A SEMINAR REPORT ON

BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA OIL AS AN

ALTERNATIVE FUEL IN INDIA

Submitted By:-

PRATIK KUMAR

BE CHEMICAL

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 ABSTRACT

Recent petroleum crisis, increasing cost and unavailability of petroleum diesel has
fuelled the necessity to look for an alternative fuel source in India.

Biodiesel has been gaining worldwide popularity as an energy source as it is non-toxic

renewable,biodegradable and non flammable. It creates lesser pollution than conventional
diesel as it results in substantial reduction of carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide,SO2 and
particulate matter.It can be run in any conventional, unmodified diesel engine. Also
cetane number is significantly higher than that of conventional diesel fuel.

But there are some drawbacks associated with Biodiesel production. If biodiesel is
prepared from edible oils like soyabean, repeseed oil, sunflower oil etc. it will lead to
higher costs as edible oils are them selves imported in India. The only alternative is to
find non edible sources of oil In India major non-edible sources of oil are neem, mahua,
karanja, babassu ,jatropha etc, of which Jatropha is most promising.

Jatropha oil can be converted to biodiesel using transesterification process which

involves conversion of fatty acids in the oil to methyl(or ethyl) esters with the help of an
alcohol(generally methanol or ethanol) producing

Glycerol as a byproduct which makes the production more economic.The catalyst used is
generally potassium or sodium hydroxide The process of transesterification is simple,
takes place at room temperature and is easy to carryout using simple equipments.

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 INDEX

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION. 6-8

2 POLLUTION ASPECTS 9
AND ADVANTAGES.

3 BIODIESEL FROM 10-13

JATROPHA.

4 INDIAN SCENARIO. 14-15

5 PROCESSES INVOLVE 16-22

IN PRODUCTION.

6 A QUICK ANALYSIS. 23-24

7 CONCLUSION. 25

8 REFERENCES. 26

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1 - INTRODUCTION

Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short chain

alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by transesterification of vegetable oil,
which can be used (alone, or blended with conventional petrodiesel) in
unmodified diesel-engine vehicles.

Biofuels can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel derived from recently
dead biological material. This distinguishes it from fossil fuels, which are derived
from long dead biological material. Biofuel can be theoretically produced from any
(biological) carbon source, though the most common by far is photosynthetic plants.
Various plants and plant-derived materials are used for Biofuels manufacture.
Biofuels are used globally, most commonly to power vehicles and cooking stoves.

Biofuels offer the possibility of producing energy without a net increase of carbon
into the atmosphere, because the plants used in to produce the fuel have removed
CO2 from the atmosphere, unlike fossil fuels which return carbon which was
stored beneath the surface for millions of years into the air. Therefore, Biofuels
is in theory more nearly carbon neutral and less likely to increase atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases. (However, doubts have been raised as to
whether this benefit can be achieved in practice, see below). The use of Biofuels
also reduces dependence on petroleum and enhances energy security.

There are two common strategies of producing Biofuels. One is to grow crops high in
sugar (sugar cane, sugar beet, and sweet sorghum) or starch (corn/maize), and then

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use yeast fermentation to produce ethyl alcohol (ethanol). The second is to grow
plants that contain high amounts of vegetable oil, such as oil palm, soybean,
algae, or jatropha. When these oils are heated, their viscosity is reduced, and they
can be burned directly in a diesel engine, or they can be chemically processed
to produce fuels such as biodiesel. Wood and its byproducts can also be converted
into Biofuels such as wood gas, methanol or ethanol fuel. It is also possible to make
cellulosic ethanol from non-edible plant parts, but this can be difficult to
accomplish economically.

1.1 - SOURCES OF BIODIESEL

• Edible oil (olive,soyabine,sunflower etc.)

• Non-edible oils (castor,jatrpha)
• Animal fat (lard)

1.2 –BIODIESEL FUEL : PROPERTIES & TECHNICAL

JUSTIFICATION

There are various properties of biodiesel and it is essential to study their implications in
engine use, storage, handling and safety. Therefore most important fuel properties of
biodiesel are given below.

Cetane Number: Cetane number is a measure of the fuel’s ignition and combustion
quality characteristics .Biodiesel blend stock typically has a higher minimum cetane level
than that of petroleum diesel. Fuels with low cetane numbers will cause hard starting,
rough operation, noise and increased smoke opacity. The level specified is consistent
with EMA’s requested increase in the minimum cetane number for petroleum diesel fuel.

Kinematic viscosity: Kinematic viscosity affects injector lubrication and fuel

atomization. Biodiesel fuel blends generally have improved lubricity; their higher
viscosity levels tend to form larger droplets on injection which, can cause poor
combustion and increased exhaust smoke. The limits established an acceptable level of
fuel system performance for D1 and D2 fuel blends.

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Density: Biodiesel is slightly heavier than conventional diesel fuel. This allows use of
splash blending by adding biodiesel on top of diesel fuel for making biodiesel blends.
Biodiesel should always be blended on top of the diesel fuel. If biodiesel is first put at the
bottom and then diesel fuel is added, it will not mix .Density control is specified in
Europian specifications but not in ASTM specifications. But for India it is proposed to
keep density specifications to check for contamination/adulteration.

Flash Point: The flash point temperature is the minimum temperature at which the fuel
will ignite (flash) on application of an ignition source under Specified conditions. Flash
point varies inversely with the fuel’s volatility. Flash point minimum temperatures are
required to proper safety and handling of fuels. Note that the biodiesel component must
meet a flash point criteria, prior to blending, for the purpose of assuring that the biodiesel
component does not contain methanol .It is not possible, however, to rely on the blend
for the same purpose inasmuch as the flash point of the petrolium component is much
lower.

Cold filter plugging point (CFPP): At low operating temperature fuel may thicken and
not flow properly affecting the performance of fuel lines, fuel pumps and injectors. CFPP
of biodiesel reflects it’s cold whether performance. It defines the fuels limit of
filterability .CFPP has better correlation than cloud point for biodiesel as well as diesel
fuel. Biodiesel thicken at low temperature so need cold flow improver to have acceptable
CFPP.

Pour point: Normally either pour point or CFPP are specified. French or Italians
biodiesel specifications specified pour point, where as other specified CFPP. Since CFPP
reflects more accurately the cold whether operation of fuel, it is proposed not to specified
pour point for bio diesel. Pour point depressant, commonly used for diesel fuel does not
work for diesel.

Cloud Point: Cloud point is a test uses to characterize the lower temperature operability
of diesel fuel. It defines the temperature at which a cloud or haze appeared in the fuel
under prescribed test conditions. The Cloud point for biodiesel blends is generally higher
than it is for petrolium diesel fuel. To avoided component precipitation in vehicle fuel
tanks and blockage of fuel filters, the traditional blending practices for D1 and D2 for a
given ambient temperature should be modified prior to blending with biodiesel
.Alternative low temperature operability test methods such as Cold Filter Plugging Point
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(CFPP) and low temperature flow test may be agree to between the supplier and the
purchaser of the fuel.

Total Glycerol: Glycerine is a by product of the production of biodiesel. If glycerine

remains in the finished biodiesel, or biodiesel fuel blend, if can result in fuel separation,
material incompatibility, engine deposits and engine durability concerns. In finished fuel
blends, the ability to directly measure glycerine is compromise by interference with
naturally occurring petroleum diesel fuel components. When an acceptable test method
for Glycerine in a fuel blend is available, a limit value will be established.

2 -POLLUTION ASPECTS OF BIODIESEL ENGIENE

2.1 - Emission reductions

B20 emissions reductions compared to petroleum diesel:-

Carbon monoxide 20%

Unburned hydrocarbons 30%
Particulate matter 22%
Sulphates 20%
NPAH 50%
Mutagenicity 20%

2.2 - BIODIESEL-why lower emissions?

• Biodiesel has high cetane
• In built Oxygen content
• Has no sulphur
• No Aromatics
• Burns complete CO2

2.3 - ADVNTAGES OF BIODIESEL

1) Renewable
2) It can be blended in any concentration with diesel oil.
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 3) Does not contribute to the Greenhouse gas.
4) very lower emissions.
5) Can be obtained from many sources:-
• Edible virgin or used oil (olive,soyabine,sunflower etc.)
• Non-edible oils (castor,jatrpha)
• Animal fat (lard)

3 - BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA PLANT

Here we are interested to see the effects and possibilities of biodiesel production from
jatropha seeds.Among all the sources,jatropha is best source economically.The table
below shows it-

3.1 – JATROPHA-The most economic feedstock

Edible oil Oil in Seed Oil yield oil

seed yield price
% kg/ha kg/ha US$/kg

Sunflower 48 2.200 1.056

0,99

Corn(Maize) 3 8.000 274

0,71

Rapeseed(Canola) 44 1.800 792 0,66

Coconut(Copra) 63 3.000 1.890 0,66

Soybean 18 3.500 630 0,55

Palm 18 25.000 4.500 0,42

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Non-edible

Jatropha* 35 6.000 2.100

0.30

3.2 - JATROPHA PLANT

3.2.1 - INTRODUCTION

Jatropha curcas found in the tropics and sub-tropics is a small tree or three to eight
meters height with smooth grey bark, which exudes whitish colored, watery, latex when
cut. Fruit are produced in winter when the shrub is leafless, or it may produce several
crops during the year if soil moisture is good and temperature is sufficiently high. Each
inflorescence yields a bunch of approximately 10 or more ovoid fruit. The seeds become
mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow, after two to four months from
fertilization.

Jatropha Fruits

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The seeds are toxic and they contain about 35 % of nonedible oil. The plant is planted as
a hedge (living fence) by farmers all over the world around homesteads, gardens and
fieldes, because it is not browsed by animals

Jatropha is not browsed, for its leaves and stems are toxic to animals, but after treatment,
the seeds or seed cake could be used as an animal feed. Being rich in nitrogen, the seed
cake is an excellent source of plant nutrients. Various parts of the plant are of medicinal
value, its bark contains tannin, the flowers attract bees and thus the plant has honey
production potential. Like all trees, Jatropha removes carbon from the atmosphere, stores
it in the woody tissues and assists in the build up of soil carbon.

3.2.2 - USES OF JATROPHA

Medicinal Uses:

The toxicity of the seed is because of curcin (a toxic protein) and diterpene ester. The
latex of Jatropha contains as alkaloid known as “Jatrophine” which is believed to have
anti-cancerous properties. It is also used as external application for piles. The roots are
reported to be used as an antidote for snakebites.

Jatropha as Fertilizer:

The leaves shed during the winter months form mulch around the base of the plant. The
organic matter from shed leaves enhances earthworm activity in the soil around the root-
zone of the plants, which improve the fertility of the soil. The pres cake, which remains
after oil extraction, has prove as an effective organic manure, and providing humus and
fertilizers to the soil can further enhance the productivity of other agricultural crops with
mineral composition

Jatropha as a Dye:

The bark of Jatropha curcas yields a dark blue dye, which is used for colouring cloth,
fishing nets and lines and roots help in making yellow dye.

Jatropha as feed:

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Jatropha leaves are used as food for the tassar silkworm. Its bark contains tanning, the
flowers attract bees and thus the plants has honey production potential.

Jatropha as Fuel:

Wood, fruit hulls and seed shells can be used as a fuel for cooking. Jatropha oil is an
important product from the plant for meeting the cooking and lighting needs of the rural
population and boiler fuel for industrial purposes.

In the recent years due to the existing oil crisis and fuel shortages, Jatropha can be an
effective substitute for environment friendly and cheap energy. In addition, Jatropha
comes well in the drought stressed environments and wasteland.

3.2.3 – JATROPHA AS BIODIESEL

The oil content is 35-40% in the seeds and 50-60% in the kernel. The oil contains 21%
saturated fatty acids and 79% unsaturated fatty acids. There are some chemical elements
in the seed, which are poisonous and render the oil not appropriate for human
consumption. It is suitable as a viable substitute for blending with diesel as motor fuel up
15 percent. The seed yield semi-drying oil that has commercially used for lighting oil,
lacquer, and soap and as a textile lubricant. Jatropha oil performs very satisfactory when
burnt using a conventional (paraffin) wick after some simple design changes in the
physical configuration of the lamp. Jatropha oil may however be modified by
transesterification, heating with alcohol and a catalyst, after which it can be directly
substituted for diesel fuel. Currently it can be used to substitute for the “gas-oil” mixture
used in the India type diesel engines that drive grain mills and water pumps.

3.2.4 - ANALYSIS OF JATROPHA SEED SHOW THE FOLLOWING

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:

➢ Moisture 6.20 %

➢ Protein 18.00 %

➢ Fat 38.00 %

➢ Carbohydrates 17.00 %

➢ Fiber 15.50 %

➢ Ash 5.30 %

The oil content is 25 – 30%7 in the seeds and 50 – 60%7 in the kernel. The oil contains
21%7 saturated fatty acids and 79%7 unsaturated fatty acids. There are some chemical

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elements in the seed, which are poisonous and render the oil not appropriate for human
consumption.

3.2.5 – THE COMPARISION OF PROPERTIES OF JATROPHA OIL AND

STANDARD SPECIFICATION OF DIESEL OIL :

Property Jatropha Oil Diesel Oil

Viscosity (cp) (30°C) 5.51 3.60

Speciflc gravity 0.917/ 0.923(0.881) 0.841 / 0.85

(15°C/4°C)

Solidfying Point (°C) 2.0 0.14

Cetane Value 51.0 47.8 to 59

Flash Point (°C) 110 / 340 80

Carbon Residue (%) 0.64 < 0.05 to < 0.15

Distillation (°C) 284 to 295 < 350 to < 370

Sulfur (%) 0.13 to 0.16 < 1.0 to 1.2

Refractive Index (30°C) 1.47

4 - INDIAN SCENARIO
Jatropha grows wild in many areas of India and even thrives on infertile
soil. A good crop can be obtained with little effort. Depending on soil quality and
rainfall, oil can be extracted from the jatropha nuts after two to five years.

In India Edible oils are in short supply, and country has to import up to 40% of its
requirements (It is now partly offset by Bumper Crop of Soy). Hence prices of edible oils
are higher than that of Petroleum Diesel. Due to this, these are not viable and use of non-
edible oils was suggested for BioDiesel manufacture.
Even though the consumption of Edible oils in India is high, the availability of used
cooking oil is very small as it is used till the end.
Indian Culture uses vegetable oil lamps for lighting in homes and in temples (like candles
in other cultures). When prices of edible oil shot up, some people turned to a bit cheaper
non-edible oils. The requirement of this sector is more than 15 million tons
(BioKerosine). Since seeds can be collected and crushed in a small scale in far flung

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villages, the use of non-edible oils for lamps is picking up very fast. This is the best way
of use for millions of Rural Indians. This is depriving BioDiesel industry its supply of oil.
The use of lamp oil is increasing rapidly in India, as there is no electrical power supply
for 10 to 14 hours a day in rural areas. Soon people will face shortage of these oils for
lighting purposes.
Cottage soap industry can use vegetable oils with high free fatty acid contents. Since
prices of edible oils have doubled, many soap manufacturers in unorganized sector are
using these oils as these are a bit cheaper.
There are billions of other trees (Karanj, Mahua, Neem), all over India, with oil bearing
seeds. Traditionally Karanj (Pongamia Pinatta) is planted along the highways. Petrol
Pump owners along the highways, should be encouraged to collect the Karanj seeds.
Neem (Azadirachta Indica) is planted everywhere for purification of air. Mahua
(Madhuca Indica) and Sal ( Shorea robusta) grows wildly in Forests. Collection and
processing mechanism for these seeds is not yet developed. Hence a most of these seeds
lie on the ground (and ultimately get converted into BioFertilizer).

FEED STOCK PRODUCTION PER HECTARE & COST THEREOF

Feedstock Country Yield/Hectare Rate

(US$)
SOYA OIL USA 375 73
RAPESEED OIL Europe 1000 78
JATROPHA OIL INDIA 3000 43
PALM OIL Malaysia 5000 46

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5 - PROCESSES INVOLVE IN PRODUCTION OF
BIODIESEL

The production of biodiesel includes two processes :

• oil extraction
• Transesterification process.

5.1 - OIL EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE

The oil extraction technique is a very important process for the biodiesel production. The
method used for extraction will be determined by proportion of soluble constituent
present its distribution throughout the solid, nature of the solid and particle size. Before
oil extraction raw material preparation is very necessary.

Oil seeds should be properly dried before storage and cleaned to remove sand, leaves and
other contaminants. All raw materials should be sorted to remove stones etc and when
storage is necessary, this should be in weatherproof, ventilated room, which are protected
against birds, insects and rodents. Some raw materials need decortication. Decortication
is important to give High yields of oil and reduced the bulk of materials to be proceeds.

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There are varieties of techniques for oil extraction. Among them most common are :

5.1.1 - Mechanical Oil Expellers.

• Continuous is operation.
• Work by grinding and pressing the raw materials.
• Raw material is carried through a barrel by a helical screw.
• Oil yield is dependent of pressure inside the barrel.
• Pressure is control by a choke sing at the outlet
• High yield
• Expensive.

Important Features:

• Oil expelling by squeezing

• Required to mix some peeled cover for each of extraction of oil.
• Usually extraction results in release of oil and water that requires separation
• Moisture content of seed should not be high. Usual moisture content can be up to
7%.
• Power mills are heaving high yield Power mills are use when we have large
supply of raw materials.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF OIL EXPELLERS:-

I. sayari oil expeller:-

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ii) COMET Oil expeller:-

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 Sectional view of KOMET oil expeller

5.1.1 - Solvent Extraction Method

• Used for high rate of production and efficient method.
• A chemical solvent such as hexane is used to saturated the crushed seed and pull
out the Oil.
• Plant material is removed and this renders a solution of oil and solvent.
• Solvent is then boiled off under a vacuum or in a centrifugal force for machine to
help separate it from the required oil.
• Because the solvent has a low boiling point than the oil, it evaporates and the oil
is left.
• Solvent is condensed back and recycled.
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Disadvantage of solvent extraction method:

• Expensive Method.
• High operating cost
• Risk of f
• ire and explosions from solvent.
• Complex process.

5.1.3 - Oil Extraction at House

• Small quantity of oil can be produced with manual reamer.

• Good for oil extraction from Soft seeds and nuts.
• Animal drawn and power ghanis are used for hard seeds and nuts.
• Yield is better than manual reamers.
• Oil Extraction at House.

5.1.4 - FACTORS INFLUENCE THE RATE OF EXTRACTION:

The extraction rate depends upon the following factors,

1) Particle size-The particle size influences the extraction rate in a number of ways. The
smaller the size greater is the interfacial area between the solid and liquid and therefore
the higher is the rate of the transfer of material.

2) Solvent: The liquid choses are a good selective solvent and its viscosity should be
sufficiently low for it to circulate freely. Generally a relatively pure solvent will be used
initially but extraction proceeds the concentration of solute will increase and the rate of
extraction will progessively decrease, first because the concentration gradint will be
increase and secondary the solution will generally become more viscous.

3) Temperature: In most cases the solubility of the material which is being extracted will
increase with temperature to give a higher rate of extraction4) Agitation: Agitation of the
solvent is important because it increases the eddy diffusion and therefore the transfer of
material from the surface of the particles to the bulk of the solution.

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4) Contact time: Contact time between the seed and the solvent also affects the
extraction rate. When all the oil exttrcted by the solvent, equilibrium state reaches and
after the equilibrium state no oil extracted by the solvent.

5) Quality of the seeds: Moisture content of the seed has been found to play a major role
on extractable amount of oil. Moisture content in the seeds interferes with proper
crushing which eventually decreases

5.2 - TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS -

The process of converting vegetable oil into biodiesel fuel is called

Transesterification and is luckily less complex then it sounds.

Chemically, Transesterification means taking a triglyceride molecule, or a complex

fatty acid, neutralizing the free fatty acids, removing the glycerin, and creating an
alcohol ester. This is accomplished by mixing methanol with sodium hydroxide to
make sodium methoxide. This liquid is then mixed into the vegetable oil.
After the mixture has settled, Glycerin is left on the bottom and methyl esters, or
biodiesel is left on top and is washed and filtered. When the original ester is reacted
with an alcohol, the transesterification process is called alcoholysis (scheme 1).The
transesterification will be used as synonymous for alcoholysis of carboxylicesters. The
transesterification is an equilibrium reaction and the transformation occurs essentially by
mixing the reactants.

The final product Bio Diesel fuel, when used directly in a Diesel Engine will burn up
to 75% cleaner then mineral oil Diesel fuel.

General reaction for transesterification reaction

The transesterifiction method of biodiesel production from oils and fats can carry out by
two ways.

a) Catalytic Transesterification.

b) Supercritical Methanol Transesterification.

5.2.1- Catalytic Transesterification

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The “Catalytic Transesterification” process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with
an alcohol in the presence of some catalyst to form esters and glycerol. A triglycerides
has a glycerine molecules as its base with three long chain fatty acids attached. The
characteristics of the oil/fat are determined by the nature of the fatty acid attached to the
glycerine. The nature of the fatty acid can in turn affect the characteristics of the
biodiesel. During the transesterification reaction process the triglyceride is reacted with
alcohol in the presence of catalyst. The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the
mono alkyl ester, or biodiesel and crude glycerol. In most of the production methanol or
ethanol is the alcohol used (methanol produces methyl ester, ethanol produces ethyl
ester) and is base catalyzed by either potassium or sodium hydroxide. Potassium
hydroxide has been found to be more suitable for the ethyl ester biodiesel production;
either base can be used for the methyl ester.

A successful transesterification reaction is signified by the separation of the ester and

glycerol layer after the reaction time. The heavier, co-product, glycerol settles out and
may be bold as it is or it may be purified for use in other industries, e.g. the
pharmaceutical, cosmetics etc.

The product of the reaction:-

II

CH2O ¾ C ¾ R

O CH2OH

II OH – I

CH-O ¾ C ¾ R + CH3OH ======= 3 CH3O ¾ C ¾ R + CH — OH

O (Alcohol ) (Catalyst) (Esters) I

II CH2OH

CH2O ¾ C ¾ R

(Tri glyceride ) (Glycerol)

The products of the reaction are the biodiesel itself and glycerol

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Most common type of catalytic transesterification reaction are;

• Acid-catalyzed Transesterification
• Base- catalyzed Transesterification
• Lipase- catalyzed Transesterification

5.2.2- Supercritical Methanol Transesterification:

The simple transesterification process discussed above is confronted with two problems,
i.e. the process is relatively time consuming and it need separation of the catalyst and
saponified impurities from the biodiesel. The first problem is due to the phase separation
of the vegetable oil/methanol mixture, which may be dealt with by vigorous stirring.
These problems are not faced in the supercritical methanol method of transesterification.
This is perhaps due to the fact that the tendency of two-phase formation of vegetable
oil/methanol mixture is not encountered and a single phase is found due to decrease in
the dielectric constant of methanol in the supercritical state (at 340oC and 43Mpa).As a
result, the reaction was found to be complete in a very Short time within 2-4min.Further,
Since no catalyst is used, the purification on biodiesel is much easier, trouble free and
environment friendly. The result of transesterification of rapeseed oil in the supercritical
methanol method has indicated that at temperature of 239oC and pressure of 8.09MPa,
Glycerol and methyl ester are obtained as the principle products.

Process variables:

The most important variables that influence the transesterification reaction are :

• Reaction temperature
• Ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil
• Catalyst
• Mixing intensity
• Purity of reactant

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6 - A QUICK ANALYSIS

6.1 – STRENGTHS:

1) Production of biodiesel contributes to independence of energy supply.

98% of the energy used in the transport sector comes from fossil

fuels. Oil reserves are estimated to be limited at 50 years. Biodiesel is

contributing to the diversification of sources and technologies

benefiting to the EU economy.

2) Mitigating climate change: Biodiesel reduces GHG emissions (30-

71%). GHG emissions are leading to irreversible damages to the

ecosphere affecting the environment, economic development, food

security and livelihood. In EU, transport is responsible for about 21%

of all GHG emissions, it is also the only sector which experienced an

increase of 24% of GHG between 1990-2003.

3) Biodiesel contributes to rural development: EU farmers would find new

market opportunities thus participating to the objectives of increasing

GDP, employment , social welfare and diversification of the rural

economy.

4) Rising prices of crude oil and finiteness of resources ensures economic

viability of biodiesel.

Biodiesel, with bioethanol, are the only large scale substitute available

for diesel and petrol in transport.

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5) Biodiesel prices are not fluctuating on uncertainties like armed conflicts/
shortage in supply.

6.2- WEAKNESS:

1) Feedstock production (i.e. Rapeseed oil) needs land and requires significant
amounts of inputs like fossil fuel based fertilizers and pesticides.
2) An inappropriate use of pesticides and fertilizers may lead to negative effects for
the environment (water)
3) GHG reduction potential may be neutralized if land use change occurs
(converting land with high carbon stock for Biofuels production)
4) Price of vegetable oil may be rising because of higher demand and increase
prices of Biodiesel production.
5) Vegetable based feedstock yields may be fluctuating subject to adverse
weather.
6) Biodiesel may attract water molecules from atmospheric moisture or
condensations.
7) Biodiesel emits more NOx emissions compared to diesel fuel.

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7 - CONCLUSION
Finding an alternative fuel to petroleum is world’s trend in these days so jatropha oil
also one of a bio-fuel using & researching in nowadays.

As a substitute for fast depleting fossil fuel. Bio diesel had come to stay. In
future, it should also serve to reduce and maintain the price of automobile fuel. The
under exploited and un exploited vegetable oils are good sources of Biofuels. Our
country is endowed with many such plants. Research is being carried out now to
convert vegetable oils into biodiesel through biotechnological processes using
biodiesel. With a concentrated and coordinated effort. Wide use of bio diesel in
our country is going to be a reality in the days to come.

A national mission on Bio-Diesel has already been proposed by the committee

comprising six micro missions covering all aspects of plantation, procurement of
seed, extraction of oil, transesterification, blending & trade, and research and
development. Diesel forms nearly 40% of the energy consumed in the form of
hydrocarbon fuels, and its demand is estimated at 40 million tons.

Therefore blending becomes the important National Issue which apart from giving
the dividends , it saves the country's exchequer. India has vast stretches of degraded
land, mostly in areas with adverse agro-climatic conditions, where species of
Jatropha , Mahua etc can be grown easily.

Even 30 million hectares planted for bio- diesel can completely replace the current
use of biofuels. The production of Bio fuels will also boost the rural economy
which will bring more enthusiasm in more than one billion lives in the area.

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8 – REFERENCES

BOOKS
[8.1] - Amish P. Vyas, N. Subrahmanyam, Payal A. Patel. Production of biodiesel
through transesterification of Jatropha oil using KNO3/Al2O3 solid catalyst. Fuel88 625–
628

[8.2] - Abhishek Kalva, Thirugnanasambandam Sivasankar, and Vijayanand S.

Moholkar. Physical Mechanism of Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Biodiesel. Ind. Eng.
Chem. Res., 2009, 48

[8.3] -Schuchardt, U., Sercheli, R., Vargas, R.M., 1998. Transesterification of vegetable
oils: a review. J. Brazil Chem. Soc. 9, 199–210.

[8.4] - Predojevic Zlatica J., The production of biodiesel from waste frying oils: A
comparison of different purification steps, Fuel, Volume 87, Issues 17-18, December
2008, Pages 3522-3528,

WEB
[8.5] - www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatropha ,24.07.2006
[8.6] - www.jatrophaworld.org/,24.07.2006
[8.7] - www.biodieseltoday.com,24.07.2006
[8.8] - www.scribd.com
[ 8.9] - www.sciencedirect.com

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