Mill-understanding concepts of utaritarianism.

1. What is the difference btw a first order and the second

order view of morality? First morality- direct, it tells you
exactly what is right thing to do. For example, cheating is
wrong. Stealing is wrong.
second order morality-principle or judgement about morality.
It's always going to end up being theory of theory. Second
order morality is subjective. Facts are objective and so the
rules are.

2. Why isn't the idea that an action can be kind, cruel, right,
wrong etc. according to some standard an acceptance
response to Mackie?
The utarianism tells that what is right is true...etc. which is
objective.
When we say something is good or right or wrong, we leave
out "according to"
Utaritarianism asserts that we should maximize the
happiness and minimize the unhappiness. There is only fact
about what is right or wrong is according to certain standard.

3. What does Mackie mean when he claims that somewhere

in the input of an argument that something is categorically
right or wrong must be a premise that isn't simply true or
false?
Categorically right and categorically wrong: categorically
means universally.
There must be at least some statements that do not tell

about the facts of the world.

Categorically imperative-applies to everyone. No matter what
you do, you have to do this morally. For example, do not
murder..etc.
4. What does he mean by the idea that morality is an "error
theory" ?
The idea of lying-most of the time people are truthful and it's
worth lying. If everyone was lying, then the meaning of lying
would not exist.
Values don't come from facts about the world. Killing
someone does not tell you killing someone is a right thing to
do. So,e facts don't tell anything about the values.
Ex) The chair is blue.
Killing is wrong.
Those are the same types of statements that are facts.
Error theory-moral language is different than the language
we normally speak.

5. What is the argument from relativity? What is the "wellknown counter to this argument?
Relativity is related to subjectivity. Relative happiness.
Well-known counter to argument says that all societies have
to regulate people and set their standard moral terms.
For example, incest and having sex with dead animals, a very
society deviant behavior are considered wrong throughout
the all society.

6. What is the argument from queerness?

The minute you feel intuitively something is a wrong thing to

do, you don't have to know further more why is wrong.
If you keep doing the thing knowing that it is a wrong thing to
do, you tend to spend more time to justify yourself for doing
it
If you feel something is a right thing to do, you are just going
to do it.
Any fact that you find won't move you.
2+2 does not move you. You feel indifferent.
But any fact related to morality gives us motivation to do
action.
The idea of morality is only applied to work of metaphysics.
It won't fit in the context of the universe.
Morality-set of social practices.
-----------------------------------------------------Mil- utilitarianism
1. What is the only thing desirable as an end, according to
Mill?
The happiness of a greater number of people is more worthy.
We are going to have to measure happiness.
The problem with the utilitarianism is that everyone's
happiness is counted the same to the same degree and it's a
radical view.
Deride pleasure. Human beings have more pleasure to derive
out of things we do.

2. What is the principle of utility?

3. What are the two components of utility?

4. What is one of the main objections to both utilitarians and

epicureans?
5. How would you judge between the two pleasures?
We want to ask someone who is equipped with both skills. For
example, between playing piano and dancing.