Professional Documents
Culture Documents
K.C. Engineers
Contents
1.
Objective
2.
Aim
3.
Introduction
4.
Theory
5.
Description
6.
Utilities Required
7.
Experimental Procedure
8.
9.
Nomenclature
10.
11.
Troubleshooting
12.
References
. 8
1.
OBJECTIVE:
To Study of a Non-Catalytic Homogeneous reaction in an isothermal batch
reactor.
2.
AIM:
To determine the reaction rate constant (k) for the given saponification
reaction of ethyl acetate in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
To study the effect of temperature on k and determine the activation energy.
3.
INTRODUCTION:
A Batch Reactor is a closed system with no input and output streams. A batch
reactor can operate under the following conditions:
4.
THEORY:
In a homogeneous reaction, all the reactants remain in single phase. The rate
of reaction for such a reaction is expressed as moles of Product formed per
unit volume of reaction mixture per unit time. For a first order unidirectional
reaction:
k
A
Product
1 dN A
V dt
Also rA = k C A =
k NA
V
or
N A = N Ao e kt
or in terms of Conc.
C A = C Ao e kt
&
1 N
t = ln Ao
k NA
1 dN A
= k C A2
V dt
1
1
= kt +
CA
C Ao
t=
V
k
Slope = k
1
CA
Intercept =
1
1
N A N Ao
1
C Ao
If we plot 1/CA vs t we must get a straight line with slope = k and intercept = 1/CAo
For second order reaction:
Product
A+B
1 dN A
k
= k C A CB = 2 N A N B
V dt
V
Product
2A
X=
N Ao N A
N Ao
And N B = N Bo N Ao X
t=
N N
V
ln A Bo
k ( N Ao N Bo ) N Ao N B
k = A e E A / RT
A = frequency factor or Arrhenius constant
EA = activation energy
R
EA
R
1 1
+ ln k o
T To
k o = A e E A / RTo
Thus EA/R may be evaluated from the slope of a plot of ln k vs (1/T 1/To).
The intercept ln ko is evaluated at (1/T 1/To) = 0 and A is calculated from the
definition of ko. Alternatively a plot of ln k vs 1/T shall also yield EA & A.
0.7
lnko
Slope= -EA/R
lnk
0.001
-11
1 1
T To
x10 3 K 1
15
(T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 )
4
K1
K2
1
X (2 X Ae 1) X A
= 2 k1
ln Ae
1C Ao t
X Ae X A
X Ae
XA =
C Ao C A
C Ao
5.
CH3COONa + C2H5OH
88 gm
82 gm
46 gm
+
DESCRIPTION:
The set up consists of a Reactor fitted in a constant temperature water bath.
One stirrer is fitted for mixing the reactants in reactor and other is fitted in
water bath to keep the uniform temperature throughout in the bath. The
temperature of bath can be maintained from ambient to 90C with the help of
Digital Temperature indicator Cum Controller. Samples can be taken out with
the help of a sampling pipette.
6.
UTILITIES REQUIRED:
Electricity Supply: Single Phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 1.5 kW with earth
connection
Water Supply.
Drain.
5 conical flasks
Measuring cylinder
Burette
Stop watch
CHEMICALS:
QUANTITY:
N/10 NaOH
1 Ltr.
N/10 HCl
1 Ltr.
Ethyl acetate
1 Ltr.
Indicator (phenolphthalein)
Few drops
7.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Prepare a solution of N/10 ethyl acetate by mixing 8.8 gm (or 9.8 ml at
20C) of ethyl acetate in 1L of solution.
2. Prepare a solution of N/10 NaOH by dissolving 4 gm/1L of solution.
3. Prepare a solution of N/10 HCl for the titration.
4. Use phenolphthalein as indicator.
5. Take 6 Nos. of 250ml beakers and put 20ml of N/10 HCl in each beaker.
6. Take N/10 NaOH in the burette.
7. Adjust the temperature of water bath at 50C.
8. If the volume of reactor is 1L then take 400ml each of N/10
CH3COOC2H5 and N/10 NaOH in two separate flasks and keep these in
the water bath for about 15 min.
9. Transfer these solutions quickly in the batch reactor. Start immediately the
mixer and the stop watch.
10. At regular intervals of 3-5 min withdraw 10ml of reaction mixture and put
it in the marked beakers containing N/10 HCl. Take at least 6 samples at
regular interval of time.
11. Transfer the solution from beakers to the conical flasks, and titrate the
excess N/10 HCl in each flask using N/10 NaOH from burette and
phenolphthalein as indicator.
12. Record the reaction temperature.
13. Equilibrium conversion can be determined at reaction time of 1/2 hr.
14. In order to study the effect of temp. On K, the above steps may be
repeated at temp.=35C and 50C. All the reactants must be pre-heated in
the water bath before mixing in the reactor.
8.
OBSERVATION:
VNaOH = ---------- ml
CALCULATIONS:
HCLO =
VHCL N HCL
, g mole = ---------------- g mole
1000
HCLR = HCLO
CA =
XA =
S. No.
(VNaOH
N NaOH )
, g mole = ----------------- g mole
1000
HCLR
1000 , g mole/L = ----------------------- g mole/L
VSAMP
(C Ao C A )
C Ao
= ---------------
XA/ [1-XA]2
1
2
3
4
Plot t vs. XA/ [1-XA]2 on a simple graph, the slope is = 1/ (K CAo); from the
slope find K and report K at the reaction temp.
S. No.
T, K
K, L/g mole
(T-1-To-1),
min
K-1
1
2
3
4
Plot K vs (1/T-1/To), K-1 on a simple graph
EA
= -----------R
slope =
9.
NOMENCLATURE:
CA
CAo
Reactor diameter, m
EA
HCLO =
HCLR =
NHCL
NNaOH =
Reaction temperature, K
To
VR
Reactor volume, L
Vo
VHCl
VSAMP =
VNaOH =
XA
Degree of conversion,
11. TROUBLESHOOTING:
1. If there is any leakage tight that part or remove that and fix that again after
wrapping Teflon tape.
2. If D.T.C display 1 on display board it means sensor connection is not
OK tight that.
3. If switch ON the heater but temperature cant rise but panel LED is ON it
means bath heater had burned replace that.
12. REFERENCES:
1. Octave Levenspiel, Chemical reaction engineering,3rd ed., John Wiley &
Sons, NY, 2001, Page 91-93.
2. Coulson & Richardson, Chemical Engineering Vol-3 4th ed, Asian Books
Pvt.Lt, ND, 1991, Page 3-4, 17-18, 27-28, 63-64.