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TECHNICAL NOTE 1
Rectangular
emission facet
Active layer
x
Polarization
direction
emission stripe, dx0 and dy0, are larger, due to the beam
x-y plane at the end of the active layer and propagates in the
facet (the emitting stripe) is larger than the size of the active
dx = dx0 [ 1 + (
M 2z
zRx
)2] 1/2
(1)
dy = dx0 [1 + (
M 2z
zRy
)2] 1/2
(2)
where zRx = 4/dx02 and zRy = 4/dy02 are the two Rayleigh
the laser radiation within the diode and confines the beam
The terms far field and near field are often used in
literature and are defined as z >> zRx (or z >> zRy) and z ~ zRx
(or z = zRy), dx = 21/2dx0 (or dy = 21/2 dy0). The beam far field
x =
4 M 2
dx0
(3)
y =
4 M 2
dy0
(4)
Circular
shape beam
Elliptical
emission stripe
y
d y0
z
d x0
< y and the output beam will be elliptical. For our typical
beyond the lens and in the far field becomes elliptical with
shape equals dx0/dy0 since the far field beam shape is an image
of the beam source, the emission stripe. The far field beam
the beam size in the x direction equals the beam size in the
profiles except near the side lobes. The side lobes cause
Intermediate
field
1
Normalized
intensity
y direction
profile
x direction
profile
Side lobe
Side lobe
Collimating lens
clips the beam
Laser diode
z
x
x or y
-3-
Elliptical beam
with elliptical
intensity contours
Circular aperture
Side view
Py
Far field
elliptical beam
with diffraction
rings
d0y
Astigmatism
Active layer
Px
d0x
Top view
Figure 6 - Side view and top view illustrating the origin of astigmatism.
lens cannot truly focus the beam in both the x-z and the y-z
Fig. 5 and the beam is still astigmatic. The far field beam
shape will become elliptical since the far field beam is the
Side view
Active layer
Collimating
Cylindrical lens
Top view
-4-
Beam in
been seen, it greatly reduces the power of the beam and adds
Circular aperture
Rotatable
Beam out
Beam in
Rotatable
Eqs. (3) and (4) show that the beam output from the fiber
Tracing any beam output from the fiber backwards will reach
prisms can change the beam size, they do not change the
But there are practical difficulties. For single mode fiber with
angle. The ideal input beam focused onto the fiber should
thus have a convergent angle smaller than 12o and a spot size
f2
Single mode fiber
Collimating
lens
Laser diode
Side view
y
(f1/f2)y 18 .
o
Active layer
Microlens
Px
Top view
Micro-cylindrical Lens
system is only about 20%, much less than with systems using
mounted inside the laser diode cap with the lens principle
the lens and the active layer facet of a laser diode require that
Fig. 10. The shape of the microlens is also shown in Fig. 10.
Collimating
Lens Only
Beam Circularizing
Aperture
Anamorphic
Prism Pair
Single-Mode
Fiber
Module with
Micro Cylinder
Astigmatism
5-15 m
Corrected
Corrected
Beam Shape
Elliptical
Circular
Circular
Circular
Low
Medium
High
High
Medium
~80%
20-40%
~50%
~30%
~80%
Size
Compact
Compact
Large
Large
Compact
Wavefront Quality
1-20%
Side lobes
Moderate
Very good
Good
Cost
Power Transmitted
HS/TS
EUROPE
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Dieselstrae 5b
D-64807 Dieburg, Germany
Telfon +49 (60 71) 968-0
Telefax +49 (60 71) 968 499