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dosimetry@iaea.org
Version 2012
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
CHAPTER 6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
6.7.
6.8.
6.9.
6.10.
6.11.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Quantities used in describing a photon beam
Photon beam sources
Inverse square law
Penetration of photon beams into a phantom or patient
Radiation treatment parameters
Central axis depth doses in water: SSD set-up
Central axis depth doses in water: SAD set-up
Off-axis ratios and beam profiles
Isodose distributions in water phantoms
Single field isodose distributions in patients
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6.1 INTRODUCTION
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.1 Slide 1
6.1 INTRODUCTION
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.1 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.2 Slide 1
Photon fluence =
dN
dA
d
is defined as photon
dt
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.2.1 Slide 1
Energy fluence =
dE
dA
d
is defined as the energy
dt
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.2.2 Slide 1
tr
tr
=
=h
air
air
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.2.3 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.2.3 Slide 2
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.3 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.3 Slide 2
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.3 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.3 Slide 4
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.4 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.4 Slide 2
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A = B b2 fb2
= 2 = 2
B A a
fa
X(fa) = (K
X(fb) (K
col
air
col
air
(fa))air
(fb))air
fb
D
med
=
=
Dmed fa
Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.4 Slide 3
16
X(fa) = (K
X(fb) (K
Flux is
proportional to 1/
r^2
b2
fb2
= 2 = 2
a
fa
col
air
col
air
(fa))air
(fb))air
fb
D
med
=
=
Dmed fa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inverse_square_law.svg
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.4 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.5 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.5 Slide 2
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.5 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.5 Slide 4
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Surface dose:
For megavoltage x-ray beams the
surface dose is generally much
lower (skin sparing effect) than the
maximum dose at zmax.
For superficial and orthovoltage
beams zmax = 0 and the surface
dose equals the maximum dose.
The surface dose is measured with
parallel-plate ionization chambers
for both chamber polarities, with the
average reading between the two
polarities taken as the correct
surface dose value.
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.5.1 Slide 1
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100 %
30 %
15 %
10 %
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.5.2 Slide 1
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6 MV
1.5
10 MV 18 MV
2.5
3.5
Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.5.3 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.5.3 Slide 2
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.5.3 Slide 3
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Depth of treatment z
Fields size A
Source-skin distance (SSD) in SSD setups
Source-axis distance (SAD) in SAD setups
Photon beam energy h
Number of beams used in dose delivery to the patient
Treatment time for orthovoltage and teletherapy machines
Number of monitor units (MUs) for linacs
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6 Slide 2
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6 Slide 4
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6.1 Slide 1
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2ab
aeq =
a+b
aeq2 = req
req =
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6.1 Slide 3
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Exposure in air Xair, air kerma in air (Kair)air and dose to small
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6.2 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6.2 Slide 2
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6.2 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6.3 Slide 3
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PSF(A,h) = DP(zmax,A,f,h)
DP(A,h)
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Point in phantom
Point in air
Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6.3 Slide 2
38
The ratio of the dose at point P for field size A to the dose at
point P for field size 1010 cm2 is called the relative dose
factor RDF or total scatter factor Sc,p :
RDF(A,h) = Sc,p(A,h) =
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DP( zmax, A, f , h)
DP(zmax,10,f,h)
Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6.4 Slide 1
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DP(zmax,A,f,h)
DP(zmax,10,f,h)
RDF(A,h) <1
For A = 1010 cm
RDF(A,h) =1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.6.4 Slide 2
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DQ =100
DP
DQ
DP
Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.7.1 Slide 1
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Depth in phantom z
Field size A on patients surface
Source-surface distance f = SSD
Photon beam energy h
PDD(z,A,f,h) =100
DQ =100
DP
DQ
DP
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.7.1 Slide 2
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DP
f + z
eff is the effective linear attenuation coefficient for the primary beam
in the phantom material (for example,eff for a cobalt-60 beam in
water is 0.0657 cm-1).
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.7.1 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.7.1 Slide 4
Example:
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.7.1 Slide 5
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.8 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.8.1 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.8.1 Slide 2
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TAR(z,AQ,h) =PSF(A,h)
PDD(z,A,f,h) f + z
100
f + zmax
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.8.2 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9 Slide 2
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9 Slide 4
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9 Slide 5
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9 Slide 6
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9 Slide 8
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9 Slide 9
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Dmax Dmin
Dmax +Dmin
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9.1 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9.1 Slide 2
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F =100
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Dmax Dmin
Dmax +Dmin
Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9.1 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9.2 Slide 1
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S
S
is calculated from
=100
arealeft arearight
arealeft +arearight
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9.2 Slide 2
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S =100
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arealeft arearight
arealeft +arearight
Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.9.2 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.10 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.10 Slide 3
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.10 Slide 4
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.10 Slide 8
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Ionization chambers
Solid state detectors such as diodes
Standard radiographic film
Radiochromic film
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.10 Slide 9
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.11 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.11.1 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.11.1 Slide 2
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determination of dose at
arbitrary point S in patient:
The isodose chart is shifted
to the flat surface level at
the CC contour.
What to shift
point s to point p
along beam
central axis
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cc
2 is patient contour
f + zmax cc is flat detector surface
=PDD(z,A,f,h)
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.11.2 Slide 1
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.11.2 Slide 2
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.11.2 Slide 5
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Beam divergence
Linear attenuation coefficient of the compensator material.
Reduction in scatter at various depths in patient.
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.11.2 Slide 6
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Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 6.11.4 Slide 1
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