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FLUID MECHANICS
m
V
(13.1)
F
,
A
(13.2)
282
Density
g/cm3
2.7
0.88
8.9
1.26
19.3
0.92
7.8
11.3
21.4
10.5
7.8
13.6
0.81
1.00
1.03
y
air
water
F1
y1
P1
sample
P2
W
F2
y2
F y = p2 A p1 A gA( y1 y2 ) = 0
or
p 2 = p1 + g ( y1 y2 )
(13.3)
y
(13.4)
air
water
Level
h
Level 2
h1=2 cm
h2=10 cm
P2
water
284
p1= p2
oil g ( h1 + h2 ) = water gh2
oil (9.8)(0.12) = (1000)(9.8)(0.1)
(1000)(9.8)(10!0 2 )
oil =
(9.8)(12 10 2 )
10000
=
= 833.33kg/m 3
12
F1 F2
=
A1 A2
A2
F1
A1
F2
Oil
Figure 10.4 A hydroulic level,
used to magnify a force F 1.
Since the increase in pressure is
the same at the left and right
sides, a small force F 1 at the
left produces a much larger
force F 2 at the right.
F2 = F1
A2
A1
Since A2 > A1, the resulting force F 2 is much larger than F 1. This
principle is widely used, in hydraulic brakes, car lifts, hydraulic
jacks, fork lifts, ITC.
F1
A1
A2
F2
A1
F2
A2
Figure 13.5 Example 13.2.
we have
5 10 2
12000 = 1000 N
F1 =
60 10 2
286
h
mg
B = mg
(13.6)
B
,
A
or
B = p A = ( w gh )A
= w gV = g ( wV ) = gM
where M is the mass of the cube which is equal to wV . Hence
B= p A= Mg = weight of the displaced water.
Example 13.3 A cube of wood 20 cm on a side and having a
density of 0.65103 kg/m3 floats on water, as shown in Figure
13.7(a).
a) What is the distance from the top of the cube to the water level?
lead
B
h1
h2
mg
W=mg
W=Mg
(a)
(b)
Figure 13.7 Example 13.3.
(0.65 10 3 )(0.20)
= 0.130m,
1000
and
h1 = 0.20 0.130 = 0.07m.
b) In this case the volume of the displaced water is the same of the
volume of the cube. If the weight of the lead is w , then
B = W + Mg
or
288
W = B Mg
= w g (volumeof thedisplacedewater ) = (1000)(9.8)(0.20) 3
wood (volumeof thecube) g
(0.65 10 3 )(0.20) 3 (9.8) =(2.8)(9.8) N
Hence, the lead mass, m=2.8 kg.
T1
Mg
B
T
M
Figure 13.8 Example 13.4.
M
g
al
1 9.8
= 3.63N
2.7 10 3
Therefore
T2= Mg-B= 19.8-3.63= 6.17 N.
290
v2
A2
v1
A1
Figure 13.10 An incomprissible
fluid with steady flow.
or
1 A1v1 = 2 A2 v2
(13.8)
That is the product of the area and the fluid speed at all points along
the pipe is constant. The equation of continuity 13.8 can be
expressed as
R = Av = constant
(13.9)
A2
x2
L
(a) t
v2
A2
P2
v1
A1
y2
(b) t+t
Figure 13.11
1
1
(m)v22 ( m)v12
2
2
292
where m is the mass passing through the tube in the time interval
t. And the change in potential energy is
U = mgy2 mgy1
We can apply the work energy theorem in the form
W = K + V
to this volume of fluid to give
( p1 p 2 )V
=
1
(m)v22 1 (m)v12 + mgy2 mgy1
2
2
m
, the above
V
expression reduces to
( p1 p 2 ) =
1 2 1 2
v2 v1 + gy2 gy1
2
2
or
p1 +
1 2
1
v1 + gy1 = p 2 + v22 + gy2
2
2
(13.10)
1 2
v + gy = constant
2
(13.11 )
p1 p 2 = g ( y2 y1 ) = gh
A1
A2
1 2 1 2
v2 v1
2
2
294
2p
3
2 4120
3 791
3
3
= 2.24 10 m / s .
= 1.20 10 3
V=
a
v
A
Because a<<A, we see that V<<v. We take the level of the hole as
our reference level for measuring elevations (and thus gravitational
potential energy.) Noting that the pressure at the top of the tank and
at the bullet hole is the atmospheric pressure po (because both
places are exposed to the atmosphere), we write Bernoullis
equation as
po +
1
1
V 2 + gh = p o + v 2 + g (0)
2
2
The zero on the right indicates that the hole is at our reference
level. Using our result that V<<v, we assume that V2 and thus the
1
term V 2 is negligible compared to the other terms, and we drop
2
it. Bernoulli's equation becomes
gh =
1 2
v
2
or
v = 2 gh .
This is the same speed that an object would have when falling a
height h from rest.
296
PROBLEMS
13.1 Find the mass of a solid iron sphere with diameter of 3.0 cm.
The density of iron is = 7.86103 kg/m3
13.2 A gold crown has a mass of 0.5 kg and volume of 185 cm3. Is
the crown made of solid gold? The density of gold is =
19.3103 kg/m3.
13.3 At what depth in the sea is the absolute pressure equal three
times atmospheric pressure?
13.4 The spring shown in Figure
13.14 has a force constant of
1000 N/m, and the piston has
a diameter of 2 cm. Find the
depth in water for which the
spring compresses by 0.5 cm.
water
h
11.2 cm
mercury
Figure 12.15 problem 12.8.
W
D
298