PHYSICS LAB

PRESENTATION

By - Manmeet Singh
480/IC/11, ICE-2
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AIM
To determine the susceptibility arising due to water
in the solution of manganese chloride (MnCl2).

PRINCIPLE
When a solution of a paramagnetic salt (here, MnCl2)
is taken in a tube and is placed between the poles of
a magnet, there is a rise in the liquid level. A
measurement of this rise enables to determine the
susceptibility of the solution.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
An electromagnet
Power Supply
Travelling Microscope
Gaussmeter with search coil

Funnel
Weight box
Flask
Weighing bottle

Water
Physical Balance
U-tube

THEORY
The magnetic field between the wedge-shaped pole
pieces varies rapidly along the vertical direction.
Thus, the force on the solution is vertical. The force
on a substance of volume V situated in a non-uniform
magnetic field in a place where the field strength is H
is given by:
F=1/2(k-k0) dH2/da*V
Where k is the magnetic susceptibility of the
substance.

k0 is the magnetic susceptibility of the surrounding

medium.
Generally surrounding medium being air, (k0=0), thus
the above relation becomes:
F=1/2(k)dH2/dx*V
Consider the experimental set-up and let the position
of the solution in funnel be D and that in the tube be A.
On applying certain field the level of the solution shifts
from D to C and corresponding from A to B.

The change in the level (A to B) of the solution is say, h.

Areas of the cross-section are: a,a. The change in the
level (D to C) be d. Therefore,
ad=ah
Since the corrected height is:
a

h+d=(1 + /a)h
This is the height of the liquid column supported by
the forces arising from the magnetic field. If rho is
the density of the solution and g is the acceleration
due to gravity, then the weight of this column is:
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(1 + a/a)hga. Let O be a section where the field is

negligible. Let x be the vertical coordinate of O and
thus, the force on a liquid element of the volume adx
above the point O is given by:
F=1/2(k)dH2/dx*(adx)
The force on the entire liquid above the point O is:
F=1/2(k)aH12
H1 is field intensity at upper level. It is this force
which supports the weight of the column obtained
above. Thus,
1
/2(k)aH12 = (1 + a/a)hga
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If a<<a, then the ratio maybe ignored,

k=

2
2gh/H1

emu/cm

This is the mass susceptibility of the solution. The

volume susceptibility would be:
2
Xs=k/=2gh/H1

emu/gm.

PROCEDURE
Clean the U-tube with warm chromic acid.
Fill it with the solution of MnCl2.4H2O (of prepared
concentration).
The narrow end of the U-tube is placed between the
pole pieces of the electromagnet.
The level of meniscus is taken down.
The current(magnetizing) is noted down by means of
the ammeter (attached to the power supply).

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 The current is increased and the level of meniscus is

found to alter. Note the value of levels for
corresponding magnetizing current.

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OBSERVATIONS
S. No.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Current
(A)

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0

Magnetic (H1)*(H1) Initial

Field (H1)
Height
(Gauss)
(A)

1.35
2.7
4.07
5.44
6.4
7.36

1.8225
7.29
16.356
229.593
40.96
54.1649

5.662
5.662
5.662
5.662
5.662
5.662

Final
Height
(B)

5.666
5.677
5.695
5.719
5.739
5.745

H=B-A
0.04
0.15
0.33
0.57
0.77
0.83

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GRAPH
Plot of h v/s H12
0.09
0.08

0.07
0.06

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

H12

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RESULT
The volume susceptibility at room temperature is:
0.0378
The mass susceptibility at room temperature is:
0.0108
The plot of h (y-axis) and H12 (x-axis) is a straight line.

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PRECAUTIONS
Zero error should be checked in travelling
microscope.
The cross wire of the travelling microscope should be
placed right on the top of the upper meniscus of
solution before taking the reading.
The probe of the Gaussmeter should be held stably
while measuring the value of magnetic field.

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ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
Determination of human iron stores or reserves in
the body.
Determination of magnetite content through the use
of magnetic susceptibility in large diameter holes.
Use of magnetic susceptibility probes in the
treatment of cancer.
Development of new ferromagnetic catheters for
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.com
www.tutorvista.com
www.physicsforums.com
Physics lab manuals

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THANK YOU.

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