QC Tools for Pharmacy Management

19 
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Content
4 from 7 New QC Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Relation Diagrams
Tree Diagrams
Arrow Diagrams

Affinity Diagrams

Affinity Diagrams

Affinity Diagrams
For Pinpointing the Problem in a Chaotic Situation and
Generating Solution Strategies

Gathers

large amounts of intertwined verbal

data (ideas, opinions, issues)

Organizes

the data into groups based on natural

relationship

Makes it

feasible for further analysis and to find

a solution to the problem.

Affinity Diagrams
Advantages of Affinity Diagrams

Facilitates

breakthrough thinking and stimulate

fresh ideas

Permits the

problem to be pinned down

accurately

Ensures everyone

Incorporates

clearly recognizes the problem

opinions of entire group

Affinity Diagrams
Advantages of Affinity Diagrams

Fosters team

spirit

Raises everyones

Spurs to the

level of awareness

group into action

Affinity Diagrams
Topic
Affinity Statement

Affinity Statement

Affinity Statement

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Affinity Statement
Data Card
Data Card

Data Card

Affinity Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram: Group Method
Approach
1. Select a topic
2. Collect verbal data by brainstorming
3. Discuss info collected until everyone understands
it thoroughly
4. Write each item on separate data card
5. Spread out all cards on table

Affinity Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram: Group Method
Approach
6. Move data cards into groups of similar themes
(natural affinity for each other)
7. Combine statements on data cards to new
Affinity statement
8. Make new card with Affinity statement
9. Continue to combine until less than 5 groups

Affinity Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram: Group Method
Approach
10. Lay the groups outs, keeping the affinity
clusters together

Next, complete the diagram

Affinity Diagrams
Completing an Affinity Diagram
Topic
Affinity Statement

Affinity Statement

Affinity Statement

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Affinity Statement
Data Card

Data Card

Data Card

Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)

http://asq.org/healthcare-use/links-resources/affinity-diagram-example.html


Relations Diagrams

Relations Diagrams
For Finding Solutions Strategies by Clarifying
Relationships with Complex Interrelated Causes

Resolves tangled

issues by unraveling the logical

connection

Allows for

Multi-directional thinking rather than

linear

Also known

as Interrelationship diagrams

Relations Diagrams
Advantages of Relations Diagrams

Useful at

planning stage for obtaining

perspective on overall situation

Facilitates

Assists to

consensus among team

develop and change peoples thinking

Enables priorities

to be identified accurately

Relations Diagrams
Advantages of Relations Diagrams

Makes the problem recognizable by clarifying
the relationships among causes

Relations Diagrams
Tertiary
Cause

Secondary
Cause

Primary Cause

Tertiary
Cause

Primary Cause
Secondary
Cause

Why doesnt
X happen?

Primary Cause
Tertiary
Cause
4th level
Cause

Secondary
Cause

Primary Cause
Secondary
Cause

Secondary
Cause

Tertiary
Cause

6th level
Cause

Tertiary
Cause
4th level
Cause

5th level
Cause

Relations Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram: Group Method
Approach
1. Express the problem in form of Why isnt
something happening?
2. Each member lists 5 causes affecting problem
3. Write each item on a card
4. Discuss info collected until everyone
understands it thoroughly

Relations Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram: Group Method
Approach
5. Move cards into similar groups
6. Asking why, explore the cause-effect
relationships, and divide the cards into primary,
secondary and tertiary causes
7. Connect all cards by these relationships
8. Further discuss until all possible causes have
been identified

Relations Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram: Group Method
Approach
9. Review whole diagram looking for relationships
among causes
10. Connect all related groups
Next, complete the diagram


Tree Diagrams

Tree Diagrams
For Systematically Pursuing the Best Strategies
HOW--HOW analysis
for Attaining an Objective = HOW

Develops a

succession of strategies for achieving

objectives

Reveals

methods to achieve the results.

Also known

as Systematic diagrams or Dendrograms

Tree Diagrams
Advantages of Tree Diagrams

Systematic and logical approach is less likely
that items are omitted

Facilitates agreement among team

Tree Diagrams
Advantages of Tree Diagrams

To find out root cause analysis = WHY
WHY--WHY
analysis

Top of

the tree is either purpose or problem

Tree Diagrams

Tree Diagrams



























 



Tree Diagrams
4th means

Secondary means
Primary means
To
Accomplish

Constraints

3rd means

4th means

3rd means

4th means

3rd means

Secondary means

3rd means

4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means

Tree Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram: Group Method
Approach
1. Write Relations Diagram topic (Objective card)
2. Identify constraints on how objective can be
achieved
3. Discuss means of achieving objective (primary
means, first level strategy)
4. Take each primary mean, write objective for
achieving it (secondary means)

Tree Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram: Group Method
Approach
5. Continue to expand to the fourth level
6. Review each system of means in both directions
(from objective to means and means to
objective)
7. Add more cards if needed
8. Connect all levels
Next, complete the diagram

Tree Diagrams
4th means

Secondary means

3rd means

4th means

3rd means

4th means

Primary means
3rd means

Secondary means

To
Accomplish

3rd means

4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means

Secondary means

3rd means

4th means

3rd means

4th means
4th means

Primary means
Constraints
Secondary means

3rd means

4th means

3rd means

4th means

Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)

    

    

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Arrow Diagrams
Activity Diagrams

Arrow Diagrams
For Working Out Optimal Schedules and
Controlling Them Effectively

Shows relationships among tasks needed to
implement a plan

Network technique

using nodes for events and

arrows for activities

Used in

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review

Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method)

Arrow Diagrams
Advantages of Arrow Diagrams

Allows overall

task to viewed and potential

snags to be identified before work starts

Leads to

discovery of possible improvements

Makes it

easy to monitor progress of work

Deals promptly

with changes to plan

Arrow Diagrams
Advantages of Arrow Diagrams

Improves communication

among team

Promotes understanding and

group

agreement among

Arrow Diagrams
Strategy

Constraints

4
1

12
5

10

11

Activity

13

Arrow Diagrams
Constructing an Arrow Diagram
1. From strategies on Tree diagram, select one
(Objective of Arrow Diagram)
2. Identify constraints to Objective
3. List all activities necessary to achieving Objective
4. Write all essential activities on separate cards

Arrow Diagrams
Constructing an Arrow Diagram
5. Organize cards in sequential order of activities
6. Remove any duplicate activities
7. Review order of activities, find sequence with
greatest amount of activities
8. Arrange parallel activities

Arrow Diagrams
Constructing an Arrow Diagram
9. Examine path, number nodes in sequence from
left to right
10.Record names and other necessary information
Next, complete the diagram

Arrow Diagrams
Strategy

Constraints

4
1

12
5

10

11

Activity

7
Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)

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