E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

COMMITTEE
62nd session
Agenda item 2

MEPC 62/2/1
25 November 2010
Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN BALLAST WATER

Application for Basic Approval of "JFE BallastAce that makes use
of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM"
Submitted by Japan
SUMMARY
Executive summary:

This document contains the non-confidential information related to

the application for Basic Approval of "JFE BallastAce that makes
use of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM" under the Procedure for approval
of ballast water management systems that make use of Active
Substances (G9) adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57). This
document contains a summary for translation purposes.1

Strategic direction:

7.1

High-level action:

7.1.2

Planned output:

7.1.2.6

Action to be taken:

Paragraph 15

Related documents:

BWM/CONF/36; MEPC 53/24/Add.1; MEPC 57/21; BWM.2/Circ.13

and BWM.2/Circ.26

Introduction
1
Regulation D-3.2 of the International Convention for the Control and Management of
Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments stipulates that ballast water management systems that
make use of Active Substances to comply with the Convention shall be approved by the
Organization.
2
Japan herewith submits an application for Basic Approval according to the
Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active
Substances (G9). This Procedure stipulates the required information (MEPC 57/21, annex 1,
paragraph 4.2.1), which, according to section 6, should be evaluated by the Organization. In
accordance with BWM.2/Circ.13, the annex to this document contains the non-confidential
part of the manufacturer's application dossier including the following:

The original document is over 20 pages long and can be found in English only in the annex hereto.

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.1

summary of the application dossier of the "JFE BallastAce that makes use
of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM" according to the Procedure (G9);

.2

list of references; and

.3

quality control statement of each test.

The complete dossier will be made available to the experts of the GESAMP-BWWG with the
understanding of confidential treatment.
3
The receiving competent authority in Japan has verified the application dossier and
believes it to satisfy the data requirements of Procedure (G9) adopted by resolution
MEPC.169(57).
Summary of non-confidential information on "JFE BallastAce that makes use of
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM" (JAPAN)
4
JFE Engineering Corporation has developed the chemical system for treating ships'
ballast water and sediments in collaboration with TG Corporation, a chemical manufacturer.
The Final Approval by IMO and Type Approval by the Japanese government of this chemical
system were acquired in March 2010 and May 2010, respectively.
5
However, after starting the business with this product, JFE Engineering Corporation
often heard from the clients operating the tramp vessel service that they prefer powder form
of the chemical to liquid form because of ease in storage and handling. Further study for
satisfying the clients' needs, JFE Engineering Corporation discovered NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM (sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate available from Shikoku Chemicals
Corporation, used as the disinfectant for the swimming pool, food, and drinking water), which
can replace the TG Ballastcleaner (sodium hypochlorite) in the above IMO-approved ballast
water management system.
6
JFE Engineering Corporation decided to apply to IMO for approval. It has been
confirmed that NEO-CHLOR MARINETM has nearly the same disinfection power to generate
similar amount of the disinfection by-products as TG BallastCleaner, sodium hypochlorite,
since NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is converted to both sodium hypochlorite and isocyanuric acid
by dissolving in water.
7
In the present chemical system, sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, a main
component of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM, is used as the disinfectant for killing the aquatic
organisms, whereas sodium sulfite is used to reduce, neutralize, and eliminate TRO
remained in the ballast water after disinfection with NEO-CHLOR MARINETM (hereafter
referred to as the ballast water after primary treatment). The process of the present chemical
system is described below:
.1

A ballast pump feeds the ballast water passing through the filter system
capable of the backwash flow into the ship, eliminating the organisms and
suspended matters larger than a particular size, followed by injecting
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM into the ballast water. The organisms collected
on the filter are returned with the backwash water to the waters in the
region where they were inhabited.

.2

A granular solid of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is fed from the store to the

dissolving equipment where NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is held for a few
minutes. The solution is then injected into the tube connected with the
ballast water tank to kill the organisms.

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.3

While the maximum concentration of the free available chlorine

(hereafter FAC) generated from NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is assumed to
be 20 mg/L, a precise feed control apparatus for the chemical illustrated
in Figure 2-2 has been developed using a measuring system based on the
Total Residual Oxidant (TRO) sensors to monitor a decrease of FAC after
injection.

.4

During de-ballasting, sodium sulfite is fed as the reducing agent through the
injector in order to remove the chlorine that remained in the treated ballast
water. The TRO sensors determine the FAC concentration in the ballast
water after the primary treatment in the ballast tank, adjusting the amount
of sodium sulfite to be fed. The FAC concentration in the treated ballast
water after reduction with sodium sulfite (hereafter referred to as the ballast
water after secondary treatment) is then determined.

.5

The ballast water, after secondary treatment with no residual oxidant, is

discharged after the above procedure.

8
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM was selected as the disinfectant, constructing a new
ballast water management system based on JFE BallastAce. Use of a powder form in
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM allows long-term storage stability in smaller space.
9
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, the "Active Substance" of NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM, is decomposed into sodium hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid) and isocyanuric
acid upon dissolution with water. The risk assessment of disinfection by-products was also
performed.
10
At first, the PBT criteria of the chemical substance contained in the ballast water
after secondary treatment were investigated.
All of "Active Substance", "Relevant
Chemicals" and "other components" do not belong to the PBT substance.
11
Next, the risk assessment of 20 chemical substances was performed using the
PEC/PNEC ratio. Among 20 substances, the dilution factor evaluated from the MAMPEC
model was used for 11 substances (isocyanuric acid, chloroform, bromoform, etc.), whereas 182
dilution factor was used for the rest of 9 substances (haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, etc.)
The PEC/PNEC ratio estimated for all of 20 substances did not exceed 1. This result clearly
indicates that there was no need for further risk assessment.
12
The substances of high concern are isocyanuric acid generated by hydration of
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and bromoform generated in the chlorine treatment of seawater.
Isocyanuric acid is very low in toxicity, stable under an aerobic condition, and resistant to
hydrolysis. However, it is trapped by the floating organic sludge in seawater and the bottom
sediment to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions. The PEC/PNEC ratio of isocyanuric
acid was estimated to be 0.315 using the MAMPEC model. The PEC/PNEC ratio of
bromoform by MAMPEC model was estimated to be 0.108.
13
The effects of these chemicals on ships and crew members have also been studied
with MOS/MOSref and by corrosion tests. Management of chemicals is very important.
In particular, the dissolving process of granular NEO-CHLOR MARINETM has to be carefully
controlled. At any time and circumstance, a proper response to the present system is critical
for the safe operation of ships and the safety of crew members.

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14
The risk assessment above clearly indicates that the present system has no adverse
effect on organisms or the safe discharge of ballast water by use of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
and sodium sulfite, assuring its risk to the environment and human health is extremely low.
Action requested of the Committee
15
The Committee is invited to consider the proposal for approval and decide as
appropriate.
***

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Annex, page 1
ANNEX
NON-CONFIDENTAL INFORMATION ON "JFE BALLASTACE THAT MAKES USE
OF NEO-CHLOR MARINETM" (JAPAN)
The contents of this annex are as follows:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

INTRODUCTION
OUTLINE OF CHEMICAL SYSTEM
DATASET FOR APPLICATION
USE OF "ACTIVE SUBSTANCE" OR "PREPARATIONS"
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)
RISK CHARACTERIZATION
RISK ASSESSMENT
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

LIST OF APPENDICES:
APPENDIX 1 STATEMENT
APPENDIX 2 QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENT
1

INTRODUCTION

JFE Engineering Corporation has developed the chemical system for treating ships' ballast
water and sediments in collaboration with TG Corporation, a chemical manufacturer.
IMO's Final Approval and the Type Approval by the Japanese government of this chemical
system were acquired in March, 2010 and May, 2010, respectively. However, after starting
the business with this product, we often heard from the clients operating the tramp vessel
service that they prefer powder form of the chemical to liquid form because of ease in
storage and handling. Further study for satisfying the client's needs, JFE Engineering Co.
discovered NEO-CHLOR MARINETM (sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate available from
Shikoku Chemicals Corporation, used as the disinfectant for the swimming pool water, food,
and drinking water), which can replace the TG BallastCleaner (sodium hypochlorite) in the
above IMO-approved ballast water management system, JFE BallastAce. With this
discovery, JFE Engineering Corporation decided to apply to IMO for approval. It has been
confirmed that NEO-CHLOR MARINETM has nearly the same disinfection power to
generate similar amount of the disinfection by-products as TG BallastCleaner, sodium
hypochlorite, since NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is converted to both sodium hypochlorite and
isocyanuric acid by dissolving in water.
2

OUTLINE OF CHEMICAL SYSTEM

In the present chemical system (see Figure 2-1), sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, a
main component of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM, is used as the disinfectant for killing the
aquatic organisms, whereas sodium sulfite is used to reduce, neutralize, and eliminate the
residual chlorine remained in the ballast water after disinfection with NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM (hereafter referred to as the ballast water after primary treatment).

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NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
Cl2CyNa 2H2O Na

Ballast tank

Sodium sulfite

Na2SO3
Ballast piping

Filter

NaClO
Ballasting

NaClO

De-ballasting

Na2SO3 Na2SO4
Treated ballast water

Backwash water
Treated ballast water

Na

Na

Seawater/
fresh water

Marine
environment

Figure 2-1: Concept of chemical system

Figures 2-2 and 2-3 demonstrate the outlines of the system applied in ballasting (a-d) and
de-ballasting, e.g., respectively. Each step of this process using the present chemical
system is described below.
.1

A ballast pump feeds the ballast water passing through the filter system
capable of the backwash flow into the ship, eliminating the organisms and
suspended matters larger than a particular size, followed by injecting
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM into the ballast water. The organisms collected
on the filter are returned with the backwash water to the waters in the
region where they inhabit.

.2

As illustrated in Figure 2-2, a granular solid of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is

fed from the store to the dissolving equipment where NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM is held for a few minutes. The solution is then injected into the
tube connected with the ballast water tank to kill the organisms.

.3

While the maximum concentration of the free available chlorine

(hereafter FAC) generated from NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is assumed to
be 20 mg/L, a precise feed control apparatus for the chemical illustrated in
Figure 2-2 has been developed using a measuring system based on the
Total Residual Oxidant (TRO) sensors to monitor a decrease of FAC after
injection.

.4

The FAC concentration in the ballast water tank has to be kept above a
certain level for preventing the regrowth of organisms (reproduction of
organisms and incubation of eggs) during sailing.

.5

During de-ballasting, sodium sulfite is fed as the reducing agent through

the injector in order to remove the chlorine that remained in the treated
ballast water. As illustrated in Figure 2-3, two types of the TRO sensors
(with the detection ranges of 0-30 mg/L and 0.2-3 mg/L, respectively)
determine the FAC concentration in the ballast water after the primary
treatment in the ballast tank, adjusting the amount of sodium sulfite to be
fed. The FAC concentration in the treated ballast water after reduction
with sodium sulfite (hereafter referred to as the ballast water after
secondary treatment) is then determined.

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.6

The ballast water after secondary treatment with no residual chlorine is

discharged after above procedure.

.7

Most of sodium sulfite fed in excess of the theoretical amount for assuring
the neutralization of the residual chlorine is consumed by reaction with the
residual chlorine. The excess sodium sulfite is quickly reacted with
dissolved oxygen in the seawater where the ballast water is discharged,
converting to sodium sulfate.

NEO-CHLOR MARINETM Store

TRO
Sensor

Dissolving
Equipment
Computer

Inverter

P
Filter

From
Sea Chest

Flow Rate
Control

To Ballast
Water Tank

Ballast
Pump

Injector

Venturi
Tubes

Backwash

Flow
Meter

Figure 2-2: Intake of ballast water

(Ballasting)

Sodium Sulfite
Dissolving
Equipment

Store

Inverter

Computer

P
Flow Rate
Control

TRO
Sensor

Discharge

Flow
Meter

Ballast
Pump

Complete
mixing

TRO
Sensor

Injector

From Ballast
Water Tank

Figure 2-3: Discharge of treated ballast water

(De-ballasting)

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Figure 24 illustrates the relationship of the above chemical injection system with the flow
of ballast water within the ship. (This is an outline of the chemical injection system based
on the TRO sensors.)

Uptake of ballast water

IP
SC

C/D

BP

S1

BT

Flow rate Injection pump are automatically controlled based on

TRO measured by TRO sensor S1 and flow rate of ballast line.

Just before and during

discharge of ballast water

IP
SC

C/D

BP

S1

BT

TRO is measured by the sensor S1 and

sodium sulfite are injected automatically at the sufficient flow
rate to reduce chlorine completely.

During discharge of
ballast water
C/D

SC

BP

S2

S1

BT

Complete reduction of TRO is monitored by the

TRO sensor S2.

Legend

S1,S2TRO Sensor
BT Ballast water tank
BP Ballast pump
I P Injection pump
SC Sea chest
C/D Controller / Data logger

Figure 2-4: Chemical injection system based on the TRO sensors

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3

DATASET FOR APPLICATION

3.1

Extraction and identification of chemical substances

Chemical substances relevant to the present chemical system were identified for screening
of the risk.
3.1.1

Confirmation and identification of "Active Substance", "Other Components",

and "Relevant Chemicals"

NEO-CHLOR MARINETM contains sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate as the main

"Active Substance." This dihydrate salt is converted to sodium hypochlorite and isocyanuric
acid (or sodium isocyanurate) in sea, brackish or fresh water according to the following
reaction formula. Hypochlorous acid (HClO) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) have the
disinfection action.
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM

Isocyanuric acid

Sodium hypochlorite

+
Cl2CyNa2H2O

NaClO

Hypochlorous acid

HClO

H2CyH (* Isocyanuryl group is represented by Cy)

Figure 3-1-1-1: Molecular formulas of sodium dichloroisocyanurate

dehydrate and isocyanuric acid
The reaction formulas for manufacturing NEO-CHLOR MARINETM are demonstrated in
(2-1) and (2-2), while its composition is listed in Table 3-1-1.
H3Cy + 2NaOH Na2HCy + 2H2O
Na2HCy + 2Cl2 + NaOH +2H2O NaCl2Cy2H2O + 2NaCl +H2O

------(2-1)
------(2-2)

Table 3-1-1: Composition of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM

Substance

Chemical
formula

Sodium
C3Cl2N3NaO3.
dichloroisocyanurate
2(H2O)
dihydrate
Sodium chloride

NaCl

CAS Number,
etc.
CAS No. 5158086-0
EINECS No.
220-767-7
UN No. 3077
CAS No. 764714-5

Content (%)
>99.0
Free
available
chlorine: >55
<1.0

Class

Active
substances
Other
components

When the present "Active Substance" is used in the ballast water treatment, the potential
by-products or products likely formed due to the nature and condition of the ballast water
used, that is "Relevant Chemicals", include sodium hypochlorite, isocyanuric acid (including
its sodium salt), hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, sodium hypobromite, sodium
bromate, chloramines, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloacetonitriles.

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Other chemicals in the present chemical system, sodium sulfite and its neutralized
chemical, sodium sulfate, belong to the "other components". The amount of sodium sulfite
added and mixed is 1.6 times (the value obtained through experiments) of the theoretical
amount required for reducing and completely detoxify the free chlorine remained in the
ballast water after primary treatment. Unreacted sodium sulfite discharged into seawater is
reacted with dissolved oxygen to rapidly convert to sodium sulfate.
Na2SO3 + NaClO Na2SO4 + NaCl
2Na2SO3 + O2 2Na2SO4

--------(2-3)
--------(2-4)

Table 3-1-2 illustrates the results in identification of the "Active Substances" in the present
chemical system along with those in the "other components" and "Relevant Chemicals".
Table 3-1-2: Identification of Chemical Substances
Symbol Name of
Chemical
Substance
Active Substance

AS

Sodium
dichloroisocyanurate
dihydrate

Relevant Chemicals
Sodium
RC1
hypochlorite
RC2

RC3

IUPAC

CAS No.

1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- 51580-86-0
trione sodium salt
Dihydrate
Sodium
Hypochlorite

Molar
Mass

Chemical
Formula

Structural
Formula

Na

255.98

Cl2(CNO)3Na
2(H2O)

N
OC

CO

ClN

NCl
CO

7681-52-9

74.45

NaClO

Na-O-Cl

Hypochlorous
acid

Hypochlorous acid 7790-92-3

84.64

HClO

H-O-Cl

Isocyanuric
acid

1,3,5-Triazine2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)trione

2H2O

NH

108-80-5

129.1

H2(CNO)3H

CO

OC
NH

NH
CO

RC4

Sodium
isocyanurate

1,3,5-Triazine2,4,6-(1H,3H,5H)trione sodium salt

CO

2624-17-1

151.08

C3H2N3O3Na

NH

NNa

OC

CO
NH

Cl

RC5

Chloroform

Trichloromethane

67-66-3

119.4

CHCl3

H C

Cl

Cl

RC6

Bromodichloro- Dichlorobromomethane
methane

Cl

75-27-4

163.82

CHBrCl2

C Cl
Br

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Symbol Name of
Chemical
Substance

IUPAC

CAS No.

Molar
Mass

Chemical
Formula

Structural
Formula
Cl

Dibromochloro- Dibromochloromethane
methane

RC7

124-48-1

208.27

CHBr2Cl

H C Br
Br
Br

RC8

Bromoform

Tribromomethane

75-25-2

252.7

CHBr3

C Br
Br

RC9

Hypobromous
acid

Hydrobromous
acid

13517-11-8

96.91

HBrO

H-OBr

RC10

Sodium
hypobromite

Sodium
hypobromite

13824-96-9

118.89

NaBrO

Na-OBr

RC11

Bromate ion
(CAS number,
molar mass,
etc., based on
sodium
bromate.)

Bromate

Monochloroacetic acid

Monochloroacetic acid

RC12

O
7789-38-0

150.9

NaBrO3

NaO Br
O
H O

79-11-8

94.5

CH2ClCOOH

C C OH
Cl

RC13

Dichloroacetic
acid

Dichloroacetic
acid

Cl O

79-43-6

128.9

CHCl2COOH

C C OH
Cl

RC14

Trichloroacetic
acid

Trichloroacetic
acid

Cl O

76-03-9

163.4

CCl3COOH

Cl

C C OH
Cl

RC15

Bromochloroacetic acid

Bromochloroacetic acid

Cl O

5589-96-8

173.39

CHBrClCOOH

C C OH
Br

RC16

Bromodichloro- Bromodichloroacetic acid

acetic acid

Cl O

71133-14-7

207.84

CBrCl2COOH

Cl

C C OH
Br

RC17

Dibromochloro- Dibromochloroacetic acid

acetic acid

Br O

5278-95-5

138.95

Br2ClCCOOH

Cl

C C OH
Br

RC18

Monobromoacetic acid

Monobromoacetic acid

H O

79-08-3

138.95

BrCH2COOH

H C C OH
Br

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Symbol Name of
Chemical
Substance
RC19

Dibromoacetic
acid

IUPAC

Dibromoacetic
acid

CAS No.

Molar
Mass

Chemical
Formula

Structural
Formula
Br O

631-64-1

217.84

CHBr2COOH

H C C OH
Br

RC20

Tribromoacetic
acid

Tribromoacetic
acid

Br O

75-96-7

296.74

Br3CCOOH

Br

C C OH
Br

RC21

Chloroacetonitrile

Chloroacetonitrile

Cl

107-14-2

75.47

CH2ClCN

H C C N
H

RC22

Dichloroacetonitrile

Dichloroacetonitrile

Cl

3018-12-0

109.94

CHCl2CN

H C C N
Cl

RC23

Trichloroacetonitrile

Trichloroacetonitrile

Cl

545-06-2

154.39

CCl3CN

Cl

C C N
Cl

RC24

Dibromoacetonitrile

Dibromoacetonitrile

Br

3252-43-5

198.84

CHBr2CN

H C C N
Br

RC25

Bromochloroacetonitrile

Bromochloroacetonitrile

Cl

83463-62-1

154.39

CHBrClCN

H C C N
Br

RC26

Monochloramine

Other Components
Sodium
OC1
chloride

H
Chloramide

10599-90-3

51.48

NH2Cl

Cl

H
Sodium Chloride

7647-14-5

58.44

NaCl

NaCl
NaO

OC2

Sodium sulfite

Sodium Sulfite

7757-83-7

126.06

Na2SO3

S O
NaO

OC3

Sodium sulfate

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Sodium Sulfate

7757-82-6

142.04

Na2SO4

O
NaO S ONa
O

MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 9
It was confirmed that NEO-CHLOR MARINETM generates nearly same amount of the
disinfection by-products (Relevant Chemicals) as TG BallastCleaner (sodium hypochlorite)
(see Table 3-1-3).
Table 3-1-3: Concentration of disinfection by-products
(Initial FAC: 20 mg/L, after 5 days)
Symbol

Disinfection by-product

NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM
g/L

TG
BallastCleaner
g/L

RC5
RC6
RC7
RC8
RC12
RC13
RC14
RC15
RC16
RC17
RC18
RC19
RC20
RC21-25

Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromochloroacetic acid
Bromodichloroacetic acid
Dibromochloroacetic acid
Monobromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
Tribromoacetic acid
Haloacetonitriles

0.2
0.7
14
320
1.8
0.3
0.3
4.6
1.1
8.5
3.2
62
65
Below lower
limit of
detection

0.3
0.7
13
380
1.6
0.2
0.4
3.7
0.5
8.0
3.0
58
60
Below lower limit
of detection

Lower limit
of detection
in analysis
g/L
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1

3.2

Data on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates, fish, and other biota

including sensitive and representative organisms

3.2.1

Aquatic acute toxicity

Table 3-2-1 demonstrates the acute toxicity values of sodium dichloroisocyanurate

dihydrate extracted from the Key Data (see appendix I) since it was not used in the JFE
BallastAce by JFE Engineering Corporation.
The aquatic toxicity of sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate (sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
and isocyanuric acid) to Dalphnia magna with the EC50 of 0.15 mg/L in the table clearly
indicates sodium sulfite (as a reducing agent for detoxification of the ballast water) is
required when discharging the ballast water into the waters of the region, since part of this
sodium salt in it is converted to hypochlorous acid (HClO).
Table 3-2-2 demonstrates the acute toxicity values of isocyanuric acid. Orzias latipes (Fish)
is the most sensitive species in the acute toxicity to isocyanuric acid displaying LC50 >100 mg/L,
confirming the low acute toxicity of isocyanuric acid.

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Table 3-2-1: Aquatic acute toxicity of Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate
Dihydrate to the most sensitive species
Class

Species

Endpoint

Duration

Fish

Bluegill
(Lepomis
macrochirus)

LC50

96h

Fish

Japanese
Medaka
(Oryzias
latipes)

LC50

96h

Fish

Bluegill
(Lepomis
macrochirus)

LC50

4d

LC50

4d

LC50

4d

EC50
Intoxicatio
n

2d

EC50
Motality

2d

LC50

48h

LC50
LC50

24h
48h

Fish

Fish

Crustacean

Crustacean

Crustacean

Crustacean

Rainbow Trout
(Oncorhynchus
mykiss)
Rainbow Trout
(Oncorhynchus
mykiss)
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)

I:\MEPC\62\2-1.doc

Concentration
Reference
(mg/L)
Ref.2.1-DICD-1
< 1.0
IUCLID
(22.01.2002)
Ref.2.1-DICD-2
MSDS from
0.42
Shikoku
Chemical
Corporation
0.283
0.46
1.72
Ref.2.1-DICD-3
1.77
ECOTOX
2.4
database Ref.
No.344
0.217
0.25
0.358
Ref.2.1-DICD-4
ECOTOX
0.29
database
Ref.No14413
Ref.2.1-DICD-3
0.11
ECOTOX
0.19
database Ref.
0.28
No.344
Ref.2.1-DICD-4
ECOTOX
0.15
database Ref.
No14413
Ref.2.1-DICD-5
MacKellar D G,
0.196
Weiner M L
(1978)
Ref.2.1-DICD-6
0.199
Ad Hoc EPA
0.196
report (2003)

MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 11
Table 3-2-2: Aquatic acute toxicity of Isocyanuric acid (H2CyH)
to the most sensitive species
Class

Species

Bluegill
(Leopomis
macrochirus)
Japanese
Medaka
Fish
(Oryzias
latipes)
Water flea
Crustacean (Daphnia
magna)
Green algae
Algae
(Selenastrum
capricornutum)
Fish

3.2.2

Endpoint

Duration

Concentration
(mg/L)

LC50

24h, 48h
96h

>1,000

LC50

96hr

> 100

LC50

14 d

> 100

EC50
Behaviour

48h

1,000

EC50
Growth
rate

72h

620

Reference
Ref.2.1-H2CyH-1
Ad Hoc EPA
report(2003)
Ref.2.1-H2CyH-2
OECD SIDS Initial
Assessment
Report for
9th SIAM
(France, June 29July 1, 1999)

Aquatic subchronic and chronic toxicity

A literature survey was performed on the aquatic chronic toxicity of the chemical
substances and groups selected in the previous section, i.e. isocyanuric acid, sodium
bromate, trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and chloramines, which are
shown in Table 3-1-2. The literature surveyed on the chronic toxicity of sodium hypochlorite
and monochloramine in order to identify their disinfection effect on the aquatic organism.
Tables 3-2-3 and 3-2-4 indicate the toxicity data of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and
isocyanuric acid not described in the application of JFE BallastAce from JFE Engineering
Corporation, which had already acquired the IMO approval.
Table 3-2-3: Aquatic chronic toxicity of Free Chlorine (NaClO + HClO) derived from
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM to the most sensitive species
Class

Species

Endpoint Duration

Fish

Fathead minnow
(Pimephales
promelas)

NOEC

14d

Crustacean

Cladoceran
(Daphnia magna)

NOEC

14d

Mmollusk

Eastern oyster
(Crassostrea
virginica)

LC50

60d

Concentration
Reference
(mg/L)
Ref. 2.2NaClO-2
0.014
J.W. Arthur
et al. (1975)
Ditto
0.002 - 0.004
0.211

Ref. 2.2NaClO-3
IUCLID
p.56(88)

The aquatic chronic toxicity in Table 3-2-3 indicates Cladoceran (Daphnia magna) and
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) are the most sensitive aquatic species to the
residual chlorine in the ballast water having the 14 d NOEC of 2-4 g/L and 14 g/L,
respectively. The toxicity data listed in the table clearly demonstrate needs of sodium
sulfite for completely removing the residual chlorine from the ballast water after primary
treatment. On the other hand, the most sensitive species in the chronic toxicity to
isocyanuric acid (including its sodium salt) is Daphnia magna having the NOEC of 32 mg/L,
confirming the low toxicity of isocyanuric acid (see Table 3-2-4).
I:\MEPC\62\2-1.doc

MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 12
Table 3-2-4: Aquatic chronic toxicity of Isocyanuric acid (including its Sodium salt)
to the most sensitive species
Class

NOEC

21d

NOEC
LOEC
EC50

21d

Concentration
Reference
(mg/ L)
65.9
Ref.2.2-H2CyH-1
OECD SIDS
Initial Assessment
32.0
Report for 9th SIAM
(France, June 9July 1, 1999)
160
Ref.2.2-H2CyH-2
Sewell I G,
500
Hill J W F (2007)
2,800

NOEC

28d

1,000

Species

Endpoint Duration

Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)

EC50

Crustacean

Fish

Water flea
(Daphnia
magna)
(Rreproduction
inhibition)
Rainbow trout
(Development
toxicity

Ref.2.2-H2CyH-3
Sewell I G,
Hill J W F (2007)

USE OF "ACTIVE SUBSTANCE" OR "PREPARATIONS"

NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is added to the ballast water to adjust the maximum FAC
concentration to 20 mg/L. To prepare the solution at the FAC concentration of 20 mg/L,
granular NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is added to part of the ballast water to prepare 0.5-10%
FAC aqueous solution, which is injected into the main line of the ballast water. For
example, 364 kg of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is added to 10,000 tons of the ballast water.
In actual use, the TRO sensors are used to control the amount of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
to be added.
To neutralize the ballast water after primary treatment, the detoxification system has
developed involving the addition of an appropriate volume of sodium sulfite to neutralize
and reduce the free available chlorine, whose concentration is determined in advance by
the TRO sensors. An aqueous solution of sodium sulfite prepared with fresh water
(in a range of 10% solution) is injected into the discharge line of the ballast water after
primary treatment.
5

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)

The material safety data sheet is given as appendix 8 in this assessment report
(see confidential dossier).
6

RISK CHARACTERIZATION

6.1

Assessment with PBT criteria

The PBT criteria (see Table 6-1-1) were used to organize the results of assessing the
persistency, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of each substance. Table 6-1-2 clearly indicates
there is no substance having characteristics as PBT substance.

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MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 13
Table 6-1-1: Criteria for identification of PBT Substances
Criterion
Persistency

Bioaccumulation
Toxicity
*

PBT criteria
Half-life:
> 60 days in seawater, or
> 40 days in fresh water*, or
> 180 days in seawater sediment, or
> 120 days in freshwater sediment*
BCF > 2,000 or Log Pow 3
Chronic NOEC < 0.01 mg/L

For the purpose of marine environmental risk assessment

half-life data in fresh water and fresh water sediment can be
overruled by data obtained under marine conditions.

Table 6-1-2: PBT criteria of Isocyanuric Acid, Trihalomethanes, Sodium Bromate,

Haloacetic Acids and Haloacetonitriles

RC3: Isocyanuric acid

Persistency (P) Bioaccumulation (B)

Yes or No
Yes or No
Yes
No

Toxicity (T)
Yes or No
No

RC5: Chloroform

Yes

No

No

RC6: Bromochloromethane

Yes

No

Not available

RC7:
RC8:
RC11:
RC12:
RC13:
RC14:
RC15:
RC16:

Yes
Yes
Not available
No
No
Not available
Not available
Not available

No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

Not available
No
No
Yes
No
No
Not available
Not available

Not available

No

Not available

Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available

No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

No
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available

Substance of concern

RC17:
RC18:
RC19:
RC20:
RC21:
RC22:
RC23:
RC24:
RC25:
6.2

Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Sodium bromate
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Tribromoacetic acid
Bromochloroacetic acid
Bromodichloroacetic
acid
Dibromochloroacetic
acid
Monobromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
Tribromoacetic acid
Monochloroacetonitrile
Dichloroacetonitrile
Trichloroacetonitrile
Dibromoacetonitrile
Bromochloroacetonitrile

Evaluation of treated ballast water

The test on the toxicity of the simulated ballast water discharge to the aquatic organisms
was performed for the Basic Approval at the BallastTech NIVA AS (NIVA) in Norway,
whereas the analysis of the by-products in the simulated ballast water discharge was
carried out at the Chemical Evaluation and Research Institute (CERI) in Japan, and others.

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MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 14
6.2.1

Toxicity test of simulated ballast water discharge

Test Method
The simulated ballast water discharge was prepared in June, 2010 at NIVA
in Norway and used for the toxicity tests, as described below.
The simulated ballast water discharge was prepared as the test water in a
laboratory scale to meet the "brackish water" quality specified for the land-based
test by Procedure (G9). Namely, raw water is passed through a small scale filter
system, to which sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, Active Substance of the
present chemical system, is then added to adjust the chlorine concentration
to 20 mg/L and stored in the dark for 5 days. After 5 days, the residual chlorine is
quantified. A sodium sulfite aqueous solution is added in an amount 1.6 times by a
molar ratio that of the residual chlorine to the solution of sodium
dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate with stirring. After confirming with the N,N-diethylp-phenylenediamine (DPD) method the concentration of residual chlorine to be
below the detection limit, the test water is used for testing the biological effects.
The experimental procedure of the tests is described in appendix 11 (see
confidential dossier).
Results
The results of the toxicity test in the aquatic organisms are summarized in
paragraphs 6.2.1.1 to 6.2.1.7. The results in the determination of the test water
quality are summarized in 6.2.1.8 as well.
.1

Growth inhibition test using diatom (Skeletonema costatum)

Growth inhibition tests were carried out using the diatom of Skeletonema costatum
according to OECD 201/ISO10253.
The test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-1, in which EC10 is 63.5%. This
value indicates there is no toxicity problem in the ballast water so far as the
simulated ballast water discharge is diluted twice the volume. EC50 is > 100%,
indicating the effects of discharged water on the growth of diatoms are extremely
low.
Table 6-2-1: Growth inhibition test in Skeletonema costatum
Test water
Brackish water

.2

Prepared condition of
water
Treated water after
neutralization

EC10 (%)

EC50 (%)

63.5

> 100

Acute toxicity test using marine crustacean (Acartia tonsa)

Acute toxicity tests were carried out using Acartia tonsa of the marine invertebrate
(crustacean) according to ISO 14669.
The test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-2, indicating the effects of the
simulated ballast water discharge on the invertebrates are limited.

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MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 15
Table 6-2-2: Acute Toxicity Test in Acartia tonsa
Test water

Prepared condition
of water

NOEC (%)

Note

Brackish water

Treated water after

neutralization

100

None was dead.

.3

Acute toxicity test in fish (Scophthalmus maximus)

Acute toxicity tests to fish (Scophthalmus maximus) were performed according to

OECD 203. Test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-3, which indicate no effect
of the simulated ballast water discharge on fishes.
Table 6-2-3: Acute toxicity test in Scophthalmus maximus
Test water

Prepared condition
of water

NOEC ()

Note

Brackish water

Treated water after

neutralization

100

Limit test. No effect

.4

Chronic toxicity test to marine crustacean (Nitocra spinipes)

Chronic toxicity tests were performed using Nitocra spinipes of the marine
invertebrate (crustacean) according to the draft guideline of Danish Standards.
Test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-4, which indicate no effect of the
simulated ballast water discharge on invertebrates.
Table 6-2-4: Chronic toxicity test in Nitocra spinipes
Test water

Prepared condition
of water

NOEC (%)

Note

Brackish water

Treated water after

neutralization

100

No difference in
reproduction with the
control group was
recognized.

.5

Chronic toxicity test in marine rotifer (Brachionus plicatillis)

Chronic toxicity tests (reproduction test) were performed using marine rotifers
(Brachionus plicatillis) according to ISO/DC 20666.
Test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-5, which indicate no effect of the
simulated ballast water discharge on the rotifers.

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MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 16
Table 6-2-5: Chronic toxicity test in Brachionus plicatillis
Test water
Brackish water

.6

Prepared condition of
water
Treated water after
neutralization

NOEC ()

Note

>100

Growth test of marine larvae (Scophthalmus maximus)

Growth tests of marine larvae (Scophthalmus maximuswere carried out

according to OECD 215.
Test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-6, which indicate no effect of the
simulated ballast water discharge on the growth of the marine larvae.
Table 6-2-6: Growth test in Scophthalmus maximus
Test water
Brackish water

.7

Prepared condition of
water
Treated water after
neutralization

NOEC ()

Note

100

No difference with the

control group

Chronic toxicity test in oyster larvae

Chronic toxicity tests were performed using embryos of oyster (Crassostrea gigas)
according to the ASTM method E724.
Test results are demonstrated in Table 6-2-7, which indicate no effect of the
simulated ballast water discharge on the oyster embryos
Table 6-2-7: Chronic toxicity test of oyster embryos
Test water
Brackish
water

.8

Prepared
condition of
water
Treated water
after
neutralization

LC50 (%)

NOEC (%)

Note

> 100

100

Effects were lower

as compared with
the control group

Determination of water quality used for the toxicity measurement

Table 6-2-8 demonstrates the variation of the water quality when treating and
neutralizing the simulated ballast water discharge.
As demonstrated in the table, pH was varied little by the treatment and the water
quality of the treated water after neutralization varied little as compared with that of
the control water.

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MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 17
Table 6-2-8: Water Quality
Sample

When
Water
collected temperature

pH

C
13.8

7.96

mg/L
8.8

PSU
21.7

mg/L
0.00

mg/L
0.01

mV
222

Total
suspended
solids
(TSS)
mg/L
64

14.6

7.81

8.5

21.7

12.5

9.6

818

60

14.4

7.96

8.9

21.7

0.02

0.02

298

54

1.4

1.0

804

0.02

0.00

256

0.38

0.16

433

17.0

7.01

8.1

21.7

0.02

0.01

219

17.0

7.45

6.3

21.7

0.01

0.02

234

Test water
Treated
water
Control
water
Treated
water
Control
water
Before
neutralization
After
neutralization
Control
water

Day 0

Day 2

Day 5

Dissolved
oxygen
(DO)

Salinity

Total
residual
oxidant
(TRO)

Free
residual
oxidant
(FRO)

Oxidation
reduction
potential
(ORP)

Summary of toxicity test

Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed using 7 different organisms. In the
growth inhibition test using Skeletonema costatum, EC10 was thereby 63.5%,
indicating there is no effect by the ballast water on the aquatic organisms so far as
the discharged water is diluted twice the volume. EC50 is > 100%, indicating the
effects of discharged water on the aquatic species are extremely low. No effect
was observed on other organisms occupying the different trophic level, leading to
the conclusion that the treated ballast water discharge in the present chemical
system has no effect on the aquatic organisms.
6.2.2

Analysis of by-products in simulated ballast water discharge

By-products in the simulated ballast water were analysed at the Chemical Evaluation
and Research Institute (CERI) in Japan. Details of the test are given in appendix 11
(see confidential dossier).
Results
Analytical results of by-products such as trihalomethanes and the quality of water
including the control water are summarized in Tables 6-2-9 and 6-2-10,
respectively.

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MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 18
Table 6-2-9: Analysis of by-products
Symbol Chemical substance

RC5
RC6
RC7
RC8
RC11
RC12
RC13
RC14
RC15
RC16
RC17
RC18
RC19
RC20
RC21
RC22
RC23
RC24
RC25

Chloroform
Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Sodium bromate
Monochloroacetic acid
Dichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Bromochloroacetic acid
Bromodichloroacetic acid
Dibromocloroacetic acid
Monobromoacetic acid
Dibromoacetic acid
Tribromoacetic acid
Monochloroacetonitrile
Dichloroacetonitrile
Trichloroacetonitrile
Dibromoacetonitrile
Bromochloroacetonitrile

Immediately
after
treatment
(mg/L)
0.0002
0.0002
0.0019
0.077
<0.002
<0.0005
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
0.0003
0.0020
0.0023
0.0099
0.017
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001

2 days
after
treatment
(mg/L)
0.0002
0.0004
0.0091
0.22
0.18
0.0023
0.0003
0.0004
0.0042
0.0013
0.0065
0.0060
0.043
0.062
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.002
<0.001

5 days
after
treatment
(mg/L)
0.0002
0.0007
0.014
0.32
0.42
0.0018
0.0003
0.0003
0.0046
0.0011
0.0085
0.0032
0.062
0.065
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001

Detection
limit (mg/L)
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.002
0.0005
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001

Table 6-2-10: Water Quality

Before
treatment

1.026

Immediately after
treatment
(30 minutes after
treatment)
Control Treated
water

1.3
1.3
24.3

24.5

8.0
444
17,500
7.2

3.1

8.0
448
17,500

3.1

Control
Specific gravity
(15oC/4oC)
TOC (mg/L)
DOC (mg/L)
Water temperature
(oC)
pH
ORP (mV/Eh)
Cl(mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
TRO
Free
(mg/L)
Combined
SS (mg/L)

I:\MEPC\62\2-1.doc

2 days after
treatment

5 days after treatment

Control

Control

Treated
water

Treated
water

24.5

25.1

25.1

25.4

25.3

7.9
1,025
17,600

22
<1
2.4

8.0
484

4.0

7.7
1,039

18
<1
1.7

7.9
473

6.4

2.6

7.7
1,040

17
<1
3.0

MEPC 62/2/1
Annex, page 19
Evaluation of analytical results
Chemical analysis of seawater treated with sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate
indicates it contains nearly similar by-products to seawater treated with sodium
hypochlorite. The residual by-product levels 5 days after treatment were 320 g/L
for bromoform, the most concerned by-product in sodium hypochlorite, and in
haloacetic acids, 62 g/L for dibromoacetic acid and 65 g/L for tribromoacetic
acid, respectively. The concentration of haloacetonitriles was below the lower limit
of detection in all analytical items.
6.2.3

Programme for quality control and assurance

The chemical analysis was performed at the ISO 9001 certified organizations listed below:

6.2.4

Shikoku Chemicals Corporation, Tokushima Plant;

Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute (CERI);

Norsk Institute for Vanforskning (NIVA); and

Fuyo Ocean Development and Engineering Co., Ltd.

Determination of retention time of ballast water after primary treatment

Since the present ballast water management system always uses sodium sulfite before
discharging the ballast water assuring all of residual FAC to be reduced and detoxified,
thus, the retention time of ballast water is not regulated in particular.
6.3

Risk characterization and analysis

6.3.1

Reaction with organic matter

A major component of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate.

As sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate is dissolved in water, it is rapidly decomposed
into hypochlorous acid and isocyanuric acid.
The amount of sodium sulfite injected to the ballast water is greater than the equivalent
amount for reducing all of residual chlorine (FAC) in the ballast water. An excess amount of
sodium sulfite is used for completing the neutralization reaction rapidly (increase of the
collision frequency with residual chlorine) and other part is consumed for the reaction with
dissolved oxygen in the ballast water. This reaction is illustrated in the equation (6-3-1).
2Na2SO3 + O2 2Na2SO4 ------- (6-3-1)
Unreacted sodium sulfite temporarily reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in water.
However, oxygen is quickly supplemented from the atmosphere, since the ballast water
after secondary treatment is discharged to the surface layer water, in which dissolved
oxygen is equilibrated with the atmosphere. Addition of a slight excess amount of sodium
sulfite does thus not have the adverse effect on the biological inhabitants in the waters of
the region where the treated ballast water is discharged.

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Annex, page 20
6.3.2

Prediction of discharge and environmental concentration

The marine antifoulant model to predict environmental concentrations (MAMPEC) model

was used to estimate the fate of 20 different chemical substances in the ballast water after
secondary treatment and to assess the dilution ratios in the ports. Chemical substances to
assess the dilution ratio and the predicted environmental concentration are 20 different
chemicals such as isocyanuric acid, bromoform, chloroform, bromoacetic acid, chloroacetic
acid, and trichloroacetic acid, etc.
Predicted results
Table 6-3-1 demonstrates the concentration of the simulated ballast water
discharge, the dilution ratio and the predicted environmental concentration (PEC)
estimated by the simulation.
Table 6-3-1: Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC)
of Relevant Chemicals
Relevant chemicals

RC3 Isocyanuric acid

RC5 Chloroform
RC6 Bromodichloromethane
RC7 Dibromochloromethane
RC8 Bromoform
RC11 Sodium bromate
RC12 Monochloroacetic acid
RC13 Dichloroacetic acid
RC14 Trichloroacetic acid
RC15 Bromochloroacetic acid
RC16 Bromodichloroacetic acid
RC17 Dibromochloroacetic acid
RC18 Monobromoacetic acid
RC19 Dibromoacetic acid
RC20 Tribromoacetic acid
RC21 Monochloroacetonitrile
RC22 Dichloroacetonitrile
RC23 Trichloroacetonitrile
RC24 Dibromoacetonitrile
RC25 Bromochloroacetonitrile

Concentration
in discharged
ballast water
(mg/L)
18.34
0.0002
0.0007
0.014
0.32
0.42
0.0018
0.0003
0.0003
0.0046
0.0011
0.0085
0.0032
0.062
0.065
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001

Dilution
ratio

PEC (g/L)

182
182
378
465
418
182
672
182
306
183
182
182
182
182
183
182
182
182
182
182

100.8
0.00110
0.00185
0.0301
0.766
2.308
0.00268
0.00165
0.000980
0.0251
0.00604
0.0467
0.0176
0.341
0.355
< 0.00549
< 0.00549
< 0.00549
< 0.00549
< 0.00549

Note: When the dilution ratio could not be calculated, the dilution ratio of 182
corresponding to the no migration into the atmosphere was used.
6.3.3

Assessment of bioaccumulation potential

The values of logPow are lower than 3 for all chemical substances related to the present
ballast water management system. Hence, the chemical substances in the present system
are not bioaccumulative and there is no need to assess the bioaccumulation potential.
These chemical substances are metabolized in vivo or excreted intact in vitro.

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Annex, page 21
6.3.4

Effect assessment

The lowest toxicity (acute and chronic toxicities) values for Relevant Chemicals are
summarized in Table 6-3-2 in order to assess the effect of the treated ballast water on the
surrounding marine environment when discharged into the waters of the region after
treatment.
Table 6-3-2: Lowest values in chronic and acute toxicities
of Relevant Chemicals
Relevant chemical
RC3 Isocyanuric acid
RC5 Chloroform
RC6 Bromodichloromethane
RC7 Dibromochloromethane
RC8 Bromoform
RC11 Sodium bromate
RC12 Monochloroacetic acid
RC13 Dichloroacetic acid
RC14 Trichloroacetic acid
RC15 Bromochloroacetic acid
RC16 Bromodichloroacetic acid
RC17 Dibromochloroacetic acid
RC18 Monobromoacetic acid
RC19 Dibromoacetic acid
RC20 Tribromoacetic acid
RC21 Monochloroacetonitrile
RC22 Dichloroacetonitrile
RC23 Trichloroacetonitrile
RC24 Dibromoacetonitrile
RC25 Bromochloroacetonitrile

Acute toxicity
(mg/L)
> 100
13.3
33.5
34
7.1
32
0.028
106
1.2
Not available
52.8
55.6
1.4
69
101
1.35
Not available
Not available
0.55
Not available

Chronic toxicity
mg/L)
32.0
13
0.8
0.063
2.9
16
0.0058
Not available
0.01
Not available
Not available
Not available
3.2
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available

The amount of isocyanuric acid contained relatively in large quantities in the treated ballast
water is 18.34 mg/L at a maximum. As compared to this value, the acute and chronic
toxicities of isocyanuric acid are > 100 mg/L (96 hr-LC50 for fish) and 32 mg/L (NOEC,
21 days for crustacean), respectively, indicating isocyanuric acid is safe even if discharged
at the maximum concentration. The concentration of bromoform in the treated ballast water
is 0.32 mg/L, whereas the acute and chronic toxicity values are 7.1 mg/L and 2.9 mg/L,
respectively. Monochloroacetic acid has the low values in both acute and chronic toxicities
indicating the large effect on the aquatic organisms, but the analysis of the simulated ballast
water discharge indicates only trace amounts of monochloroacetic acid remain in it. The
concentrations of haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles contained in the treated ballast
water are also low, but their toxicity information are not available. Hence, the toxicity values
of structurally similar chemical substances have to be used for the effect assessment.
6.3.5

Effect on aquatic organisms

Table 6-3-3 demonstrates the assessment factors used for estimation of the predicted
no-effect concentration (PNEC) values of the Relevant Chemicals.

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The PNEC values were in principle obtained by dividing the acute toxicity values of the
Relevant Chemicals in Table 6-3-2 with the assessment factor of 1000.
Isocyanuric acid is generated as the hydrolyzed product of the chemical in the present
system and released in relatively large quantities into the environment. However, its
chronic toxicity value is available from three different sources and the assessment factor
of 100 will be applied for the evaluation of the PNEC value. Since the toxicity values were
unavailable for bromochloroacetic acid and haloacetonitriles, those for the structurally
similar chemical substances were used to evaluate the PNEC values.
Table 6-3-3: PNEC of Relevant Chemicals
Relevant chemical

PNEC (g/L)

RC3 Isocyanuric acid

RC5 Chloroform
RC6 Bromodichloromethane
RC7 Dibromochloromethane
RC8 Bromoform
RC11 Sodium bromate
RC12 Monochloroacetic acid
RC13 Dichloroacetic acid
RC14 Trichloroacetic acid
RC15 Bromochloroacetic acid
RC16 Bromodichloroacetic acid
RC17 Dibromochloroacetic acid
RC18 Monobromoacetic acid
RC19 Dibromoacetic acid
RC20 Tribromoacetic acid
RC21 Monochloroacetonitrile
RC22 Dichloroacetonitrile
RC23 Trichloroacetonitrile
RC24 Dibromoacetonitrile
RC25 Bromochloroacetonitrile

320
13.3
33.5
34
7.1
32
0.028
106
1.2
52.8
52.8
55.6
1.4
69
101
1.35
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55

Assessment
factor
100
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000

Note: The toxicity values of bromodichloroacetic acid and dibromoacetonitrile

were used as those of bromochloroacetic acid (RC15), and of
dichloroaceto-nitrile
(RC22),
trichloroacetonitrile
(RC23)
and
bromochloroacetonitrile (RC25), respectively, for evaluation of the PNEC
values.
6.3.6

Effect on bottom sediment

Koc values for all chemical substances of concern are <500 L/kg. This indicates these
chemical substances have the low potential to partition into the bottom sediment. It was
concluded that an assessment of the effect on the benthic organisms is redundant.
However, isocyanuric acid (its sodium salt) is released intact into seawater and the partition
of isocyanuric acid to the bottom sediment is hence of concern. However, the partition ratio
of isocyanuric acid (0.4%) is obtained using a generic Mackay level III fugacity model and
summarized in Table 6-3-4 below.

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Table 6-3-4: Partition ratio of Isocyanuric acid in 100% water discharge
Location
Air
Water
Soil
Bottom sediment
Source

Partition ratio, %
0.0
99.6
0.0
0.4
Ref.1-6 2)

Isocyanuric acid trapped at the bottom sediment is biodegraded by the anaerobic bacteria.
Absorption of trace amounts of isocyanuric acid to the bottom sediment followed by its
biodegradation is repeated, indicating the effect of isocyanuric acid on the benthic
organisms can be neglected. There is a report indicating no toxicity of isocyanuric acid to
the benthic organisms.1
6.3.7

Comparison of effect assessment and toxicity of ballast water discharge

There is no chemical substance classified in all of three persistent bioaccumulative toxic

criteria. The next step involves evaluating the effect of the chemical substances on the
aquatic organisms using the PEC/PNEC ratio.
The PEC and PNEC values of 20 different chemical substances demonstrated in
sections 6-3-3 and 6-3-5 are used to calculate the PEC/PNEC ratio. Table 6-3-5
demonstrates the calculated results of the PEC/PNEC ratios for 20 different chemical
substances. As found in the table, all of chemical substances do not exceed the
PEC/PNEC value of 1, indicating these chemical substances have no adverse effect on the
surrounding marine environment and the aquatic organisms.
Chemical substances with the PEC/PNEC ratio higher than 0.1 are two chemicals:
isocyanuric acid and bromoform.
The PEC/PNEC ratio of isocyanuric acid was 0.315. Isocyanuric acid (including sodium
isocyanurate) is not carcinogenic, extremely low in toxicity, neither volatile nor
bioaccumulative, and used as a nitrogen source for the growth of bacteria and plants to
decompose. It has been reported that release of isocyanuric acid into seawater
distributes 99.6% of it into water and 0.4% into the bottom sediment, but 0% into both air
and soil. Hence, isocyanuric acid released into seawater is probably caught by floating
organic sludge in seawater and/or the bottom sediment to biodegrade. Using the MAMPEC
model, the PEC/PNEC ratio of isocyanuric acid was estimated to be 0.315.
The PEC/PNEC ratio of bromoform is 0.108. The formation of bromoform depends on the
amount of organic matters in seawater suggesting a possible increase of this ratio.
However, as demonstrated in appendix 12, when diffusion of the ballast water discharged
from ships was studied using the numerical simulation, the concentration of bromoform 100 m
away from the outlet of the ballast water is diluted to less-than 1/10 during the period of
depth stratification (summer season) and to less-than 1/50 during the period of water
circulation (winter season) of the initial concentration, respectively. These results indicate
its effect is very limited.

Ref. 1-6 OECD SID Initial Assessment Report for 9th SIAM (France, June 29 July 1, 1999).

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Table 6-3-5: Evaluation of PEC/PNEC
Relevant chemical
RC3 Isocyanuric acid
RC5 Chloroform
RC6
Bromodichloromethane
RC7
Dibromochloromethane
RC8 Bromoform
RC11 Sodium bromate
RC12 Monochloroacetic
acid
RC13 Dichloroacetic acid
RC14 Trichloroacetic acid
RC15 Bromochloroacetic
acid
RC16 Bromodichloroacetic
acid
RC17
Dibromochloroacetic acid
RC18 Monobromoacetic
acid
RC19 Dibromoacetic acid
RC20 Tribromoacetic acid
RC21
Monochloroacetonitrile
RC22 Dichloroacetonitrile
RC23 Trichloroacetonitrile
RC24 Dibromoacetonitrile
RC25
Bromochloroacetonitrile

Observed
value
(mg/L)
18.34
0.0002
0.0007

Dilution PEC
factor
(g/L)

PNEC
g/L

PEC/PNEC

182
182
378

100.8
0.00110
0.00185

320
13.3
33.5

0.315
0.0000827

0.014

465

0.0301

34

0.32
0.42
0.0018

418
182
672

0.766
2.308
0.00268

7.1
32
0.028

0.108
0.0721

0.0003
0.0003
0.0046

182
306
183

0.00165
0.000980
0.0251

106
1.2
52.8

0.0000156
0.000817

0.0011

182

0.00604

52.8

0.0085

182

0.0467

55.6

0.0032

182

0.0176

1.4

0.062
0.065

182
183

0.341
0.355

69
101

0.00494
0.00351

<0.001

182

<0.00549

1.35

0.00407

<0.001
<0.001
<0.001

182
182
182

<0.00549
<0.00549
<0.00549

0.55
0.55
0.55

0.00998
0.00998
0.00998

<0.001

182

<0.00549

0.55

0.00998

0.0000552
0.000885

0.0957

0.000475
0.000114
0.00084
0.0126

Note: When the dilution factor cannot be calculated, the minimum dilution factor of 182
was used, whereas when the toxicity values of chemical substances were unavailable,
the PNEC values evaluated from the toxicity value of the structurally similar chemical
substance were used.
7

Risk Assessment

7.1

Effect on ship and personal safety

7.1.1

Effect on ship

Figure 7-1-1 illustrates the outline of the feed system for NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and
sodium sulfite related to the ballast water treatment.
Contact of the NEO-CHLOR MARINETM solution with parts of the ship other than the
storage tanks and pipelines where these are no anticorrosive treatment possibly causes
and accelerates the corrosion of parts of the ship. It has been confirmed in the durability
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test of the coating film that the present chemical system is not corrosive to ships including
pipelines at the concentration of the chemical substances injected into the ballast tanks if
epoxy resin linings or corrosion coatings are applied which it is resistant to the ballast water
after primary treatment.
In the present system, sodium sulfite reacts only with free chlorine derived from
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM for reduction and dissolved oxygen to be consumed, indicating it
does not have any adverse effect on the ships and pipelines, through which the treated
ballast water is circulated.
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM

stored

Sodium Sulfite stored

Dissolving Equipment

General service
water

Dissolving Equipment

(1)

(4)

From sea

(6)
Coaming

(6) Coaming

Coaming

Coaming

Coaming
(3)

(3)

(2)

Ballasting
Water

(5)

Deballasting
Water

Ballast
Tank

Coaming
(7)

(8)

Waste Water Collection Tank

(1) Supplying
(2) Disinfection
(3) Neutralization
(4) Supplying

(5) Neutralization for Ballast Tank

(6) Neutralization
(7) Waste Water Collection Tank neutralization
) Waste Water Collection Tank neutralization
(8)

Pumps and valves are operated by the remote automatic controller

Figure 7-1-1: Feed system for NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and Sodium Sulfite
7.1.2

Effect on ballast tank

The inner surface of the ballast tanks might be corroded with the ballast water containing
residual chlorine if the surface is not properly coated with the corrosion resistant paint.
Hence, they have to be applied with the coatings (inner surface of tanks) or liners
(pipelines) of the epoxy resin or other materials resistant to chlorine and salt water.
The surface treatment can prevent the ballast tanks from corrosion.

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7.1.3

Effect on outer hull

During de-ballasting residual chlorine disappears while slight excess amounts of sodium
sulfite remains in the treated ballast water. At that time, sodium sulfite acts as a reducing
agent for residual chlorine in the ballast water after primary treatment. Its reducing power is
higher than that of the transition metals such as iron and zinc. Hence, the outer hull
constructed with steel is not attacked.
7.1.4

Measures related to ballast water treatment equipment

Locations for the potential chemical spill are listed in Table 7-1-1 below.
Table 7-1-1: Locations of Potential Chemical Spill
and Countermeasure
Location for potential
chemical spill
Chemical storage tanks

Cause of spill

Countermeasure

Tank failure

Handle according to the

instruction in MSDS.
Install coamings. If spilled,
wash with water for
miscellaneous use.
Install coamings. If spilled,
wash with water for
miscellaneous use.
Use a tray to catch the
spilled fluid. If spilled,
wash with water for
miscellaneous use.
Use a tray to catch the
spilled fluid. If spilled,
wash with water for
miscellaneous use.

Chemical dissolving
equipment

Failure of pipe connection,

fittings, and seals

Chemical injection pumps

Failure of pipe connection,

fittings, and seals

Valves in chemical feed

pipeline

Failure of packing glands

and joints. Damage of
valve body.

Pipe joints

Gasket failure. Poor

tightening

Locations such as chemical storage tanks, etc., where the chemical is potentially spilled
have to be visually checked every day for any leak and other measures have to be
implemented as follows:
.1

install a coaming beneath the chemical injection pump;

.2

apply a corrosion resistant paint to the inner wall and bottom of the
coaming;

.3

install a wastewater collection tank (hereafter abbreviated to WWCT) to

store the wash water used for cleaning NEO-CHLOR MARINETM solution
spilled on a floor. Install water outlets near the chemical storage tanks,
pumps, and pipelines for water for miscellaneous use, which is used for
the neutralization of the spilled fluid;

.4

treat properly any chemical spilled in the coaming and introduce it into the
WWCT;

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7.1.5

.5

neutralize immediately a spilled solution of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM with

sodium sulfite;

.6

install a tray at any location for the potential chemical spill such as valves,
etc., and guide the treated water for the spilled chemical into the coaming
or WWCT; and

.7

confirm with the basic free residual chlorine analyzer the concentration of
residual chlorine in the treated water collected in the WWCT before any
treatment. If residual chlorine is detected in the treated water, neutralize it
with sodium sulfite.

Progress of corrosion and its countermeasures

Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, a main component of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM, is

dissolved in water to generate sodium hypochlorite, which is a corrosive substance. Hence,
as compared to use of seawater alone for ballasting, this ballast water system would result
in a progress of corrosion in the ballast tanks, pipelines, and parts contacting directly with
the ballast water after primary treatment.
To quantify the possible corrosion, the anodic polarization curve in NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM was compared at 5 and 40oC with that of TG BallastCleaner containing sodium
hypochlorite, which has been approved by IMO, resulting in nearly the same anodic
polarization curves. This indicates the corrosion rate is similar for both chemical systems,
suggesting needs of similar countermeasures for the corrosion. These results assure the
corrosion data obtained in JFE BallastAce by JFE Engineering Corporation can be utilized
for the corrosion with NEO-CHLOR MARINETM. At the same time, further collection of
corrosion data with NEO-CHLOR MARINETM is under way for Final Approval by IMO.
7.1.6

Chemical feed equipment

NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and sodium sulfite are fed from each storage tank to the
dissolving equipment and then to the pipeline for the circulation of the ballast water by
remote operation of the valves and pumps. Injection of both chemicals occurs between the
ballast pump and the ballast tank. Hence, there is no chance for the crew members to
contact the chemicals during the ordinary operation of the ballast water for ballasting and
deballasting. A supply vessel for chemicals is positioned alongside the ship moored to load
a cartridge-type chemical container for replenishing the chemical. The chemical storage
space of the ship needs approximately 3 m3 for NEO-CHLOR MARINETM and 5 m3 for
sodium sulfite, respectively, provided that the ballast tank capacity is 100,000 m3.
Steel with coating or lining of polypropylene, polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, or titanium
or a titanium alloy are suitable as the material of the dissolving equipments for
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM (parts contacting with liquid) since it has a proven track record.
Resin or steels are suitable as the material of the dissolving equipment for sodium sulfite.
The dissolving tank is equipped with a liquid level sensor and a level alarm, preventing the
liquid from overflow to spill when the chemical is replenished.

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7.1.7

Risk in health of crew member

The management system of ballast water loaded on the ship is remotely operated except
the chemical loading into the ship. This can prevent human from exposure to the chemical
when handling the ballast water on the ship. However, an error in operation or incident
could occur in any circumstance. Hence, it is important to educate and train the crew
members for the safety using the instruction manuals and material safety data sheet
(MSDS) provided by the chemical manufacturer in order to assure them for safety handling
and storage.
NEO-CHLOR MARINETM

Confirmation of water
quality

Dissolving equipment for NEO-CHLOR MARINETM

Filtration
equipment

Ballast tank

Venturi tube
Ballasting
Ballast water

Monitoring of residual chlorine

At sea

Deballasting

Waters of region
for discharge

Feed
pump

Ballast tank

Figure 7-1-2 Flo

Dissolving equipment for sodium sulfite

Sodium sulfite

Figure 7-1-2: Flowchart of ballast water treatment

The source of noise in the present equipment includes the chemical dissolving equipment,
chemical feed pumps, filtration equipment for seawater, and venturi tubes. Both chemical
dissolving equipment and chemical feed pumps are not a source of noise because their
capacity is too small to cause an adverse effect on human health. The backwash
equipment for the filtration of seawater generates operating noise, which is low to harm the
human health. The venturi tube generates somewhat cavitation noise, but its noise is low
as compared with the other equipment such as ballast feed pumps, which are likely to be
installed in the same zone. A noise level is lower than the threshold noise level defined by
IMO resolution A.468(12) (for example, 110 db (A) in the area of functional machines where
no human resides). Hence, noise generated by this equipment has no adverse effect on
human health.
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7.1.8

Exposure scenario of crew member

Human exposure to the chemical is unlikely to occur in the normal operation, but could
occur only in the accidental release. This type of accidents, in which the chemical is
released by the failure of the ballast water management system, has a potential exposure
of crew members to NEO-CHLOR MARINETM or sodium sulfite.
7.2

Human health assessment

The substances of concern for the risk assessment of human health include the chemical
related to the ballast water management system (BWMS), the treated ballast water prior to
the neutralization (ballast water after primary treatment), and the treated water neutralized
and discharged outboard (ballast water after secondary treatment). At first, the chemical
substances of concern related to the present BWMS were screened for their
carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and endocrine disruption properties, leaving 14 Relevant
Chemicals for further investigation.
Potential risks of human health with these chemicals particularly in intake or discharge of
the ballast water will be assessed below.
The margin of safety (MOS) of Relevant Chemicals was evaluated by simulating the
diffusion of Relevant Chemicals in the air vented from the ballast tank during ballast water
intake into the area where the crew members live and work.
The pipeline for the ballast water and the ballast tanks form a closed loop. Hence, there is
no chance for the crew member on board to be exposed to the ballast water after primary
treatment. The ballast tanks are equipped with a vent to equilibrate the air pressure in the
headspace of tank with the atmospheric pressure. The vent is generally installed on the
deck. Hence effects of the vented air on human health are assessed by the following
method, since air in the ballast tank is discharged from the vent during the ballast water
intake.
The software EUSES 2.1 was used to simulate the diffusion of chemical substances with
potential hazards to health of crew members when discharged from the vent and exposed
to the crew members. An exposure route in this scenario is as follows.
Ballast water in ballast tank

Inhalation

Evaporation to the air in headspace of tank

Discharge into atmosphere

Vent of ballast tank

Figure 7-2-1 illustrates this sequence in a diagram. The ballast water intake raises the
water level in the ballast tank, pushing out through the vent the air in the headspace of the
ballast tank into the atmosphere. The diffusion of the air containing the chemicals was
simulated given the crew members in the living and working zone near the vent are
exposed to the chemicals in air at a certain concentration as follows.

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Two modes of possible exposure are investigated when discharging or diffusing through the
vent of ballast tank the Relevant Chemicals evaporated into the headspace of the ballast
tank as follows:
Mode A:

during ballast water intake (ballasting); and

Mode B:

when the ship is at sea.

Note: As the hypothetical ship, a very large vessel with a gross tonnage of 200,000 tons
and the following geometry were used to simulate the diffusion of the chemicals.

Vent

Deck

Headspace
Vapour
Ballast tank
Ballast water
treatment

after

primary

Ship
bottom

Figure 7-2-1: Vapour discharged through the vent from the headspace of ballast
tank containing the treated ballast water
Among simulated results, the RCR (Risk Characterization Ratio = MOS/MOSref) values
smaller than 104 are shown in Tables 7-2-1 and 7-2-2. These results clearly indicate the
present ballast water in the ballast tank (ballast water after primary treatment) has no risk to
human health of crew members during ballasting.
Table 7-2-1: Risk of ballast water (after primary treatment) in ballast tank to health
of crew embers (Mode A: Under calm wind)
Class

Chemical substance

MOS

MOSref

RC6
RC7
RC8
RC11

Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Sodium bromate

5.191 x 104
8.408 x 104
4.499 x 103
1.378 x 104

100
100
100
100

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RCR
(MOS/MOSref)
519
841
45
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Annex, page 31
Table 7-2-2: Risk of ballast water (after primary treatment) in ballast tank to health of
crew members (Mode A: Under Windy Conditions, velocity = 1 m/s)
Class

Chemical substance

MOS

MOSref

RC6
RC7
RC8
RC11

Bromodichloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
Bromoform
Sodium bromate

2.812 x 105
4.555 x 105
2.438 x 104
7.468 x 104

100
100
100
100

RCR
(MOS/MOSref)
2812
4555
244
747

(At the ballast water discharge)

Risks of various chemicals such as isocyanuric acid, bromoform, bromochloroacetic acid,
dibromoacetic acid, etc., to general public when exposed during deballasting were
assessed by simulating the exposure to determine the MOS using the software EUSES 2.1.
Figure 7-2-2 illustrates the exposure route in this case.

Evaporate
atmosphere

Ballast water after secondary

treatment (after neutralization)

Discharge

into

Contact during swimming,

etc.
Ingestion by fish and absorption by seaweed

Inhalation
Oral
ingestion
Dermal
absorption

General public

Ingestion as
food

Figure 7-2-2: Exposure route of treated ballast water (after secondary treatment)
discharge to general public
The Local MOS/MOSref values estimated by use of the software EUSES 2.1 were greater
than 104 (Detail described in the Application for basic approval) for all of Relevant
Chemicals and are greater than 1. These results clearly indicate the present ballast water
system has no risk to human health and no need for controlling the risk also during
deballasting.
These results confirmed there is no risk of the ballast water (after primary treatment) in the
ballast tank to health of general public.
7.3

Water environmental risk

7.3.1

Environmental assessment

Assessment of the chemical substances in the present ballast water management system
in the previous chapters clearly indicates the related chemicals are not the PBT substance
and their PEC/PNEC ratios are below 1 assuring no need for further risk assessment.

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8

CONCLUSION

NEO-CHLOR MARINETM, which has been well established for disinfecting swimming pool
water and drinking water similarly used as sodium hypochlorite, was selected as the
disinfectant, constructing a new ballast water management system based on
JFE BallastAce. While sodium hypochlorite used in JFE BallastAce is an aqueous solution
and degrades unless stored at low temperature, use of a powder form in NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM allows long-term storage stability in smaller space.
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, the "Active Substance" of NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM, is decomposed into sodium hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid) and isocyanuric
acid upon dissolution with water. Since sodium hypochlorite functions as the disinfectant
and has strong oxidizing power, the treated ballast water is reduced and neutralized with
sodium sulfite just before releasing into the environment. Trihalomethanes, etc., could be
potentially generated as the disinfection by-product of the ballast water of seawater or fresh
water.
Hence, the risk assessment of these by-products was also performed.
At first, the PBT criteria of the chemical substance contained in the ballast water after
secondary treatment were investigated. Some substances exceed the persistency criteria
and only monochloroacetic acid exceeds the toxicity criteria. However, no chemical
substance exceeds the bioaccumulation criteria. Hence, all of "Active Substance",
"Relevant Chemicals" and "other components" do not belong to the PBT substance.
Next, the risk assessment of 20 chemical substances was performed using the PEC/PNEC
ratio. Among 20 substances, the dilution factor evaluated from the MAMPEC model was
used for 11 substances (isocyanuric acid, chloroform, bromoform, etc.), whereas 182 was
used for the rest of 9 substances (haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, etc.) without the
numerical calculation due to low volatility into the atmosphere. The PEC/PNEC ratio
estimated for all of 20 substances did not exceed 1. This result clearly indicates no need
for further risk assessment.
Substances of high concern are isocyanuric acid generated by hydration of NEO-CHLOR
MARINETM and bromoform generated in the chlorine treatment of seawater.
Isocyanuric acid is very low in toxicity, stable under an aerobic condition, and resistant to
hydrolysis. However, it is trapped by the floating organic sludge in seawater and the bottom
sediment to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions. The PEC/PNEC ratio of isocyanuric
acid was estimated to be 0.315 using the MAMPEC model. The PEC/PNEC ratio of
bromoform by MAMPEC model was estimated to be 0.108. To reduce the residual
bromoform, the free available chlorine concentration to control the bacterial regrowth has to
be further reduced.
Effects of these chemicals on ships and crew members have also been studied with
MOS/MOSref and by corrosion tests. Management of chemicals is very important. In
particular, the dissolving process of granular NEO-CHLOR MARINETM has to be carefully
controlled. At any time and circumstance, a proper response to the present system is
critical for the safe operation of ships and the safety for crew members.
The risk assessment above clearly indicates the present system has both no adverse effect
on organisms and the safe discharge of ballast water by use of NEO-CHLOR MARINETM
and sodium sulfite, assuring its risk to the environment and human health is extremely low.

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9

REFERENCES

Ref.2.1-DICD-1 IUCLID (22.01.2002) (Table 3-2-1).

Ref.2.1-DICD-2 MSDS from Shikoku Chemical Corporation (Table 3-2-1).
Ref.2.1-DICD-3 ECOTOX database Ref.No.344 (Table 3-2-1).
Ref.2.1-DICD-4 ECOTOX database Ref.No14413 (Table 3-2-1).
Ref.2.1-DICD-5 MacKellar D G, Weiner M L (1978) (Table 3-2-1).
Ref.2.1-DICD-6 Ad Hoc EPA report (2003) (Table 3-2-1).
Ref.2.1-H2CyH-1 Ad Hoc EPA report (2003) (Table 3-2-2).
Ref.2.1-H2CyH-2 OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report for 9th SIAM (France, June 29July 1, 1999) (Table 3-2-2).
Ref.2.2-NaClO-2 J. W.Arthur et al. (1975) (Table 3-2-3).
Ref.2.2-NaClO-3 IUCLID p.56 (88) (Table 3-2-3).
Ref.2.2-H2CyH-1 OECD SIDS Initial Assessment Report for 9th SIAM (France, June 29July 1, 1999) (Table 3-2-4).
Ref.2.2-H2CyH-2 Sewell I G, Hill J W F (2007) (Table 3-2-4).
Ref.2.2-H2CyH-3 Sewell I G, Hill J W F (2007) (Table 3-2-4).
Ref.1-6 OECD SID Initial Assessment Report for 9th SIAM (France, June 29 July 1, 1999)
(Table 6-3-4).
OECD (2006). OECD Test Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 201: Freshwater Alga and
Cvanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test.
International Standard ISO 10253: 2006. Water Quality Marine algal growth inhibition test
with Skeletonema costatum and Phaeodactylum tricornutum.
International Standard ISO 14669:1999. Water quality determination of acute lethal
toxicity to marine copepods (Copepoda, Crustacean).
OECD (1992) OECD Test Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 203: FISH Acute Toxicity
Test.
Danish Standard 1988 OKOTOKSIKOLOGISK TESTNING MED KREBSDYRET NITOCRA
SPINIPES AKUT OG KRONISK TEST.
International Standard ISO 20666:2008. Water Quality Determination of the chronic
toxicity to Brachionus calyciflorus in 48 h. International Organization for Standardization.
OECD (2000). OECD Test Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 215: Fish Juvenile Growth
Test.

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MEPC 62/2/1
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ASTM(2004), E724 Standard Guide for Condducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests Starting
with Embryos of Four Species of Saltwater Bivalve Molluscs.
"Bioanalytical Methods for the Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems (Revised
Edition)", March 2007, The Ship Equipment Inspection Society of JAPAN (written in
Japanese).
BWM.2/Circ.13, 2008 "Methodology for Information Gathering and Conduct of Work of the
GESAMP-BWWG".
MEPC 60/2/2, 20 August 2009, "Application for Final Approval of JFE Ballast Water
Management System (JFE-BWMS) that makes use of
"TG Ballastcleaner and

TG Environmentalguard ".
***

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APPENDIX 1
STATEMENT
Example: Toxicity tests using aquatic species for discharge water

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***

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APPENDIX 2
QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENT

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An Example of SOP

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