0.
Davies, and a t Mumute by D r . J . Dombrowski which provide h i n t s
t h a t t h e Kintampo c u l t u r e people were n o t only makers of
Ghana's e a r l i e s t known t e r r a c o t t a animal f i g u r i n e a r t b u t a l s o
pas t o r a l i s t s who domesticated c a t t l e , sheep, and t h e dog
represented i n the f i g u r i n e a r t .
Dating
The Kintampo c u l t u r e h a s been dated t o t h e e a r l y and mid2nd millennium B.C. a t Kintampo, Ntereso, and Mumute. But t h e
carbon 14 d a t i n g of t h e Kumasi U.S.T. s i t e by Nunoo i s l a t e r and
s o Boyasi H i l l i s expected t o f a l l somewhere between N t e r e s o and
Kumasi U.S.T.
Meanwhile, we ,?re keeping our f i n g e r s c r o s s e d .
REFERENCE
NBWTON, L.E. and S.R.J. Woodell
1976
A newly -discovered s i t e f o r the Kintampo n e o l i t h i c
c u l t u r a l t r a d i t i o n n e a r Kuraasi. Sankofa, Vol. 2
forthcoming .
J. Anquandah
Legon
COASTAL GHANA:
----
----
The o l d e s t c u l t u r a l n a t e r i a l found i n s i t u i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s
f o r c o n f i d e n t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n i s Sangoan and t h i s i n d u s t r y has been
i n v e s t i g a t e d i n major e x c a v a t i o n s a t Asokrochona and Tema West. The
Asokrochona e x c a v a t i o n has been b r i e f l y r e p o r t e d i n Ny;~le Akuma b e f o r e
(no. 3 ) . It now seems c e r t a i n t h a t t h i s h i l l t o p s i t e was a f a c t o r y a r e a ,
t h e i n h a b i t a n t s e x p l o i t i n g q u a r t z v e i n s t h a t c u t t h e Dahomeyan metamorphic
basement and p e b b l e s , mainly of v e i n q u a r t z and q u a r t z i t e , o b t a i n c d from
a pebble hed t h a t r e s t s on the Dahomyan. A p r e l i m i n a r y a c c o u n t of
Asokrochona i s c u r r e n t l y i n p r e s s (W.A.J.A.,).
Tema West proved much l e s s
r i c h i n a r t i f a c t s and t o o l s t h a n Asokrochona, b u t the e x c a v a t i o n was
n e v e r t h e l e s s of c o n s i d e r a b l e v a l u e a s t h i s i s a s t r a t i f i e d s i t e w i t h
t h a t i s b e l i e v e d t o be a Middle Stone Age assemblage o c c u r r i n g above t h e
Sangoan.
The environmental c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of Sangoan
o c c u p a t i o n a r e n o t p r e c i s e l y knqwn. The m a t e r i a l occurs on a l a n d s u r f a c e
t h a t developed i n a semi.-arid c l i m a t e , perhaps r a t h e r s i m i l a r t o t h a t
c h a r a c t e r i s i n g t h e p r e s e n t northernmoa t margin of t h e savanna zone ( i. e .
r a i n f a l l c . 400-500mm p . a . ) . Eowever t h e g e n e r a l l y u n r o l l e d n a t u r e of
t h e t o o l s and waste i n d i c a t e s s u r f a c e s t a b i l i t y t h a t probably r e q u i r e s
somewhat w e t t e r c o n d i t i o n s than those t h a t produced the u n d e r l y i n g
s u r f a c e and i t s a s s o c i a t e d d e p o s i t s .
Probably MSA m a t e r i a l i s widely d i s t r i b u t e d , b u t r a r e l y i n l a r g e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . Tool types a r e v e r y few and i n c l u J e mainly u n i f a c i a l l y
worked choppers, d i s c o i d a l and r a d i a l c o r e s , f l a k e s c r a p e r s and abundant
modified p i e c e s . An i n t r i g u i n g problem concerning t h e l i t h i c m a t e r i a l
i s t h e provenance of a r a t h e r d i s t i n c t i v e p o s s i l i f e r o u s c h e r t of
probable Lower T e r t i a r y a g e . No o u t c r o p s of rocks of t h i s type a r e
known from Ghana o r a d j a c e n t c o u n t i r e s , s o i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e raw
m a t e r i a l was o b t a i n e d from T e r t i a r y o u t c r o p s on t h e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f ,
exposed d u r i n g a p e r i o d of lowered s e a l e v e l .
The MSA o c c u r s i n a r a t h e r compact, mottled c l a y e y sand, o f t e n
r i d d l e d w i t h r o o t l e t t r a c e s and l o c a l l y capped by a p a l a e o s o l . ~ r G c k n e r
(1955) suggested t h a t t h i s d e p o s i t o r i g i n a t e d from t h e combined a c t i v i t i e s
36
of t e r m i t e s and slopewash, b u t t h e r e a r e s e r i o u s o b j e c t i o n s t o t h i s
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and i t seems more l i k e l y t h a t t h e sands a r e of a e o l i a n
o r i g i n . A s i m i l a r o r i g i n has been suggested f o r what a r e almost
c e r t a i n l y formations of s i m i l a r age o c c u r r i n g a l o n g the e a s t e r n c o a s t
of t h e Gulf of Guinea ( G i r e s s e and Kouyoumontzakis, 1974).
The sands extend below p r e s e n t s e a l e v e l and s o probably accumulated
d u r i n g t h e l a s t p e r i o d of lowered s e a l e v e l , c e n t r e d around 17000 B.P.
T h i s is known t o have been a p e r i o d of e q u a t r i a l a r i d i t y (Williams,
1975), t h u s enhancing the l i k e l i h o o d of a e o l i a n sand a c c u m u l a t i o n ,
The p o s t u l a t e d age i s a l s o i n accord w i t h t h e a d m i t t e d l y r a t h e r
l i m i t e d a r c h a e o l o g i c a l evidence. Under more humid c o n d i t i o n s t h e
sands were s u b s e q u e n t l y v e g e t a t e d and reddened, w h i l e a s o i l was
produced a t t h e s u r f a c e .
Overlying t h e MSA-bearing sands i s a f u r t h e r sandy f o r m a t i o n of
undoubted a e o l i a n o r i g i n , dune remnants s t i l l b e i n g r e c o g n i s a b l e a t
some p o i n t s a l o n g t h e c o a s t . P a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g s e c t i o n s o c c u r
near Kpone, e a s t of Term, where t h e dunes a r e l a r g e and w e l l - p r e s e r v e d .
A t the base occurs a n e x t e n s i v e shell-midden w i t h a n a s s o c i a t e d s m a l l
s c a l e f l a k e i n d u s t r y , b u t no p o t t e r y . A t t h e tope of t h e dune a r e s i t e s
w i t h much p o t t e r y , few l i t h i c fragments, few s h e l l s , b u t abundant f i s h
bones. A change i n economy i s thus a p p a r e n t o v e r t h e i n t e r v a l of dune
accumulation.
Dune growth probably comrnecced a s s e a l e v e l was n e a r i n g i t s
p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n , i . e . c . 5000 B.P., b u t we a r e n o t y e t s u r e when i t
f i n a l l y ceased.
REFERENCES
BUCKNER, W.D.
The mantle rock of t h e Gold Coast.
DAVIES, 0.
1964
Geol. Rclsch.
-
43:307-327
Jackson,
and G. Kouyoumontzakis
Observations s u r l e Q u a t e r n a i r c c o t i e r e t sous-marin du
Congo e t d e s r e g i o n s l i m i t r o p h e s : Aspects e u s t a t i q u e s
c t climatiques. B
-.-u..l l . ASEQULL, 42-43: 45-61.
WILLIAMS, M.A. J.
1975
Late P l e i s t o c e n e t r o p i c a l a r i d i t y synchronous i n both
hemispheres. Nature, 253: 617-618.
Signe Nygaard
Department of Archaeology
U n i v e r s i t y of Ghana, Legon
Mike T a l b o t
Department of Geology ' (Uni.versity of Ghana, Lcgon
Konkori, a sinall camp ncar the Konlcori s c a r ? , l i e s on t h e o l d WaTamale p a t h a c r o s s n o r t h e r n Ghaza. The p a t h i s marked by a s u r f a c e
s c a t t e r of s h e r d s . Ascending t h e s c a r p , one e n c o u n t e r s permanent s p r i n g s ,
which a t t r a c t ani,.ials d u r i n g t h e d r y s c a s o n (caves a r e a l s o t o bc found
i n the s c a r p ) . On t o p o i Lhc s c a r p a r c ,,iany s u r f a c e s c a t t e r s of p o t t e r y ,
s e v e r a l r,~ounds, and arrangments of l a t e x i t e and sands tone r o c k s , o b v i o u s l y
Inan madc.
Near t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s csmp, j u s t t o the s o u t h of t h e s c a r p on which
t h e n o r e l is l o c a t e d i s a s i t e w i t h Kintarnpo I n d u s t r y affinities. T h i s
Kintarnpo s i t e y i c l d e d , on t h e s u r f a c e , ' r a s p s ' o r ' c i g a r s ' , ground s t o n e
a x e s , a b r a c e l e t f r a g c e n t , wcathcred p o t t e r y , some c o n t a i n i n g d e c o r a t i o n s
s i n i i l a r t o t h o s c fro^., o t h e r Kintampo s i t e s (Dor~browski, n.2 .), daga,
grooved s t o n e s , g r i n d i n g s t o n e s , and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of s t o n e . One of
t h e s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s had been used s i n c e t h e l a s t r a i n y s e a s o n s i n c e i t
s t i l l c o n t a i n e d a s h e s . Other f i n d s i n d i c a t e r e c e n t use of t h e s i t e a l s o
( p o t t e r y , a broken b e e r b o t t l e , shoe l e a t h e r ) . To t h e s o u t h of t h e
Kintampo s i t e i s a c i r c u l a r d e p r e s s i o n t h a t may be t h e reiliains of a
r e c e n t d w e l l i n g ( a l t h o u g h 1ii0St form nounds r a t h c r n t h a n d e p r e s s i o n s ) .
The Kintampo I n d u s t r y m a t e r i a l i s conccntratcc! cn a l a r g e low mound s o w
170 meters by 50 !wirers, a l t h o u g h t h c s i t e nay extend f u r t h e r .
REFERENCES
J.
"Mumutc and Bonoose - Two s i t e s of t h e Kintampo I n d u s t r y "
Forthcoming i n Sankofa, Vol 2 .
Dor:irowski,
N.D.
P r u s s i n , L.
1968
Sobey, D.G.
1974
A r c h i t e c t u r e i n Northern Ghana.
Prcss.
U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f .
"Anogeissus
Archaeology
. .
P r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t on t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e x c a v a t i o n of ~ o g u g r 4Doupwil
and ~ o ~ u 6 G
r 6a l i a i n t h e Bani-Niger r e g i o n (Mali),
( T h i s r e s e a r c h was made ~ o s s i b l cby a g r a n t t o P r o f . D r . J . Huizinga
( D i r e c t o r of the I n s t i t u t e of Human Biology, S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y a t
U t r e c h t , t h e Netherlands) from t h e National Geographic S o c i e t y
(Washington).
From October 1 1 t h t o December 1 5 t h 1975, a team from t h e I n s t i t u t e
of Human Biology, S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y a t U t r e c h t ( t h e N e t h e r l a n d s ) ,
composed of P r o f . D- J . D . van d e r Waals (archaeology, D r . R.M.A.
Bedaux ( a r c h a e o l o g y ) , D r . L. Hacquebord ( p h y s i c a l geography), Mr. G.
Lange ( b o t a n y ) , and Mr. G. J a n s e n (photography) excavated two s i t e s
i n t h e Bani-Niger r e g i o n . A s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e I n s t i t u t d e s
Sciences Humaines (Bamako), M r . K. Sanogo joined the team.
Previoua work, f r o n 1964 onwards, on t h e g e n e t i c and c u l t u r a l
r c l a t i o n s h i p s be tween r e c e n t human groups (Dogon, Kurumba, P e u l )
l i v i n g i n t h e s c n i - a r i d zone s o u t h of t h e Niger bend on one hand,
and an e x t i n c t p o p u l a t i o n (Tellem) of which c u l t u r a l and s k e l e t a l
remains a r e found i n nlany caves i n the high c l i f f of Bandiagara on
t h e o t h e r hand, i n d i c a t e d t h a t :
1,
none of t h e groups s t u d i e d a r e t o be c o n s i d e r e d a s
b e i n g c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e teller^^;
2.
p o s s i b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o t h e now e x t i n c t Tellem
may w e l l be found i n groups who l i v e d i n t h e BaniNiger r e g i o n .
P r e v i o u s work on p o t t e r y i n d i c a t e d p o s s i b l e c u l t u r a l c o n t a c t s
XIIth century.
between t h i s r e g i o n and t h e Tellem a r e a i n t h e X I t h
1.
~ o ~ u e rDoupwil
;
(~Gvar; I )
3767: 470
+_ 100
GX
3767: 545
+ 95
B.P.
B.P.
( c h a r c o a l sample from s e c t i o n C a t a
h i g h e r l e v e l than t h e b u r i a l )
(human bone sample from a nearby
coffin-jar)
2.
Togue'rG Gal i a
/
B f u l l r e p o r t of the e x c a v a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g s e c t i o n s on r a d i o c a r b o n
d a t i n g , t h e human s k e l e t a l remains, and t h e f l o r a l and f a u n a l remains
w i l l be ready by t h e end of t h i s y e a r .
. . Bedaux .
R M.A
Archaeology a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of N i g e r i a , Nsukka.
This p a s t y e a r t h e archaeology s e c t i o n of t h e Department of H i s t o r y
and Archaeology has grown c o n s i d e r a b l y , and I hope we w i l l have a s e p a r a t e
department i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e .
This depends upon a number of f a c t o r s ,
i n c l u d i n g adequate s t a f f i n g .
I n August 1975, D r . Fred Anozie joined t h e s t a f f and s i n c e t h e n ,
i n a d d i t i o n t o lectures, has been engaged i n a s s i s t i n g planning t h e
r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e l a b o r a t o r y , working on the a n a l y s i s of h i s
e x c a v a t i o n s i n t h e D e l t a a r e a , and i n March 1976, excavated Umundu,
a r e c e n t i r o n s m e l t i n g s i t e near Nsukka. D r . Anozie i s a l s o t h e
S e c r e t a r y of the S t e e r i n g Committee, West A f r i c a n A r c h a e o l o g i c a l
A s s o c i a t i o n , and i s busy o r g a n i z i n g t h e meetings t o be h e l d i n Enugu i n
December, 1976.
SENEGAL
SOUTH AFRICA
U n i v e r s i t y of Cape Town
- Department
of Archaeology
D r . B e a t r i c e Sandel owsky
P r e v i o u s l y of t h e Namib D e s e r t Research S t a t i o n now has joined
t h e s t a f f f o r 1976 and i s completing t h e r e p o r t on Mirabib S h e l t e r .
M r . John Parkington
Complctcd the f i r s t phase of a palaeo-economic s t u d y of h u n t e r g a t h e r s i n t h e southwestern Cape. P r e c m t l y engaged i n modelling
v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of t h e p r e h i s t o r i c s u b s i s t e n c e s y s tems and monitoring
inodern environmental v a r i a b l e s . Also engaged i n a n a r c h a e o l o g i c a l
s t u d y of Mgungundlovu, the r o y a l b a r r a c k s of Dingane, s u c c e s s o r of
Shanka, l e a d e r of t h e Zulu n a t i o n 1828-39.
Graduate S t u d e n t s from Elsewhere.
P e t e r Robertshaw (Ph.D. s t u d e n t from Cambridge) i s working on t h e
h u n t e r s and h e r d e r s i n t h e South-West Cape. A l i c e Hausnan (M.A. s t u d e n t
from SUNY-Binghamton) i s working on Terminal and P o s t - P l e i s t o c e n e human
s k e l e t a l remains from c o a s t a l caves and middens.
Alexandersfontein Basiq
During t h e sunimers of 1974 and 1975, P r o f e s s o r Karl Butzer (Chicago)
c a r r i e d o u t a r c h a e o l o g i c a l surveys and t e s t e x c a v a t i o n s i n t h e Alexandersf o n e e i n Basin, near Kimbcrley. This i s t h e type a r e a of t h e s o - c a l l e d
Alexanderefontein V a r i a n t of t h e Middle Stone Age. The p r o j e c t enjoycd
t h e c o l l a t r o r a t i o n of D r . Robert S t u c k c n r a t h (Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n ) , who
has a l s o done e x t e n s i v e C-14 d a t i n g of Holocene and l a t e P l e i s t o c e n e s p r i n g
c y c l e s of t h e nearby Gaap Escarpment, an3 of M r . Louis S c o t t ( U n i v e r s i t e i t
van d i e Oranje V r y s t a a t ) , who has c a r r i e d o u t e x t c n s i v e p o l l e n i n v e s t i g a t i o n s
a t A l e x a n d e r s f o n t e i n , i n t h c Vaal Valley ( R i v e r t o n Formation), and a t Doarnl a a g t e (Acheul i a n ) and 'Kiipf o n t e i n (7,. S . A . rock a r t ) .
The p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s oE tke Pl.e:sand~rsfontein P r o j e c t can be
summarized ss f o l l o w s :
There i s a c l o s e relatj.cn of s u c c e s s i v e occupations (Acheulian,
L.S.A,) throughout the Kimbexley a r e a w i t h s p r i n g , l a k e s h o r e
and r i v e r b a n k l o c a t i o n s .
N.S.A.,
F a c i e s A has n o t
Fsc;. tiat: d b 2 j a n d r e a s o n a b l e doubt, b u t i s
l i n k e d w i t h d r p c s l t - re1 atccl t c e:;par.rled l a k e s , g r e a t e r s p r i n g
a c t i v i t y , o r a c c l ? l c r a t $ Xuvvlal precesses t h a t a r e of mid-Upper
P l e i s t o c e n z ~ g c . A pal.:cjJLjl dcve!.oped d i r e c t l y upon t h e s e d e p o s i t s
ca. 16,000-11.,000 C..?
7123 p r o v i k s a f i r m e m i n u s a n t e quem.
F a c i e s B hod n o t y e t hecn recog.?ized
~ i t u b, u t probably i s
subs t a n t i a l l y o l d e r t h i i ; T a c i e s A..
F a c i e s A and B appea: t o r e c o r d t h e o n l y M.S.A. o c c u p a t i o n s of t h e
Kimberley r e g i c n . ?hy a r c t % u p o r a l l y s e p a r a t e d from t h e youngest,
l o c a l Acheulian ("Fauresmi'ih" a t Rooidarn 157,000 B.P.) by a s e t t l e ment h i a t u s of a t l e a s t '0,090 y e a r s and from t h e e a r l i e s t , d a t e d
l o c a l L;S.A.
( c a . 4500 B.P.) by a s much a s 20 m i l l e n n i a o r more.
F a c i e s A. e x t e n d s i n t o t h e Vaal ( R i v e r t o n ) and Upper Orange (Zeekoegat
27) v a l l e y s , 5 u t i s ebscnt a t F l o r i s b a d and V l a k k r a a l , d e s p i t e u s e of
i d e n t i c a l rat.7 ma t e r i z i t h e r e . Thcrc i s n c ' ' i n g t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y s i m i l a r
i n t h e g e n e r a l t i m e range cmong t h e cave s i t e s on t h e humid, submontane
margins of t h c Mig1-1 l'elc'.
7.
F a c i e s A marks a r e l a t i v e l y b r i e f o c c u p a t i o n of t h e s e m i - a r i d
i n t e r i o r , a t a time of c o o l e r and m o i s t e r c l i m a t e ( a t l e a s t double
t h e p r e s e n t r a i n f a l l of 400mi). Even s o , i t may r e p r e s e n t a n
a d a p t a t i o n t o a d r i e r macro-environment t h a t was g e n e r a l l y e x p l o i t e d
by M.S.A. groups. The s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n was h i g h l y d i s c o n t i n u o u s ,
w i t h s p r i n g s , l a k e s h o r e s , and permanent s t r e a m s forming t h e l o c i
of s e a s o n a l o c c u p a t i o n , w i t h a p e r i p h e r y of t r a n s i t o r y s e t t l e m e n t
t h a t graded outwards i n t o a v a s t , s p o r a d i c a l l y - u t i l i z e d economic
area.
8.
The f o l l o w i n g a r t i c l e a r r i v e d t o o l a t e f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e p r e v i o u s
i s s u e of Nyame kkuma.
Research on t h e p r o j e c t "Late Quaternary environment and c u l t u r e
change i n the Southern Cape" i s c o n t i n u i n g w i t h t h e c u r r e n t main f o c u s
on e x c a v t i o n s a t Boomylaas Cave i n t h e Cango V a l l e y , Oudtshoorn
D i s t r i c t , The 5 m t r e s of d e p o s i t i n t h e cave cover t h e whole Upper
P l e i s t o c e n e and Holocene time p e r i o d , a c o n c l u s i o n s u p p o r t e d by t h e
n i n e r a d i o c a r b o n d e t e r n i n a t i o n s c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e . The e x c a v a t i o n
s t r a t e g y has involved t h e h o r i z o n t a l s t r i p p i n g of t h e uppermost 90cm
of l a t e Holocclne d e p o s i t s over an a r e a of 100 s q . metres and c u r r e n t
plans a r e t o excavate a reduced a r e a of 20 s q . metres through t h e
e a r l i e r Holocene and Uppei"P1eistocene d e p o s i t s t o bedrock over the
n e x t t h r e e y e a r s . This. should provide adequate Upper P l e i s t o c e n e
c u l t u r a l , f a u n a l and o t h e r samples f o r i n i t i a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n .
Because of the g e n e r a l p a u c i t y of good d a t a i n t h i s Upper P l e i s t o c e n e
time range i n t h e Southern Cape, Boomplas w i l l provide a unique s e t
of observa t i o n s .
The e x c a v a t i o n r e s u l t s thus f a r show the use of t h e cave a s a s t o c k
k r a a l a b o u t 1700 y e a r s ago by h e r d e r s w i t h sheep and probably c a t t l e .
H i s t o r i c a l l y t h e a r e a was i n h a b i t e d by H o t t e n t o t s and anccs t r a l H o t t e n t o t
h e r d e r s a r e presumed t o be evidenced i n t h e d e p o s i t s . C i r c u l a r s t o n e
h e a r t h f e a t u r e s and p o t t e r y a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e h e r d e r o c c u p a t i o n and
i t provides a n i n t e r e s t i n g comparison w i t h t h e immediately p r i o r use of
the cave some 2000 y e a r s ago by groups who were e s s e n t i a l l y h u n t e r g a t h e r e r s b u t had some a c c e s s t o s t o c k . The l a t t e r o c c u p a t i o n h o r i z o n
demonstrates t h e h a r v e s t i n g of o i l r i c h Pappea c a p e n s i s f r u i t s , a n
a c t i v i t y which was n e c e s s a r i l y very r e s t r i c t e d s e a s o n a l l y .
The s u b s i s t e n c e ecology of t h e Holocene p o p u l a t i o n s i n t h e
Southern Cape i s r e l a t i v e l y w e l l known and t h e emphasis on monocotyledenous
geophytes precluded the need f o r food s t o r a g e , y e t f a i r l y . e l a b o r a t e g r a s s
and Boophane l i n e d p i t s were made f o r t h e s t o r a g e of t h e o i l r i c h f r u i t s
i n t h e l a t e r Holocene.
South A f r i c a n Museum
The South A f r i c a n Museum is proceeding w i t h i t s major programme of
i n v e s t i g a t i n g c o a s t a l and i n l a n d a d a p t a t i o n s by l a t e Quaternary peoples
i n t h e South Western Cape. F i e l d work a t t h e c o a s t a l cave of Die K e l d e r s
ceased a f t e r r e a c h i n g a cenlented cobble beach a t a d e p t h of 7 . 5 m e t r e s .
The sample i n c l u d e d two p e r i o d s of human o c c u p a t i o n s . These comprise ( a )
s h e l l middens d a t i n g back some 2000 y e a r s which i n c l u d e p o t t e r y and t h e
bones of domesticated shce ( a l r e a d y w r i t t e n u p ) , s e p a r a t e d by s t e r i l e
sands from (b) Upper L e i s t o c e n e d e p o s i t s d a t i n g back from a b o u t 30430,000
y e a r s . A nearby cave, Byeneskranskop, s i t u a t e d some 5km i n l a n d has
1975
K l e i n , R.G.
i n press
Schweitzcr, F.
1974
-
Tankard, A . J .
1974
Schweitzer
F.R. S c h w e i t z e r ,
South A f r i c a n Museun
Cape Town
a)
These i n c l u d e :
G.J.
Open S t a t i o n S e t t l e n e n t S i t e s i n the Z e r r i s s e n e M t . A r e a . P r e l i m i n a r y
work i n c o n-i u n c t i o n w i t h DR. and Mrs. F1. C a r r has b c e n contpleted.
W r i t i n g up i i n p r o g r e s s . A r e p o r t on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and t y p o l o g y
o f t h e s c s i t e s w i l l h ~ p e f u l l yb@ p u b l i s h e d i n 1376. These s i t e s
c o n s i s t of c l u s t e r of irlul t i c e l l u l a r s t o n e s t r u c t u r e s . T h e i r
d i s t r i b u t i o n and t y p o l o g y h a s b c e n meticulously r e c o r d e d by t h e
C a r r s who have now r e t u r n e d t o New Zealand. O r g a n i c and c u l t u r a l
r e m a i n s n r e s p a r s e b u t s t i e r d s of presumably Khoi p o t t e r y a r e f o u n d .
One s a y s p r e s u i , ~ a b l ya s t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e a r e a ( s o u t h o f t h e Ugab
R i v e r and 30-40kr.1 from t h e c o a s t ; 2135's and 1 3 0 5 Q 1 E ) l i e s o u t s i d e
t h e a r e a of known I r o n Age Bantu s e t t l e m e n t and t h e s h e r d s thefiiselves
a r e of a n u n d i a g n o s t i c and f r a g m e n t e d n a t u r e . F a u n a l r e m a i n s arc
a l x o s t n o n - e x i s t e n t b u t i t i s t h o u g h t t h a t a p a s t o r a l economy was
p r a c t i c e d . A n a l y s i s of what a p p e a r s t o b e h a i r found i n a r a r e dung
sample i s underway of c o u l d o f f e r 3 s o l u t i o n t o t h e problem of t h e
economy.
A r c h a e o l o g i c a l Survey of t h e Kaokoland. A t r i p t h r o u g h Kaokoland d i d
n o t produce a n y new s i t e s t h o u g h t t h e f 4 r s t r o c k e n g r a v i n g s f r o m t h i s
area were n o t e d a l o n g t h e Cunene ~ i v e r . '
References
1.
Jacobson, L.
1975 The gemsbok c r e a t i o n lilyth and Brandberg r o c k a r t .
J . S c i . 71:314
S. A f r .
2.
3.
S. A f r i
Jacobson, L.
1975 Report on the a r c h a e o l o g i c a l p o t e n t i a l of Kaokoland.
Unpublished r e p o r t .
1975
CiiXi~&~~.j~
(B)
Die A l t e s t e n D a t i e r t e n Kunstwerlce A f r i k a s .
Wissenschaf t . 10:44-59
Bild d e r
Leon Jacobson,
S t a t e Museur.1,
Wind hoelc
WIRE
A f t e r new e x c a v a t i o n s a t Sanga
- and i n Katongo cemetery ( s e e Nyart~e
Akurm NO.^), P i e r r e de Iviaret ( a s p i r a n t t o the F.N.R.S.
Royal 14useum 3f
CentralAfrica
Tcrvuren and the LJniversitG Libre d e B r u x e l l e s ) and
Kaninba Misago ( a s s i s t a n t a t t h e National Museum I n s t i t u t e of Z a i r c ,
Lubumbashi) , excavated t h r e e new s i t e s a l o n g the Z a i r e River f r o ~ nA p r i l
t o August 1975.
lisp
Kanimba Misago
I n s t i t u t d e s Musees Nationaux,
Piuske de Lubumbas h i .
ZAMBIA
- The L i v i n g s t o n e Museum
-9
Any f i e l d w o r k
archaeological o r paleaontological
involving the
c o l l e c t i o n of a r t e f a c t s from s i t e s o r e x c a v a t i o n w i l l r e q u i r e a permit
from t h e Commission and i t i s a c o n t r a v e n t i o n of t h e law t o c o l l e c t o r
e x c a v a t e w i t h o u t such a permit.
An a p p l i c a t i o n should g i v e u s f i l l d e t a i l s of a p p l i c a n t , proposed
r e s e a r c h , a v a i l a b l e f i n a n c e and p u b l i c a t i o n programme. The Commission
has e q u a l d u t i e s t o promote r e s e a r c h and p r o t e c t s i t e s o r f i n d s ;
a p p l i c a t i o n s w i l l be considered w i t h sympathy b u t by s e t c r i t e r i a .
The v e t t i n g of a n a p p l i c a t i o n will t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e academic
s t a t u s and r e f e r e n c e s of the a p p l i c a n t , t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of t h e proposcd
p r o j e c t and i t s d e s i r a b i l i t y i n ternis of t h e o v e r a l l r e s e a r c h p a t t e r n
of Zambia, t h e funds a v n i l a b l e f o r resea-.ch and the g u a r a n t e e s t h a t can
be g i v e n f o r f u l l and adequate p u b l i c a t i o n of r e s u l t s . For example,
r e - e x c a v a t i o n of a s i t e r e c e n t l y dug would be u n l i k e l y t o g a i n a p p r o v a l ;
a n over-ambitious p r o j e c t w i t h o u t g u a r a n t e e of r e c u r r e n t f i n d s might
s i m i l a r l y be r e f e r r e d back; and a r e s e a r c h s t u d e n t planning e x c a v a t i o n
should be a b l e t o g i v e some forward cxpe . t - . t i o n s of proper p u b l i c a t i o n ,
o t h e r t h a n d i s s e r t a t i o n fortl.
The ComrAssion lilay be a b l e t o provide l i m t e d work space for
s c h o l a r s , o r even 1 9 c w a so:ne e q u i p ~ m n t( b u t not v e h i c l e s o r p e r s o n n e l ) ,
b u t plans should not assume t h i s c ~ i l lbc a v a i l a b l e . The former a r r a n g e ments by which v i r * i t i n e , r c s c a r c h c r s could be acco!;mlodated i n t h e Comnission's
h e a d q u a r t e r s have be2n conplc t o ? y a h o l i s h c d .
A permit i s i s s u e d z u h j ~ c tt o t h e w r i t t e n acceptance by t h e pcrmith o l d e r of a s e r i e s of farrn31 c a n d i t i o n s . Thesc i n t e r a l i a d e f i n e t h e
a r e a , type and period of work; dctcricinc the f i n a l d e s t i n a t i o n of t h e
f i n d s w i t h i n Z7mbia, and r e q u i r e the cornplction of a f i n a l r e p o r t i n a
l i m i t e d time and the submissioc uf c o p i e s t o the Commission and o t h e r
r e p o s i t o r i e s i n Zambia. F a i l u r e t o f o l l o w t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t h e p e r ~ x i t
would r e s u l t i n c a n c e l l n t L o c and t h c non-issue 3f f u t u r e p e r m i t s t o t h c
permit-holder a n d / o r h i s p a r e n t i n s t i t u t i o n , b e s i d e s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of
legal action.
Export Permits
V i s i t i n g f i e l d w o r k e r s a r e encouraged t o s t u d y t h e i r f i n d s i n
Zambia. Export p e r n i t s rr,a,y be r a n t e d t o a s c h o l a r f o r t h e temporary
e x p o r t of h i s own f i n d s f a r s t y , a n a l y s i s o r i l l u s t r a t i o n o v e r s e a s
b u t t h e s e rnust be r e t u r n e d i n a s p e c i f i e d perio:! t o the Conunission a t
It i s u n l i k e l y t h a t p e r ~ n i s s i o nwould be g r a n t e d f o r temporary e x p o r t
f o r s t u d y of o b j e c t s i n Museum c o l l e c t i o n s o t h e r than those r e s u l t i n g from
t h c a p p l i c a n t ' s r e c e n t work.
C e r t a i n o t h e r c l a s s e s of o b j e c t s
items of t r a d i t i o n a l use and d a t e ,
of a r t i s t i c o r h i s t o r i c a l v a l u e , f o r i n s t a n c e - r e q u i r e a permit f o r t h e i r
e x p o r t , and Customs and Excise o f f i c i a l s h a y been i n s t r u c t e d t o s e i z e
such o b j e c t s being e x p o r t e d w i t h o u t a permit and apprehend t h e i r e x p o r t e r s .
An i n f o r m a t i o n l e a f l e t i s a v a i l a b l e t o the Commission. This does n o t apply
of c o u r s e t o t o u r i s t c u r i o s o r o b j e c t s of r e c e n t manufacture.
Affiliate Status
A v i s i t i n g r e s e a r c h worker, whether a s e n i o r s c h o l a r o r a r e g i s t e r e d
s t u d e n t , may apply f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n a s an A f f i l i a t e of the Commission.
Research f i e l d w o r k e r s would normally be expected t o be s o r e g i s t e r e d ,
and a s s i s t a n c e i n v i r a a p p l i c a t i o n s and i n t r o d u c t i o n s would be r e s t r i c t e d
b such A f f i l i a t e s .
A f e e of K20 per annum i s payable f o r a f f i l i a t i o n .
A p p l i c a n t s f o r a f f i l i a t i o n who a r e n o t a l s o a p p l y i n g f o r a permit f o r
e x c a v a t i o n o r fieldwork should s t a t e t h e i r academic q u a l i f i c a t i o n s ,
programme a period of work and names of academic r e f e r e e s . S c h o l a r s and
s t u d e n t s who v i s i t Zambia t o a s s i s t i n r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s of Zamnbianbased i n s t i t u t i o n s nay be r e g i s t e r e d a s a f f i l i a t e s w i t h o u t f e e .
Visas and E n t r y F o r m a l i t i e s
Approval of a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t o r a f f i l i a t i o n by the Commission i s
independent of approval by t h e immigration a u t h o r i t i e s of a v i s a o r
p e r m i t . The r e l e v a n t r u l e s may ch3n.g from time t o time and i n t e n d i n g
v i s i t o r s a r e advised t o make e n q u i r i e s from t h e i r n e a r e s t Zambian High
C o m i s s i o n o r Embassy. Appl i c n t i o n forms may be obtained d i r e c t l y f ron:
The Chief Imnligration O f f i c e r , M i n i s t r y of Home A f f a i r s , P.O. Box RW 300,
Lusaka, Zambia.
V i s i t o r s t o Zambia f o r l e s s t h a n t h r e e months may normally a p p l y f o r
a t o u r i s t v i s a ; t h e s e can be g r a n t e d a t t h e b o r d e r f o r most Commonwealth
c i t i z e n s . Such a v i s a cannot be extended f o r more t h a n t h r e e months i n
a year.
or
Research workers whose p r o j e c t s may l a s t more t h a n t h r e e months
do n o t c a r r y h n d s adequate f o r t h e i s s u e of a t o u r i s t v i s a
may a p p l y f o r
a Study Permit. This cannot be done d i r e c t l y b u t t h e r e l e v a n t forms must
b e c o u n t e r s i g n e d by t h e Comnission i f t h e f i e l d of s t u d y f a l l s w i t h i n i t s
s p h e r e . Study Permits w i l l only be c o u n t e r s i g n e d f o r r e s e a r c h workers
approved f o r a f f i l i a t i o n .
CURRENT RESEARCH
A s t u d y of i r o n s m e l t i n g f u r n a c e s ( t h e i r type and c o n s t r u c t i o n ) ,
the mechanisms f o r inducing d r a u g h t s , t h e q u a l i t y of i r o n - o r e u t i l i z e d
and the n a t u r e of the bloom a r e some of t h e a s p e c t s t o be a n a l y s e d .
It i s intended t o concluJe w i t h an overview of f u r n a c e and i r o n
working p a t t e r n s a c r o s s A f r i c a and thereby g a i n some f u r t h e r i n s i g h t i n t o the development of t h e I r o n Age i n P r e h i s t o r i c A f r i c a .
M r . Kense would be $leased t o hear from anyone w i t h any e t h n o graphic o r archaeological information pertaining t o African i r o n
n e t a l l u r g y . He can be reached through t h e Department of Archaeology,
U n i v e r s i t y of Calgary, Calgary, A l b e r t a , Canada.
PERSONAL
Frank W i l l e t t has been appointed D i r e c t o r of t h e Hunterian Piuseuin and
A r t G a l l e r y i n Glasgow, S c o t l a n d . He and Connie w i l l be l e a v i n g
Evanston i n June and t h e i r f u t u r e a d d r e s s w i l l be:
Charles M. K e l l e r ,
U n i v e r s i t y of I11i n o i s ,
Urbana ,
I l l i n o i s , U.S.A.
Maxine R. K l e i n d i e n s t ,
Scarborough C o l l e g e ,
U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto,
Toronto, O n t a r i o , Canada
EAST AFRICA
B r i t i s h I n s t i t u t e i n Eastern Africa
Volume IX (1974) of t h e I n s t i t u t e ' s j o u r n a l Azania, c o n t a i n s t h e
f o l l o w i n g main a r t i c l e s .
J.H.
Chaplin,
John Tosh
"Tenth Century S e t t l e m e n t of t h e E a s t A f r i c a n
Randall L. Poucwlls
Coast: t h e c a s e f o r Q a r m a t i a n / I s m a t i l i Connections"
"Trade Wind Beads : a n I n t e r i m
C l a i r e C. Davisori & J . Desmond C l a r k
Report of Chemical S t u d i e s "
Roderic Blackburn
Nevi1 l e C h i t t i c k
J.C.
Sharman
B h i l l i p s o n ' s The P r e h i s t o r y of
Ethiopia
b r v i 8 e k , P. and U. Braukhmper:
1975
Rock P a i n t i n g s of Laga Gafra ( E t h i o p i a ) , Paideuma 21 :47-60.
(The s i t e i s n e a r Harar and i n c l u d e s p a i n t i n g s of c a t t l e ,
human b e i n g s and a f a t t a i l e d sheep)
.I
^.
.'
.,
'
B o n n e f i l l e It.
In press
Paleoenvironmental i m p l i c a t i o n s of a p o l l e n assemblage from
t h e Koob i Fora Format i o n "Eas t Rudolf Kenya, Nature
R i o l l e t , G'.
, R. ~ o n n e f i l l e
In press
P o l l e n d e s A m a r a n t h a c h s du b a s s i n du l a c Rodolphe (Afrique
O r i c n t a l e ) . Determinations gEnGriques e t s p e c i f i c q u c s .
P o l l e a e t Spores.
Mocambisue
Gerharz, R.
1975
G
Die Brabung i n Nianara (Mocambique) , f o r s c h u n s s g e s c h i c h t l i c h e ,
k u l t u r - und e t h n o h i s t o r i s c h e Aspekte. Paideuma, 21:151-181.
A . J . A r k e l l r e p o r t s t h a t "my P r e h i s t o r y of t h e N i l e V a l l e y h a s b e e n
p u b l i s h e d by B r u l l as t h c S i c b e n t e A b t c i l u n g , E r s t e r Band, Z w e i t e r
a b s c h n i t t , A L i c r u n g 1 of t h e i r Handbuch d e n O r i e n t a l i s c h e , 1975
( ~ e i d e n / ~ o l n ) /)
.f
WEST AFRICA
West Af r i c o n J o u r n a l of Archacol ogy
We have been a d v i s e d by Devid C a l v o c o r e s s i , E d i t o r of t h e above j o u r n a l ,
t h a t t h e j o u r n a l w i l l no l o n g e r be p u b l i s h e d by Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ,
Ibadan, N i g e r i a . A l l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e , o r d e r s , s u b s c r i p t i o n s e r c . s h o u l d
be s e n t t o : The E d i t o r , West A f r i c a n J o u r n a l of Archaeology, Archaeology
D e p a r t n c n t , U n i v e r s i t y of I b a d a n , I b a d a n , N i g e r i a .
PaynlcnL s h o u l d be inade t o West A f r i c a n J o u r n a l of Archaeology.
T h e i r b a n k e r s a r e S t a n d a r d Bank N i g e r i a , Ltd. Agodi Branch, PMB 5153,
S e c r e t a r i a t , Ibadan, N i g e r i a .
The c u r r e n t p r i c e p e r i s s u e ( p r e p a i d i s H7.00 p o s t a g e p a i d ( a t
p r e s e n t H 1 . O O = $1.61 =j0.80).
D i s t r i b u t i o n of v o l . 5 i s i n hand.
l a t e r t h i s year.
Vol. 6 w i l l be p u b l i s h e d
New O r l e a n s , e a r l y May
Houston, Nov. 26
Dcc. 2
Seattle,nid-April
C a l g a r y , l a t e A p r i l o r e a r l y May
B e r k e l e y , e a r l y May
After
David L u b c l l
Sheryl M i l l c r
G a r t h Samps on
SJAM S t e e r i n g Committee