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Fluid Mechanics
Syllabus
14.1 Density
14.2 Pressure in a Fluid
14.3 Buoyancy
14.4 Fluid Flow
14.5 Bernoulli's Equation
14.6 Viscosity and Turbulence
Introduction
Fluids play a vital role in many aspects of everyday life.
We drink them, breathe them, and swim in them.
They circulate through our bodies and control our weather.
Airplanes fly through them; ships float in them.
A fluid is any substance that can flow; we use the term for both
liquids and gases.
Introduction
We
We begin our study with fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest in
equilibrium situations.
14.1 Density
An important property of any material is its density, defined as its
mass per unit volume.
m
=
V
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
(14.1)
14.1 Density
At
14.1 Density
The density of some materials varies from point to point within the
material; some examples are the earths atmosphere,
which is less dense at high altitude.
and oceans (which are denser at greater depths).
14.1 Density
The specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its density to the
density of water at 4.0o C, 1000 kg/m3.
14.1 Density
Solution:
Set Up : We use Eq. (14.1) to relate the mass (the target variable) to
the volume (which we calculate from the dimensions of the room)
and the density (from Table 14.1, in your book).
14.1 Density
3
3
mair = air V = (1.2 kg / m )(60m ) = 72 kg
d F
p =
dA
(d e f in itio n o f p r e s s u r e )
(1 4 .2 )
F
p=
A
(14.3)
1 pascal = 1 Pa = N/m2
5
2
2
F = p A= (1.013 10 N/m )(20 m )
= 2.0 106 N
Atmospheric
When you dive in deep water, your ears tell you that the pressure
increases rapidly with increasing depth below the surface.
at any
We
(p + dp) A
dy
dw
pA
y
Element of fluid
thickness dy
(b)
0
(a)
(14.4)
University Physics, Chapter
14
p2 p1 = g ( y2 y1)
P2=
y2 y1 =
P1 =
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
y2 y1
y1
y2
University Physics, Chapter
14
po p = g ( y2 y1) = gh
p = po + g h
Note that the pressure is the same at any two points at the same
level in the fluid. The shape of the container does not matter.
The pressure in any fluid at the same elevation will be the same
regardless of the shape or size of the container.
&
A2
F2 =
F1
A1
(14.7)
14.7)
When we say that the pressure in a car tire is (220 kPa or 2.2 10 Pa),
5
Solution:
p = po + gh
= (1.01 105 Pa )+(1000 kg/m3 )(9.80 m/s 2 )(12.0 m)
= 2.19 105 Pa = 2.16 atm
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
5
p po = (2.19 1.01) 10 Pa
5
= 1.18 10 Pa = 1.16 atm
(figure
y2 - y1=
y2
Pressure p
y1
P + gy1
Pa + gy2
University Physics, Chapter
14
The pressure at the bottom of the tube due to the fluid in the left
p + gy1 = p a + gy 2
p pa = g ( y2 y1 ) = gh
(14.8 )
Another
p = pa
y2 y1=
y2
y1
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
pa = p = 0 + g ( y2 y1 ) = gh
(14.9 )
Thus
In
One
called
We
The
The blood pressure in the arteries varies and 16.0 KPa (systolic
pressure equal to 120 mm Hg).
The
Solution:
depth in a fluid
applies only to fluids of uniform density. Hence we cant write a
single equation for the oil and the water together. We can write a
pressure-depth relation for each fluid separately.
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
hoil
hwater
the bottom of the tube. The densities of the two fluids are water and
oil (which is less than water). We use Eq. (14.6) for each fluid.
p = po + water g hwater
p = p o + oil g hoil
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
water
hoil =
hwater
oil
To
h = ybrain yfeet
Each
Initially (Fig. a) the pressure in the cuff is increased until the flow
of the blood through the brachial artery is below the cuff. A valve on
the bulb is then opened to lower the pressure in the cuff.
When
When
14.3 Buoyancy
Buoyancy is a familiar phenomenon: a body immersed in water
seems to weight less than when it is in air.
14.3 Buoyancy
Archimedess principle states: When a body is completely or
partially immersed in a fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the
body equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
The
14.3 Buoyancy
14.3 Buoyancy
Example 14.5 ( Buoyancy):
A 15.0-kg solid gold statue is being raised from a sunken ship (figure
below). What is the tension in the hoisting cable when the statue is at
rest and a) completely immersed; b) out of the water?
14.3 Buoyancy
Solution:
V=
gold
15.0 kg
19.3 103 kg/m3
4
3
= 7.77 10 m
University Physics, Chapter
14
14.3 Buoyancy
Using
seawater:
wsw = msw g = sw V g
= (1.03103 kg/m3)(7.77 104 m3)( 9.80 m / s2 )
= 7.84 N
This equals the buoyant force B.
14.3 Buoyancy
If a spring scale is attached to the upper end of the cable, it will
indicate 7.84 N less than if the statue were not immersed in seawater.
Thus the tension in the cable with the statue in air is equal to the
statues weight, 147 N.
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
14.3 Buoyancy
Example:
The human brain is immersed in cerebrospinal fluid of density 1.007
g/cm3, density is slightly less than the average density of the brain
1.04 g/cm3. Thus most of the weight of the brain is supported by the
buoyant force of the surrounding fluid. What fraction of the weight
of the brain is not supported by this force?
Solution:
This
w = brainVbrain g
The
14.3 Buoyancy
B = cerebrospinalVbrain g
We
Just
14.3 Buoyancy
Surface Tension
14.3 Buoyancy
Surface Tension
There
But
a surface molecule is
drawn into the volume (figure
below). Thus the liquid tends to
minimize its surface area, just as
a stretched membrane does.
14.3 Buoyancy
Surface Tension
It also explains why hot, soapy water is used for washing. To wash
clothing thoroughly, water must be forced through the tiny spaces
between the fibers.
14.3 Buoyancy
Surface Tension
Surface
If the overall flow pattern does not change with time, the flow is
called steady flow.
From the definition of a flow line, in steady flow no fluid can cross
the side walls of a flow tube; the fluids in different flow tubes cant
mix.
Laminar flow
Turbulent flow
The mass of a moving fluid does not change as it flows. This leads
to an important quantitative relationship called the continuity
equation.
v2
dV2 = A2v2dt
dV1 = A1v1dt
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
v1
Let
A1 v1 d t = A 2 v 2 d t
A1 v 1 = A 2 v 2
(1 4 .1 0 )
The product Av
dV
= Av
( v o lu m e flo w ra te )
(1 4 .1 1 )
dt
The mass flow rate is the mass flow per unit time through a cross
section. This is equal to density times the volume flow rate dV /dt .
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
1 A1v1 = 2 A2 v2
dV / dt
v1 =
=
A1
3
3
( 9.5 L/s)( 10 m /L)
= 1.9 m/s
The mass flow rate is: dV /dt = (850 kg/m3)(9.5 10-3 m3/s) = 8.1
kg/s.
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
A1
(4.0 102 m)2
v2 =
v1 =
(1.9 m/s) = 7.6 m/s
2
2
A2
(2.0 10 m)
The speed of the blood in aorta is obtained from its inner crosssectional area and the volume passing per second using:
This is the frequently used results: blood flows through the aorta at
an average speed of about 20 cm/sec.
C) Lets assume that blood passes through each single systemic
capillary at the rate found in part (a). For the outer diameter a
capillary we use 9 m this value leads to an inner diameter of
d capillary = 7 m the cross section area is:
t aorta
=
= 8.3 10 5 / 0.21m 2 = 4 10 4 m / s
Acapillary
We
2
2
1
1
p1 + gy1 + v1 = p 2 + gy 2 + v 2
2
2
(Bernoullis equation)
(14.17)
The subscripts 1 & 2 refer to any two points along the flow tube, so
we can also write:
2
1
p + gy + v = constant
2
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
(14.18)
University Physics, Chapter
14
Solution:
Identify and Set Up : Let points 1 & 2 be at the inlet pipe and at the
bathroom, respectively. We take y 1 = 0 (at the inlet) and y 2 = 5.0 m
(at the bathroom). Our first two targets are the speed v 1 and
pressure p 1.
Dr. Y. Abou-Ali, IUST
dV
= A2v2 = (0.50 102 m2 )2 (6.0 m / s)
dt
= 4.7 104 m3 / s = 0.47 L / s
Viscosity
Viscous effects are important in the flow of fluids in pipes, the flow
of blood, and the lubrication of engine parts.
Instead,