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Contents
1. Introducing AFT Impulse ............................................... 1
Designing for waterhammer ..................................................................... 1
Modeling capabilities......................................................................... 2
The steady-state solver ............................................................................. 2
The transient solver .................................................................................. 2
Engineering assumptions in AFT Impulse ............................................... 3
AFT Impulse Primary Windows............................................................... 3
Input windows.................................................................................... 4
Output windows ................................................................................. 4
Table of Contents v
Model files.............................................................................................. 48
Step 1. Start AFT Impulse ...................................................................... 48
Step 2. Specify system properties........................................................... 48
Step 3. Build the model .......................................................................... 48
A. Place the pipes and junctions ...................................................... 48
B. Enter the pipe and junction data.................................................. 49
C. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete.......................... 52
Step 4. Section the pipes......................................................................... 53
Step 5. Specify transient control............................................................. 53
Step 6. Run the model............................................................................. 53
Step 7. Review results ............................................................................ 53
A. Graph the transient pressures at the pump .................................. 53
B. Graph the pipeline transient pressure profile .............................. 55
C. Graph the pump speed decay....................................................... 56
Step 8. Add accumulator ........................................................................ 60
A.
Modify model ........................................................................ 60
B.
Enter pipe and junction data.................................................. 60
C. Check if the pipe and junction data is complete.......................... 62
D. Some commentary on accumulators............................................ 62
Step 9. Re-section pipes.......................................................................... 63
Step 10. Run the model........................................................................... 63
Step 11. Graph results............................................................................. 63
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CHAPTER 1
Modeling capabilities
AFT Impulse provides a broad array of features to model pipe system
transients. These include:
Liquid flow
One-dimensional flow
No chemical reactions
Output
Graph Results
Figure 1.1
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Input windows
The two windows that function exclusively as input windows are the
Workspace window and the Model Data window. These two windows,
one graphical and the other text-based, work together to process model
input data with immense flexibility. The tools provided in these two
windows allow you to model a large variety of pipe networks.
The Visual Report window can function in support of both input and
output data. As an input window, it allows you to see the input data
superimposed on the pipe system schematic created on the Workspace.
Output windows
The two windows that function exclusively as output windows are the
Output window and the Graph Results window. The Output window is
text-based, while the Graph Results window is graphical. These two
windows offer a powerful and diverse range of features for reviewing
analysis results for modeling errors, gaining a deeper understanding of
the pipe system's flow behavior, and preparing the results for
documentation.
As an output window, Visual Report allows you to see the output results
superimposed on the pipe system schematic created on the Workspace.
The five primary windows form a tightly integrated, highly efficient
system for entering, processing, analyzing, and documenting
incompressible flow analyses of pipe networks.
CHAPTER 2
Summary
This example is designed to give you the big picture of AFT Impulse's
layout and structure. Some of the more basic concepts will be used to
build a four-pipe, five-junction model of the waterhammer transients that
result when a valve is closed.
Topics covered
Sectioning pipes
Required knowledge
No prior knowledge is required for this example.
Model files
This example uses the following file, which is installed in the Examples
folder as part of the AFT Impulse installation:
Valve Closure.imp
Workspace
Toolbox
Minimized
primary
windows
Status Bar
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Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
The Status Bar at the bottom of the AFT Impulse window also reflects
the state of each Checklist item (see Figure 2.1). Once the Checklist is
complete, the Model Status light in the lower left corner turns from red
to green. Click the Close button to close the Checklist.
The first item, Specify Steady Solution Control, is always checked when
you start AFT Impulse because AFT Impulse assigns default solution
control parameters for the steady-state part of the analysis. In general,
you do not need to adjust Steady Solution Control values. If necessary,
you can make adjustments by opening the Steady Solution Control
window from the Analysis menu.
The second item on the Checklist is Specify Output Control. Like
Solution Control, this item is always checked when you start AFT
Impulse. Default Output Control parameters and a default title are
assigned.
You may want to add a descriptive title for the model. To do this, open
the Output Control window from the Analysis menu and enter a title on
the General tab.
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Figure 2.4
Object status
Every pipe and junction has an object status. The object status tells you
whether the object is defined according to AFT Impulse's requirements.
To see the status of the objects in your model, click the floodlight on the
Toolbar (alternatively, you could choose Show Object Status from the
View menu). Each time you click the light bulb, Show Object Status is
toggled on or off.
When Show Object Status is on, the ID numbers for all undefined pipes
and junctions are displayed in red on the Workspace. Objects that are
completely defined have their ID numbers displayed in black. (These
colors are configurable through Workspace Preferences from the
Options menu.)
If you have not done so, turn the Show Object Status on. Because you
have not yet defined the pipes and junctions in this sample problem, all
the objects' ID numbers will change to red when you turn on Show
Object Status.
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Figure 2.5
Figure 2.6
4. Click the Transient Data tab and enter the data below for Cv (see
Figure 2.7).
Time (sec)
0
0.25
0.5
1
2
Cv
50
20
5
0
0
The first data point (Cv = 50 at time zero) must match the steadystate value (entered in Item 3 above). The transient data represents
the valve as initially open. The valve then closes over a period of
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Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8
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Length
(feet)
Nom. Diameter
(inches)
100
75
20
25
2
2
3
3
Pipe Support
Thin-Walled Anchored Throughout
Thin-Walled Anchored Throughout
Thin-Walled Anchored Throughout
Thin-Walled Anchored Throughout
After entering the data for all the pipes, the fourth Checklist item should
be completed. If it is not, see if the Show Object Status is on. If not,
select Show Object Status from the View menu or toolbar. If the fourth
Checklist item is not completed at this point, see if any of the pipes or
junctions have their number displayed in red. If so, you did not enter all
the data for that item.
ni =
Li
ai t
Figure 2.9
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Figure 2.10
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Figure 2.11
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Figure 2.12
Figure 2.13
Figure 2.14
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Figure 2.15
Figure 2.16
Figure 2.17
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Figure 2.18
Figure 2.19
Conclusion
You have now used AFT Impulse's five primary windows to build a
simple waterhammer model.
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CHAPTER 3
This example looks at three pump startup cases for a water transfer
system. The objective is to determine the maximum pressures in the
system and to assess whether the system cavitates or experiences subatmospheric pressure.
Topics covered
This example will cover the following topics:
Required knowledge
This example assumes that the user has some familiarity with AFT
Impulse such as placing junctions, connecting pipes, entering pipe and
junction specifications, and entering transient data. Refer to the Valve
Closure Example in Chapter 2 for more information on these topics.
Model files
This example uses the following file, which is installed in the Examples
folder as part of the AFT Impulse installation:
Figure 3.1
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Length
(feet)
50
20
20
60
20
20
100
250
200
1200
5000
Size
Type
Name
10 inch
10 inch
10 inch
10 inch
10 inch
10 inch
16 inch
12 inch
12 inch
12 inch
12 inch
STD
STD
STD
STD
STD
STD
STD
STD
STD
STD
STD
2) Reservoir J1
a) Name = Supply Reservoir
b) Surface elevation = 20 feet
c) Surface pressure = 1 atm
d) Pipe depth = 20 feet
3) Pumps J2 and J5
a) J2 is named Transfer Pump #1
b) J5 is named Transfer Pump #2
c) Elevation = 0 feet
d) Click the Pump Configurations tab and enter the following data
Q (gpm)
0
1000
2000
H (ft)
150
140
120
e) In the Curve Fitting area click the Generate Curve Fit now
button. Then click the OK button.
f) On the Transient Data tab: select Transient Model = Without
Inertia
Speed (%)
0
100
100
Cv
0
800
1000
1000
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Cv
0
400
500
500
Pipe = 7, Outlet
Figure 3.2
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Figure 3.3
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Figure 3.4
B. Set up scenarios
Since the Base Scenario already has been setup with two pumps starting,
we do not need to modify the Two Pump Start child. Select the One
Pump Start scenario in the list and then click the Load As Current
Scenario button.
Here we want to start only pump J2 and keep pump J5 off. Since pump
J5 and valve J6 are off during the transient, if we delete their transient
input data then they will stay turned off. Alternatively, we can specify
that their transient data be ignored. The second option is what we will
use here.
Open the J5 Pump window and on the Transient Data tab choose the
Ignore Transient Data option in the Transient Special Condition area
and click OK. Do the same with the J6 Valve. This scenario is now
completed.
Open Scenario Manager again. Select the One Pump Start With One
Running scenario in the list and then click the Load As Current
Scenario button.
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Figure 3.5
To easily recreate this graph for the other scenarios, open the Select
Graph Data window and click the Save Set As button in the lower part
of the window. Give the set a name, perhaps Pressure Profile Pump #1
to Process Tank #2.
The profile through the other flow paths (there are four paths altogether)
can also be plotted, and similar conclusions are obtained. Create Graph
Sets for the other three paths.
Since the maximum pressure is at the pump discharge, it is of interest
here to plot the pressure vs. time. Open the Select Graph Data window
again and choose the Transient Pipe Data tab. Add the inlet station of
pipes 2 and 5 to the stations to be graphed (these represent the pump
discharge points). Select the Graph Parameter as Pressure Static and set
the units to psig. Click the Show button. As would be expected, both
pressure transients are very similar. Results are shown in Figure 3.6.
Open Select Graph Data and create a Graph Set for this as well.
Figure 3.6
The flowrates through the pumps are of general interest, and can also be
plotted as shown in Figure 3.7. Open Select Graph Data and create a
Graph Set for this plot.
Figure 3.7
The flowrates into the two process tanks are of interest. On the Transient
Pipe Data tab click the Clear button in the Pipe Station Selection area
and add the outlet of pipes 10 and 11. Select to plot the flowrate and
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Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9
To use the Animate With Output File option, which we are using here,
all pipe stations need to be saved in Transient Control (Step 5). In
addition, it frequently is best to save all time step data as well. We
selected both of these previously. This animation option has the most
flexibility to start, pause, and restart animation.
Another animation option in Figure 3.9 is Animate Using Solver. This
option actually reruns the Transient Solver to generate the data for
animation, and thus does not need to read it from file. Therefore, it does
not require all of the data to be saved in Transient Control.
Click the Show button. Additional animation control features appear on
the Graph Results window (Figure 3.10). Press the Play button and
watch the pressure waves move.
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Figure 3.10
Step 10. Run the other scenarios and graph the results
Using Scenario manager load the other two scenarios and run them.
Then create graphs similar to Figures 3.5-8. This will reveal that the
maximum pressure for the One Pump Start scenario occurs at the
pump discharge location, similar to the first scenario, but in the One
Pump Start With One Running scenario the maximum pressure occurs
in pipe P11. Also the pressure drops below atmospheric, but does not
reach the vapor pressure of water.
The numerical maximum pressure can be found in the Output window of
each scenario and is summarized in Table 3.1. For these cases the
maximum pressures do not significantly differ from each other.
Case
Max. Static
Pressure (psig)
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72.8
71.5
72.8
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CHAPTER 4
Summary
A system pumping water uphill loses power to the pump. A check valve
is near the pump discharge. This model predicts the system response and
pump speed decay. Then an accumulator is added to reduce the
downsurge after the pump trip.
Topics covered
This example will cover the following topics:
How to use one of the transient pump models which accounts for
pump inertia
Required knowledge
This example assumes that the user has some familiarity with AFT
Impulse such as placing junctions, connecting pipes, entering pipe and
junction specifications, and entering transient data. Refer to the Valve
Closure Example in Chapter 2 for more information on these topics.
Model files
This example uses the following files, which are installed in the
Examples folder as part of the AFT Impulse installation:
Pump Trip.imp
Pump Trip With Accumulator.imp
Figure 4.1
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H (feet)
Power (hp)
400
25
390
33
380
60
340
130
d) In the Curve Fitting area select the All button then click the
Generate Curve Fit now button. Then click the OK button.
e) On the Transient Data tab select Transient Model = Trip With
Inertia and No Backflow or Reverse Speed (see Figure 4.3)
f) Pump Speed = 1760 rpm
g) Rotating Inertia = 25 lbm-ft2
Figure 4.2
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Figure 4.3
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Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
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Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
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Figure 4.9
1. Open the Select Graph Data from the View menu or toolbar.
2. On the Transient Junction Data tab, add Pump J2 (see Figure 4.10).
3. In the Graph Parameters list choose Pump Speed.
4. Click the Show button.
The predicted pump speed is then shown (Figure 4.11).
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
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A. Modify model
We need to break the original pipe P2 into two pipes and insert the
accumulator junction between them. The modified model should appear
as in Figure 4.12.
Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13
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Figure 4.14
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Figure 4.15
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
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CHAPTER 5
Surge tanks
Surge tanks are a surge suppression device used in low pressure systems
with non-volatile fluids. AFT Impulse can model surge tanks, including
transient surface pressure for enclosed tanks.
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Fitting library
AFT Impulse offers a library of about 400 fitting losses which can be
added to pipes.
Design alerts
Design alerts can be entered for pipes and then cross-plotted vs. system
behavior. A common use is maximum and minimum allowed operating
pressure. These can be entered as design alerts for pipes and then plotted
against predicted pressure transients.
Network databases
Junction components and pipe materials can be saved to databases for
later reuse. Databases can be located on local PC's or deployed across
local or wide area networks. The Database Manager allows users to
connect to relevant databases for their specific pipe system design.
Checklist 8
Index
A
accumulator 2, See Gas Accumulator
junction
AFT Fathom 2
D
Database Manager 70
Databases 70
AFT Impulse
engineering assumptions 3
Overview 3
summary of capabilities 2
AFT Impulse window 6
E
Event transient specification 34
animation 29, 42
Annotation
on Workspace 7
Force files 70
G
Gas Accumulator junction 60
Gas Accumulators
comments on use 62
bulk modulus 10
creating 40
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Method of Characteristics 2, 16
Special Condition 33
modulus of elasticity 15
N
Newton-Raphson method 2
Non-Newtonian fluid 2, 69
Scenario Manager 37
Special Condition 33
design alerts 70
steady-state solver 2, 20
intermediate elevations 70
surge tank 2, 68
Poisson Ratio 15
Power Law See Non-Newtonian fluid
pressure control valves 69
Primary windows 3
Pulp and paper modeling 69
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Toolbox 7
transient cavitation 2, 67
Index 73
enabling model 36
Transient Control window 19, 36, 53
including junction data in output file
57
transient output file 21, 36, 57
transient solver 2, 21
V
vacuum breaker valve 2, 68
Valve junction 12
event transient specification 34
Special Condition 33
transient data entry 13, 34
viscosity model 10
Visual Report Control window 26
Visual Report window 4, 25
W
wavespeed 15, 17
assumption that it remains constant
3
Workspace 6, 7
Workspace window 4, 7
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