Marine & Coastal Engineering

COWI Group A/S

COWI A/S is a leading international consultancy rm, founded in 1930. COWI is a
privately owned professional rm entirely
independent of any manufacturer, supplier or
contractor.
The COWI Foundation is the majority
shareholder. The foundation supports research
and development in various elds of consultancy activities.
COWI has headquarters in Kongens Lyngby,
a suburb about 12 km north of Copenhagen,
the capital of Denmark.
COWI is a highly versatile and multidisciplinary rm providing services of the highest
quality in the elds of engineering, environmental science and social economics.
COWI employs around 3300 staff, of which
1600 are based outside Denmark in subsidiaries, branch ofces or projects ofces. A high
percentage of the employees are professionals
holding Ph.D., M.Sc. or B.Sc. degrees in civil,
structural, geotechnical, mechanical or electrical engineering and other academic areas such
as geology, hydrology, chemistry, biology,
agronomy, sociology, economics and planning.
The annual turnover is at present (2005) 350
mill. Euro (400 mill. USD). More than 60
percent of the turnover of the company is
generated outside Denmark in more than 100
countries around the world.

Transportation

COWI has more than 75 years experience in

transportation consultancy covering all phases
of infrastructure projects from initial planning
and feasibility studies over design, construction
and commissioning to maintenance management and rehabilitation.
Marine and Coastal Engineering

The COWI Group provides consultancy and

design services within the eld of marine, geotechnical and coastal engineering from three
centres of excellence: at COWIs headquarters
in Copenhagen, Denmark, at Ben C. Gerwick
Inc. San Francisco, USA, and in Doha, Qatar.
The total staff in this eld of engineering is
presently about 110 and increasing. The total
annual turnover on international projects is approximately 15 mill. USD which makes COWI
one of the leading international companies in
this specialised eld.
Ben C. Gerwick, Inc.

Ben C. Gerwick is an internationally known

civil / structural consulting rm based in San
Francisco, specializing in the design and construction of major marine structures for more
than 75 years, rst as a heavy construction
company, and as consulting engineers since
1971. In 1988, Ben C. Gerwick joined the
COWI Group.

Anton Petersen
Vice President,
Bridge, Tunnel and Marine
Structures
+45 4597 2888
ape@cowi.com

Ole Juul Jensen

Director,
Marine & Coastal
Engineering
+45 4597 2906
ojj@cowi.com

Robert B. Bittner
President
Ben C. Gerwick Inc.
+1 415 288 2731
rbb@gerwick.com

Michael Bindseil
Head of Department,
Marine & Foundation
Engineering
+45 4597 2947
mhb@cowi.com

Thomas Gierlevsen
Head of Department, Qatar
+974 44 23 845
thgi@cowi.com

Photo: Morten Larsen

Marine & Coastal Consultancy

Marine and coastal engineering

Fields of Consulting Services by COWI

Nature
Natural resources management
Environmental policy and regulation
Environmental protection
Coastal Engineering
Society
Welfare economics and services
Public administration
Social development and HRD
Urban and regional development
Development assistance
Cadastre and land administration
Geographical information systems and IT
Mapping
Transport
Transport planning and management
Roads
Airports
Railways and metros
Tunnels
Bridges
Ports and marine structures

The COWI Group has over the past years

developed its capabilities in marine and
coastal engineering. This development is
based on rapid organic growth and by acquisition of Ben C. Gerwick Inc. in 1988 and
in 1993 of COMAR a specialised marine
design company, the successor of the design
department of world renowned Christiani
and Nielsen. In 2002 Kampsax was also
merged with COWI.
The organic growth has taken place by
hiring of staff with previous international
experience and new graduates. The staff in
the three centres of excellence is truly
international with multicultural background.
Experience

As presented throughout this brochure the

COWI Group possesses extensive international experience in port, marine and coastal

engineering. This experience is documented

by the many successful completed projects in
ve continents of the world, from California
in the west to Korea in the east and from
Tierra del Fuego, Argentina in the south to
Greenland in the north.
Focus has been on developing the relationship with our clients with aim of providing
added value to our clients projects.
The very diverse, multidisciplinary and
multicultural background and experience
have been brought to bear for the benet of
our clients and the projects we work on.
Quality Management

COWIs marine and coastal work is ISO

9001 certied. All design activities are carried out in accordance with the individual
project quality plan tailored to meet the
specic requirements of each project.

Quality Management
System Certicate and
Certication Conditions.

Buildings
Residential buildings
Educational buildings
Hospitals and health buildings
Cultural and sports buildings
Commercial buildings
Industry
Industrial buildings
Production and processing plants
Oil and gas
Health, safety and environment
Environmental and social due diligence
Utilities
Municipal and hazardous waste
Water and wastewater
Energy planning and systems
Telecommunication

Jrgen S. Steenfelt
Research and
Development Manager,
Geotechnical Engineering
+45 4597 1388
jos@cowi.com

Jes Bojsen Abild

Chief Project Manager
+45 4597 2059
jba@cowi.com

Thomas Dahlgren
Chief Project Manager
+45 4597 2669
thda@cowi.com

Mogens A. Hviid
Chief Project Manager
+974 442 3845
mah@cowi.com

Jotham Vizard
Chief Project Manager
+45 4597 1323
jov@cowi.com

Jrgen Juhl
Chief Project Manager
+45 4597 1178
jju@cowi.com

Henrik Dahl
Vice President
Ben C. Gerwick Inc.
+1 415 288 2749
hd@gerwick.com

Marine & Coastal Consultancy

Consultancy services and expertises

covering all project phases:
Feasibility phase
Generation and development of ideas
Feasibility studies
Studies of infrastructure needs
Layout studies
Assessment of design data
Cost estimation
Construction and procurement scheduling
Environmental impact assessment
Design phase
Establishment of design basis
Study of oceanographical conditions
Design data studies
Geotechnical assessments
Durability design
Civil and structural design
Mechanical & Electrical installations
Operational risk assessment
Tender phase
Development of tender design
Management of tender procedures
Value engineering
Preparation of contract for construction
Construction phase
Construction management
Quality, environmental and safety management
Construction risk management
Interface coordination
Programme and budget control
Site supervision
Contract and claims management
Operation and maintenance (O&M)
O&M management system
Inspection of structures and installations
Ranking of maintenance and reinvestment needs
Repair and strengthening design

Services and Expertises

Clients

COWIs services cover the whole life cycle of

a project from the early ideas over studies and
design to the operation phase and rehabilitation or decommissioning.
Our services range from professional advice
on a specic problem to comprehensive
planning and total engineering design and
implementation of large scale projects.
Our involvement in complex and demanding
marine projects over the years has led to the
development of particular in-house knowledge.
Marine terminals, ports, land development and
man-made islands and breakwaters can be
mentioned, as special elds of experience.

COWI works for public and private infrastructure owners as well as for contractors. We
advocate for a close dialogue with the contractor (BOT and design-build projects) in order to
take all data into account and to optimize the
design and construction.
Understanding our clients needs and
combining this with our knowledge and experience to successful project completion is our
goal.

Main Types of Marine and Coastal Structures

Ports
Container ports and terminals
General cargo and bulk
Ferry and Roll-on-Roll-of
berths
Access channels and
waterways
Navy
Harbours and small craft
Small craft harbours
Fishing harbours
Supply bases
Marinas and pleasure craft
harbours

Marine Terminals
Oil and gas (LNG) terminals
Bulk terminals
Coastal Projects
Land reclamation
Coastal protection
Man-made Islands
Breakwaters
Beaches

Special Marine Structures

Water intake and outfall
structures
Foundations for offshore
wind turbines
Miscellaneous Structures in
the sea

Oil & Gas Marine Terminals

COWI offers complete integrated services
relating to Oil & Gas Marine Terminals. This
includes layout planning, operational and
maintenance philosophy, marine construction,
electrical systems and mechanical installations.
We plan and manage site investigations,
undertake the assessment of geophysical data
and dene design parameters. We analyse
meteorological and oceanographical data and
use numerical wave and hydrodynamic
modelling software to dene design water
levels and wave conditions and to calculate
wave disturbance at the terminal. COWI
performs by selected sub-consultants vessel
manoeuvring studies to dene dimensions of
approach channels and turning basins.
Planning of the berthing head arrangement is
based on the project specic vessel range
together with loading / unloading requirements. We perform in-house dynamic mooring
analyses, including vessel downtime assessment.
Facilities design includes berth and loading
facilities, breakwaters, access trestle and pipe
racks / conveyors. Physical model tests are
made by subconsultants.
In addition, facilities design encompasses tug
berths, construction docks, buildings, electrical
and mechanical installations, including security
features and emergency shutdowns.

Contractor's Designer, Shoaiba

New Tanker Terminal.

Egyptian LNG project, IDKU.

Bulk Terminals
Like other ports and port terminals the study
and design of bulk terminals rely on general
marine engineering and special expertise on the
systems for handling of bulk. The latter is normally tailored to the actual type of bulk material to be loaded or unloaded at the terminal.
Otherwise bulk handling terminals can be
made at long quays like general cargo or
container berths or at jetty structures quite
similar to the ones used for oil and gas terminals.
The design thus requires knowledge of the
requirements associated with the specic type
of bulk material and the various types of
handling systems, ranging from traditional
grab handling to various types of conveyor
belts to systems using pipes for pumping of the
material in question.
The designer works with suppliers of such
special systems to develop optimum solution.
COWI undertakes all types of services for
bulk terminals ranging from planning, layout
studies, hydraulic studies, surveys, environmental assessments, feasibility studies, conceptual
and detailed design, tender documents,
contracting and contract supervision and
management.

Olivin Terminal, Greenland.

Bulk Terminal, Australia.

Container Terminals
Container terminals are normally made in connection with a long straight quay as the terminal
requires quite a width perpendicular to the quay
to make room for container cranes at the quay
front and for transport laterally along the quay
and nally for storing/stacking of containers in the
container yard.
Container vessels become larger and larger and
the latest development in vessel size is vessels up to
400 m length and a draft fully loaded in the order
of 16 m, thus requiring depth at the quay front of
about 17 m. The quay structures for a container
terminal are thus quite similar to the ones used for
other types of port terminals with the exception
that most often the crane rails requires piles as
foundation. These piles can be an integrated part of
the quay structure. Otherwise the designer of a
container terminal works closely with the operator
to develop a tailored most optimum system for the
specic terminal including the requirements to
container cranes and the special type of equipment
required for moving and stacking of containers
such as for example straddle carriers. A container
yard has very heavy trafc and the design of the
heavy duty pavement requires special attention.
COWI undertakes all types of services for
container terminals ranging from planning, layout
studies, hydraulic studies, surveys, environmental
assessments, feasibility studies, conceptual and
detailed design including heavy duty pavements,
building design incl. building services, electrical and
mechanical design as well as water and sewage
design, tender documents, contracting and contract
supervision and management.

Stigsns Container Terminal,

Denmark.

Port of Long Beach, Los Angeles, USA.

Liseleje Coastal
Protection, Denmark.

Coastal Engineering and Protection

Palace Seawall, Muscat, Oman.

Coastal engineering is a special eld within

civil engineering. It includes the physical processes of the sea and coastal regions and the
movements of sediments due to the water in
motion. It further includes the interaction between man made interventions and structures
and the physical environment.
It is this complexity that makes coastal
engineering such a special eld compared to
many other civil engineering disciplines and
what fascinates coastal engineers. The engineer
or designer often has to be imaginative and
exercise personal judgement in calculations in
order to arrive at correct and yet still acceptable structural solutions.
The structures are founded on the sea bed or
on the shoreline and exposed to water level
changes, currents and wave impacts. Further,
the site and the area around the structures are
in many cases subject to morphological

changes which have to be analysed and

understood prior to the construction of the
said structures. It is our strong aim to work
with nature rather than against it. This may
be taken as our mission statement within
coastal engineering.
It is therefore natural to us to try to minimise
the use of man-made structures on a shoreline and attempt to use beach nourishment
wherever possible. In line with this mission
we will when working on marine projects
seek solutions attempting to minimize human intervention, i.e. placing a port or similar
installation where it requires the least movement of materials, by for example selecting
the site and distance from the shoreline such
that the quantities in breakwaters and other
structures as well as dredging and lling volumes are minimised. Further it is our aim to
seek solutions that involve the least changes in
the natural physical as well as ora and fauna
environment.
Numerical models are more and more used
as a tool and COWI has strong in-house
capabilities in this eld as described elsewhere.

Beach Nourishment,
Funen, Denmark.

Coastal Protection,
Bray Head, Ireland.

Man-Made Islands

Master Plan,
Danaat Howas,
Bahrain.

The study and design of large-scale dredging

and reclamation works for man-made islands is
integrated with our in-house hydraulic and environmental numerical modelling facilities. COWI
utilises the state-of-the-art MIKE 21 suite of
numerical modelling software.
We specialise in developing projects from
master planning, surveys, environmental impact
assessment, design of edge structures, reclamation and preparation of tender documents,
supervision and construction management.
Aerial photograph of The Pearl Qatar, January 2006. The island is
approx. 2 x 5 km.

10

Breakwater Projects
COWI is an international name in the design
of breakwaters. Our experience reaches from
fundamental scientic research to design and
supervision of construction.
COWIs staff has more than 30 years
experience from over 150 international
breakwater projects in 5 continents. The
experience includes all types of breakwaters
from rubble mound to caisson. In addition the
experience includes an extensive variety of
armour units such as quarry rock, cubes,
grooved cubes, dolos, tetrapods, accropodes,
and CORE-LOC.
COWI uses its in-house capabilities in
numerical modelling of wave propagation as
basis for denition of design waves and then
for the conguration of breakwaters, and to
perform conceptual analysis and design. We
specify and supervise 2D ume tests and 3D
physical model tests.
In the event of poor ground conditions, stateof-the-art soil structure interaction analysis
software is used to analyse the breakwater
foundation and dene soil improvement works
as necessary.

Egyptian LNG project Main breakwater

armoured with CORE-LOC.

Placing of CORE-LOC.

Rock breakwaters for coastal protection.

Seawater Intake and Outfalls

The design of large civil works in the marine
environment draws on all of COWIs experience in
hydraulics, geotechnics and structures.
COWI has the specialist resources required for all
aspects of the civil design of seawater intake and
outfall systems, including:
Design of intake channels, pipes and bell mouths
Assessment of impact on long shore sediment
transport and coastal morphology
Assessment of impact on hydrodynamic conductions around intake/outfall
Assessment of maintenance dredging requirements
Hydraulic and structural design of pump stations
Hydraulic and structural design of culverts
Design of outlet weirs
Recirculation studies to verify location of outfalls
Environmental impact assessment

11

Shoaiba Power and

Desalination Plant,
Saudi Arabia.
Outfall channel.

Shoaiba Power and

Desalination Plant,
Saudi Arabia.
Outow basin and
weir.

12

Design Tools
COWI uses state-of-the-art numerical models
and tools in all phases of projects. COWI staff
is experienced in their use. The most prominent
ones are shown below.

SESAM

IBDAS

Aanalysis of jacket structures.

IBDAS is COWIs own integrated design and analysis software tool. It allows
for geometrical modelling,
structural analysis and
verication of engineering
structures and generation
of construction drawings.

HOLEBASE

HOLEBASE is a database
system for geotechnical
data. It allows for proper
storing and analysis of data
and presentation in AutoCAD

PLAXIS

PLAXIS is a nite element program specically

developed for numerical
analysis of geotechnical
and underground structures and soil-structure
interaction.

LITPACK

LITPACK is a state-ofthe-art numerical model

for the simulation of
shoreline development
including erosion and
accretion.
ABAQUS

MIKE21

ROBOT

MIKE 21 is a stateof-the-art package of

numerical programs to
simulate waves, currents
and sediment transport
in the marine environment.

ROBOT is a nite element program for analysis and design of beam,

truss, slab, shell and 3D
structures.

OPTIMOOR

Programme for dynamic

mooring analysis.

ABAQUS is one of the leading

multi-purpose nite element
programs for a wide spectrum
of numerical analysis in engineering and natural science
with special focus on FEM
and soil-structure interaction.

Numerical Modelling using MIKE 21

MIKE 21 is a state-of-the-art system of numerical models used for the simulation of hydrodynamics of the oceans, coastal regions and rivers
etc.
The model is used for tidal motion and ow,
for storm surge set-up due to wind and
barometric pressure.
It is further used for calculation of wave
conditions in deep and shallow water based on
wind data and for simulation of wave disturbance in harbours and enclosed waters.

Boussinesq simulation of wave disturbance,

Halul Harbour, Qatar.

13

Detailed ow and tidal model

of the waters and lagoons in
Abu Dhabi.

COWI's Gulf Model

showing instantaneous
tide levels.

NSW (Nearshore Wave Model) of the sea between

Bahrain and Qatar.

14

Management of Project Risk

Service Life Design of Marine Works

COWI offers all types of risk assessments for

projects. Risk is inherent in any activity. All
decisions or actions may result in unwanted
consequences. Thus the proper thing to do is
always to consider risk and to make use of the
information gained in the decision process.
Project risks include development risks,
construction risks, operational risks, nancial
risks and revenue risks.

General

Risk Management

Risk management is basically a managerial tool

to support the decision maker.
It is the experience, that implementation of
risk management will result in protable
decisions and improved allocation of resources.
Risk management can lead to decisions close
to the decision makers goals.
Risk management ensures consistence and
transparency in the decision process and it
provides a basis for risk communication.
Damaged railway coastal defence structures, Ireland.

Internationally COWI provide the only available reliability based service life design methodology against chloride and carbonation
induced reinforcement corrosion.
Marine structures are usually now to be
designed for 100, 120 or even 200 years service
life. This surpasses by far the assumed design
life following most codes and standards.
Internationally recognised expertise and
experience

COWIs recognised leading position within durability design and concrete technology is based
on more than 40 years worldwide experience
within the design, operation and maintenance of
exposed reinforced concrete structures.

Cracking of concrete blocks.

COWI has been spearheading the international

research and technical development of the rational service life design of concrete structures,
i.e. in European research projects: DuraCrete,
DuraNet and DARTS, and chairing all durability related activities within the international organisations of CEB (Comit Euro-international
du Bton) and now b (Fdration Internationale du Bton).

Irish Rail Sea Defence Works

A signicant length of the Irish rail network
lies close to shoreline and is subject to ongoing
coastal erosion, instability of coastal defence
structures and wave overtopping, especially
along the East coast between Dublin and
Wicklow.
Iarnrd ireann (The National Irish Rail
Company) is currently implementing a longterm plan for protection of the coastal railways, as part of the Cuttings and
Embankments program.
Since 2000, COWI A/S in association with
Fehily Timoney Gifford and Thomas Garland
and Partners, has carried out a feasibility study
for coastal defence works as part of this
Cuttings and Embankments Programme. The
study produced a 10-year strategy, in which
geotechnical and coastal defence works were
planned and prioritized. The project programme included the following coastal
projects:
Malahide Causeway
Sorrento Point
Bray Head
Ballygannon (south of Greystones)
Kilcoole
The Breaches
Six Mile Point (Newcastle)
Five Mile Point
Rogerstown Causeway
Merrion Gates to Blackrock
Rosslare Strand

15

Following Iarnrd ireann approval COWI A/S,

in association with Fehily Timoney Gifford,
Thomas Garland and Partners and Bruce Shaw
Partnership, has carried out detailed design,
procurement and supervision of the coastal
defence works. Implementation of the works is
currently well underway.
A variety of geotechnical and coastal defence
works are adopted at the various locations in
order to suit the local site conditions.
Heavy rock berm structures have been
applied to the coastal defences in areas of steep
rocky headland where the railway line runs in
a series of embankments and rock cuttings
supported at their base by masonry retaining
structures.
At several locations, the railway runs on top
of what is thought to be ancient littoral berm
formations. These are fronted by sandy beach
and with low hinterland. At these locations,
the coastline is subject to rapid coastal erosion.
Therefore, new revetments have been established. In order to preserve the amenity of the
beaches, the new revetments have been
partially burried into the beach and the
reconstructed dunes have been planted with
marram grass. For other locations, rock and
concrete block revetments behind the beach
protect the track.

Services by COWI

Project Period

Feasibility study incl.

prioritisation

2000 - 2005

Design of protection works

Client

Tendering and contracting

of work

Iarnrd ireann

Construction supervision

16

Port of Copenhagen

Services
Project management
Conceptual design
Prequalication of
contractors
Tender documents
Contracting and
supervision
Review of contractors
design
Trafc analysis
EIA
Cost estimate
Digital document
management
Project Period
2000 - 2003
Client
Port of Copenhagen A/S

The Port of Copenhagen A/S undertook a large

port development project that includes a new
ferry terminal in Sndre Frihavn (Southern
Free Port) and planned for construction of
commercial and residential buildings on the
former DANLINK sites. The development includes relocation of ferries operated by DFDS
Seaways away from the congested Copenhagen
City.
The new ferry terminal has three berths with
9 m water depth. Two berths accommodate
existing ferries of 170 m length and a future
super ferry exceeding 200 m in length and
planned for sailing between Denmark and
Poland. The third berth is smaller. The development also includes establishment of a custom
control station and a terminal building serving
the two larger berths.
The port development is being procured as a
design and build contract. COWI has performed the role of Clients consultant and has
carried out the planning and conceptual design
of the entire project. The location of the new
berths in the old port required design solutions
that combined rehabilitation and strengthening
of existing structures with new structures.

As Clients Representative COWI provided

multidisciplinary services and project management, which included the following components:
Planning and design of quay structures and
piers on 9 m water depths
Dredging plans
Trafc analysis on the terminal area.
Testing of the proposed layout using 3D real
time ship simulation at the Danish Maritime
Institute
EIA (environmental impact assessment) and
environmental screening
Estimate of construction costs including
maintenance using successive calculation.
Soil logistics (recycling of polluted soil as
landll within the project area)
The development has been procured in accordance with EU regulations for a design and
construct contract. COWI have prepared tender documents, supervised the tender process
and advised the Client during tender negotiations.
COWI, together with the Client, have
implemented a commercial document control
program. Through the internet, this gives all
project participants full accessibility and
control of digital documents and drawings
from the planning phase to the nal phase.

17

18

Egyptian LNG Project, Idku, Egypt

Services
Assesment of geotechnical
investigations
Hydrographical analyses
Breakwater design
Dynamic mooring analyses
Design of access channel and
navigational lights
Vessel downtime assessment
Design of jetty structure

Seismic analyses
Building design
Electrical and Mechanical design
Project period
2002 - 2004
Client
Archirodon Construction/
Bechtel International

Idku is located on the Mediterranean coast 50

km east of Alexandria. An export terminal for
LNG was needed due to the nding of sizeable
gas elds.
The terminal caters for 140,000 m LNG
vessels. It consists of a construction harbour on
the side of which a 2.4 km long access trestle
extends out to the berth for the gas tankers.
The mooring and turning area is protected by a
850 m long island breakwater. The mooring
and turning area is dredged and so is a long
approach channel.

The trestle is supported on steel piles and the

composite superstructure modules are 40 m
long. The loading, mooring and berthing platforms are all steel supported structures.
The site is very exposed with offshore design
waves of Hs = 11 m reduced to approx. 6.8 m
at the breakwater by wave breaking as the
water depth is 12 to 13 m.
The breakwater is located in an area with up
to 15 m of soft clay. The combination of the
large breakwater in a zone subject to seismic
activity and the severe wave climate resulted in
a need for replacement of the soft clay with
sand.
COWIs design services for this project
included all studies and design tasks including
mooring analysis, numerical and physical
model studies (in subconsultants hydraulic
laboratory). Focus in all the studies and design
services was placed upon optimising the design
with respect to minimising quantities and at
the same time making construction as easy as
possible for the contractor.

Egyptian LNG-project, Idku.

Nysted Offshore Wind Farm at Rdsand, Denmark

Denmark has formulated an energy policy giving high priority to sustainable energy, where
windmills are a very important element. Several
offshore windfarms are planned and COWI
served as consultant for the one at Rdsand.
COWI has carried out detailed design for a
Danish construction company for 72 windmill
gravity foundations located 9 to 10 km from the
coast in the southern part of Denmark. The
offshore wind farm has a total capacity of
approx. 480,000 MWh, equivalent to the yearly
consumption of 120,000 households. The
windmills are 68.5 m (225 ft) high and the width
of a gravity foundation is about 17 m (56 ft).
The windmills are founded at 7.5 to 12.75 m
depth on a rather stiff clay till. The gravity
foundations are open concrete structures lled
with ballast and covered with armour stones.
The foundation is made of reinforced concrete
and consists of three parts: the open caisson,
the shaft and the ice cone. The design is based
on an optimal utilization of the subjacent soil
conditions versus load conditions, when
dening the foundation level of each position.
The foundations are designed to sustain cyclic
loads from wind, wave and ice forces during
their 25 year lifetime.
The detailed design included geotechnical,
structural and scour protection design, the
latter validated by hydraulic model tests. The
geotechnical and structural designs were carried
out using state of the art numerical tools, e.g.
PLAXIS and IBDAS.

19
Services

Project Period

Structural Design

2001 - 2002

Geotechnical
Design

Client

Design of Scour
Protection
Top: Completed foundation elements under transport to site.
Left: Production yard in Poland.
Right: With turbines installed.

Project Follow-up

Aarsleff Ballast Nedam

International Joint
Venture

20

Ras Laffan Marine Terminals, Qatar

Ras Laffan Port, Qatar was constructed in
the early 1990s and is now one of the worlds
largest LNG exporting ports. The port was
designed as an export facility for Liqueed
Natural Gas (LNG), Condensate and Sulphur
derived from the processing of gas landed from
the North Field Gas Reservoir situated 67
km NNE of the Port. Ras Laffan is currently
expanding the original port facilities and has
identied the need for both new LNG berths
as well as new multi-user liquid product berths
from which Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) products
can be exported from amongst many products.
COWI has so far been involved in the
planning, design and construction of the
following marine terminals:
Liquid Product Berths 1A and 1B
LNG Berth 3
Liquid Product Berths 3A and 3B
LNG Berth 4
LNG Berth 5
LNG Berth 6 (site investigations)

The liquid product berths are designed to

enable simultaneous berthing, mooring and
loading of two vessels from 20,000 to 300,000
DWT. The berths have a common approach
jetty with approach road and have pipe racks
on either side leading from the Lee Breakwater
to the loading platform area. The loading platform is accommodating 11 loading arms for
each berth. The berths are constructed using
mass concrete blocks and consist of breasting
and mooring dolphins, quick release hooks,
catwalks for access to the mooring dolphins,
navigation lights, fenders, re ghting facilities,
ship-to-shore gangway and lighting amongst
other topside facilities. The buildings consist
of a common control building, an electrical
substation and rewater pump house as well as
pipe racks and other piping structures.
The LNG berths are designed to enable
berthing of up to 267,000 m3 LNG carriers.
LNG Berth 3 and 4 are constructed using mass
concrete blocks some of which are weighing up
to 700 tons. The berths consist of loading
platform with topside structures and equipment, mooring and breasting dolphins,
catwalks, berth furniture as well as an access
causeway. LNG Berth 5 is to be constructed
outside the existing main breakwater before
the new main breakwater is in place. Due to
the rough seas during construction pile
supported structures are being considered for
this berth.

Services by COWI

Design of pipe racks and bridges

Offshore Geotechnical
investigations

Design of buildings, road/drainage

and associated infrastructure

Bathymetric and Topographic

investigations

Project Period

Mooring and berthing analysis

and layout
Dredging plans
Materials specications
Design of block wall structures
Design of pile supported structures
Design of up to 11 arm loading
structure and associated structures

2003 - ongoing
Client
Techinp, Chiyoda, Snamprogetti,
Archirodon Construction, Qatar
Petroleum

Qatar - Bahrain Causeway

The approximately 40 km long link will connect the West Coast of Qatar near the Zubarah
fortress with the East Coast of Bahrain south
of its capital Manamah. It will be the longest
sea link in the world.
COWI was appointed to undertake the
Preliminary Engineering and Environmental
Investigations and Studies for the Qatar Bahrain Causeway and completed the studies
in only 10 months.
The Phase 1 activities comprised:
carrying out studies, surveys and site investigations in a 15 x 40 km offshore study
corridor and adjacent land areas
comparing alternative alignments and selecting three for analyses
presenting a sketch design for the causeway
and its elements
recommending in favour of one alignment
based upon cost and impact assessments.
The Phase 2 activities included:
carrying out detailed studies, surveys and site
investigations for the selected alignment
presenting a conceptual design
The marine modelling studies for the QatarBahrain Causeway project included modelling
of current, sediment dispersion from dredging
activities and waves using MIKE 21.
Results of extreme current simulations were
used in the engineering design of the Causeway
including scour protection.

21

The water exchange between the Gulf and Bay

of Salwah was studied. It was a requirement
that it should remain unchanged.
The wave climate along the alignment
corridor was modelled including wave propagation over the very complicated bathymetry
around the large shallow Fasht Azm Reef.
The nal layout included bridges and a total
of 17 km of embankment. By compensation
dredging the nal solution had zero impact on
the water exchange.

Simulated wave heights for a 10,000

years wave event from North.

Services

Conceptual Design

Studies

Alignment

Planning

Roads & plazas

Trafc

Embankments & ll
depots

Topography &
bathymetry

Bridges

Geology & geophysics

Tolling & border

facilities

Geotechnique
Hydrography

Mechanical &
electrical installations

Meteorology
Marine modelling

Project Period

Environment &
ecology

2001 - 2002

Risk assessment
Design basis

Client
Ministry of Municipal
Affairs and Agriculture,
Qatar

The Pearl - Qatar

The Pearl Qatar project involved detailed
design of the reclamation works for the 400
hectares new island requiring approximately
13.5 mill m3 of ll and the associated sea
defence structures for the 40 km of new shoreline.
Numerical hydrodynamic model studies were
completed to determine the hydrodynamic
design basis.
The development includes private beaches
along most of the perimeter which adds to the
aesthetics and exclusiveness of the development. Different concepts have been developed
to create a variety of beach environments that
are optimised to suit the local conditions and
requirements.
Along the shores facing north and east
relative long pocket beaches have been introduced. The sand is retained between groyne

structures. Private open beaches have been

separated by beach breakwaters at one of the
shorelines facing southwest. Generally terraced
beaches have been used where the wave impact
is oblique and an open beach would be
eroding. The terraced type consists of a low
crested revetment behind which a sand beach is
constructed.
Concrete block gravity quay walls are used
in the western cove and along the channels in
the Venice type development at the north-west
shore to facilitate mooring of boats and to
create the conned channel system.
Each Pearl Quay Island features private
beach, harbour and terraced beach fringed by a
low crested revetment.
COWI has subsequently to the island design
made design of the marinas (see page 23).

Services
Bathymetric survey
Geotechnical site investigations
Environmental management plan
Design assistance during construction
Design of marinas
Design of culverts
Design basis
Conceptual design
Detailed design
Tender and contract documents
Project Period
2003 - ongoing
Client
United Development Company (UDC)

Plan of marine works The Pearl - Qatar.

Construction of marina quay walls in the construction pit

The Pearl - Qatar.

Architects' view of Porto Arabia.

22

23

24

Lusail Development, Qatar

COWI has completed planning, geotechnical
investigations and numerical modelling and all
design activities of the Lusail Development. This
new large land development is located along the
shoreline north of Doha and will cover an area
of about 20 km2. The project will transform the
present shoreline through dredging and reclamation, creating new islands, access channels and
beaches. The fully developed new township is
planned for 150,000 inhabitants. The development includes business, corporate and mixed use
areas, quality beaches with top class hotels, two
golf courses, and an entertainment district.
Architects' impression of project view.

Master Planning

Numerical modelling of ow and wave conditions as well as beach stability and sediment
spill from dredging operations made using the
modelling systems MIKE 21 and LITPACK and
formed an integrated part of the planning and
design activities. A special point of interest was
the ushing of the canals to ensure proper water
quality and the design of 19 beaches surrounded
by exclusive residential villas and international
high class hotels.

Services
Bathymetric and Topographic Surveys
Geotechnical Investigations
Master Planning
Environmental Impact Assessment
Conceptual and Detailed Design
Preparation of Tender Documents
Tender Evaluation

Project period
2004 - 2006
Client
Bechtel Overseas Corporation

Numerical
modelling.

Plan view.

Olmsted Locks and Dam, USA

The Sverdrup/Gerwick Joint Venture completed the P&S design contract for the Olmsted
Dam, working for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville District. The Olmsted Dam
is part of the Army Corps premier civil works
project, the Olmsted Locks and Dam Project.
Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. has taken the lead in
the areas of innovative marine construction
methods, marine foundation design and
construction, tremie concrete construction
techniques, and seismic design.
Gerwick performed extensive seismic
analyses as a result of the nearby New Madrid
fault. The seismic analyses includes: Response
spectra analyses of tainter gate segment of the
dam, lateral pushover analyses of pile foundations, hydrodynamic added masses, pile group
effects and the development of kinematic
motions as a result of the soil-pile-structure
interaction. Gerwick also performed nite
element modeling and analysis of the proposed
lift-in precast segments. Loading cases include
hydrostatic combined with tremie concrete
placement.
As part of the initial work, Gerwick provided
several construction alternatives to the Army
Corps for consideration. Gerwick developed
proposals for In-the-Dry, In-the-Wet, and
a combination of both. The In-the- Dry

25

method requires constructing the dam using

two or three stages of traditional, xed
cellular-sheetpile cofferdam techniques. The
In-the-Wet method will utilize a crane barge
to place large precast shell elements onto pile
foundations. Tremie concrete would be placed
in the large void area between the shell
elements and pile foundation. Heavy lift-in
methods, with precast elements weighing over
4,000 tons, and a light lift-in method, with
elements weighing approximately 600 tons,
were considered. The In-the-Wet method
offers signicant advantages over the traditional xed cofferdam method, including
substantial cost savings, shorter construction
duration, reduced environmental impact, and
greater construction safety.
Major engineering challenges associated with
the project include:
Designing for over an 8.0 maximum credible
earthquake in an area of potentially liqueable alluvium.
Maintaining vessel trafc along the river.
Accommodating uctuating river elevations
between 30 to 40 feet annually.
Designing for the scour and uplift forces of
artesian ground water.
Preserving a wild-life sanctuary on the Southern shore at the dam site.

Typical catamaran barge for

pre-cast shell deployment.

Services

Liquefaction

Casting Yards/Launch System

Mooring and Berthing

Diving Activities

Seismic Analysis

Dredging

Seismic Non-Linear Soil Pile

Interaction

Heavy Lift Systems

Offsite Prefabrication
Positioning Control Systems
Screeding/Subgrade Preparation
Concrete Durability
Headed Reinforcement

Constructability Studies
Cost Estimating
Scheduling Preparation/Review
Specication Preparation/Review
Value Engineering

Pre-cast Concrete

Year of Completion

Precast Shells (Hulls)

2008

Tremie Concrete
Non-Linear Soil Pile Interaction
Ice Loading/Abrasion Resistance

Client
S. Army Corps of Engineers
Louisville District

26

Braddock Dam Lock #2, Monongahela River, USA

Services Performed

Year of Completion

Services Performed:

2003

Detailed Design
River Navigation
Structures
Precast Concrete
Construction

Precast concrete dam segment

oats to the project site on the
Monongahela River.

Client
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers
Pittsburgh District

Construction
Sequencing and
Scheduling
Construction Means
and Methods
Tremie Concrete Mix
Design
Construction
Engineering
Float-in of dam segment.

Ben C. Gerwick, Inc. working with the Pittsburgh District, USACE designed and assisted
with construction supervision of the New
Braddock Dam. Gerwick took the lead in designing the oat-in precast dam segments and
developing In-the-Wet construction methods
and procedures including:
Conceptual design of the cast and launch
system for the precast dam segments.
Transport, positioning and immersion of the
segments on to pre-installed foundations.
Developing a cast and launch facility for two
11,000 ton dam segments
Designing a 333 ft long precast shell with
sufcient strength for launch, transport and
immersion while maintaining a ten ft maximum draft.
Developing a transport, positioning, immersion and dam completion plan that can
safely accommodate a 500- year ood on 48
hour notice.
Developing a positioning system with +/- 14
inch vertical and +/- two inch horizontal
tolerances.
Drilled pier foundation layout and preliminary design.
Underbase grouting and tremie in-ll concrete plans.
Risk analysis of the segment, launch, transport outtting and installation.

Dam segment oat-in and set-down

sequence.

Selected References

27

Mina Raysut Port Development Plan

Port Salalah, Oman

Coastal Protection for Irish Rail

Network, Ireland

Description: Mina Raysut is being

developed into one of the largest
transhipment hubs. This called for major
port expansion
Client: Government of Oman, Ministry of
Communications

Description: Iarnrd ireanns (Irish Rail)

rail network is in many places close to the
sea and have been subject to coastal erosion
over the last 150 year since its construction.
The project involved nation wide upgrading
of the protection works

Completion: 1995

Client: Iarnrd ireann (Irish Rail)

Services by COWI: Feasibility study of port

development plans incl. eld surveys, port
organisation, shipping, development plan
and conceptual design of new terminal
and structures, cost estimate and economic
analysis incl. rates of return of investment.

Completion: 2005

The Baltic Gate, New Port at

Stigsnaes, Denmark
Description: The Baltic gate is planned
as a new container hub for transhipment
of containers from the Baltic onto large
intercontinental container ships
Client: Stigsnaes Innovators
Completion 1998
Services by COWI: Market study, port
facilities and layout, hydraulic studies,
environmental screening, cost estimates and
feasibility evaluation.

resund Bridge Scour Protection

of Bridge Piers, The resund Link,
Denmark-Sweden
Description: This major bridge requires
scour protection around the bridge piers to
protect from erosion of combined waves and
strong current. The solution adopted was a
quarry rock/rubble mound solution
Client: Sundlink Contractors HB
Completion: 1998
Services by COWI: Studies of design waves
and current by numerical MIKE 21 models,
preliminary design, hydraulic model tests for
design verication and detailed design.

Services by COWI: The project involved

feasibility study of the whole country
network and design, tendering and
supervision of strengthening works of
existing sea defences and new defences
where appropriate.

Shoaiba New Tanker Terminal, Saudi

Arabia
Description: New marine terminal for
unloading of 100,000 DWT tankers. The
terminal consists of 500 m access causeway,
180 m access trestle and piled jetty
structures, steel piles and concrete deck
Client: Archirodon (Overseas) CO.
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: Assessment and design of
the terminal structures.

Qasr Al Alam New Seawall, Oman

Description: New blockwork seawall for
protection of the Royal Palace in Muscat
plus small craft landing platform
Client: Tarmac Alawi L.L.C.
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: assessment of
geotechnical condition as well as seismic
design, design of layout and cross sections
of wall, design of wall sections and outfall
structures for storm water run off, drawings
and material specications.

28

Selected References
Caleta La Mision Port, Tierra del
Fuego, Argentina

Museum of Islamic Art, Doha

Coastal engineering study

Description: Review and redesign of the

project and all structures for this port
consisting of a 1.6 km trestle on piles a berth
for 25,000 DWT vessels and a main island
breakwater for protection of the berth

Description: The Museum is located in the

water off the shoreline in the Doha Bay.
The museum and the surroundings requires
costal protection works

Client: UTE ( JV) Andrade Guiteierrez-Ormas

Client: Ministry of Municipal Affairs and

Agriculture, Qatar

Completion: 2002

Completion: 2002

Services by COWI: Studies of waves and

tides in num. model, design basis, master
plan, navigation study, quarry assessment,
detailed design of CORE-LOC breakwater,
2D and 3D model tests by DHI, design of
quay and deck structures, specications and
cost estimates.

Services by COWI: surveys, num. modelling

of waves and current and water quality,
design basis, detailed design of edge
treatment slopes, structures sea walls,
construction supervision.

Qatar Bahrain Causeway (QBC)

Port of Copenhagen Ferry Terminal
Description: New terminal for the DFDS
Seaways ferries to Oslo, Norway and Poland
and a smaller berth
Client: Port of Copenhagen AS
Completion: 2003
Services by COWI: Clients representative for
multidisciplinary planning and engineering
services.
Sutong Bridge, Scour Protection,
P.R. China
Description: The Sutong Bridge over the
Yangtze River is the worlds longest cable
stay bridge with a span of 1088 m between
the main pylons. These are founded in the
river bed in a water depth reaching about 30 m
Client: Jiangsu Province SuTong Bridge
Construction Commanding Department
Completion: 2005
Services by COWI: Expert engineering
services and construction management for
the bridge and its scour protection. For the
scour COWI prepared assessments of the
hydraulic design data, desk study of scour
and conceptual and recommendations on
detailed design of the scour protection
consisting of temporary protection of sand
bags and permanent protection using quarry
stones with falling apron at the edges to
cope with potential large scour depths.

Description: The QBC includes the more

than 40 km long link between Qatar and
Bahrain with about 17 km on embankment
and the rest on low and high bridges
Client: Joint Technical Committee, QatarBahrain Causeway
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: Besides engineering
studies of all the bridges COWI services
included all geotechnical and hydraulic
surveys and numerical modelling studies
followed by design of all revetment
structures as well as scour protection on
the bridges. The objective was to dene
optimum technical solution that ensures the
water exchange to the waters south of the
causeway.

Nysted Offshore Wind Farm,

Rdsand, Denmark
Description: The project includes 72 offshore
wind turbines. The foundations are gravity
structures with a width of about 17 m
Client: Aarsleff-Ballast Nedam Intern. JV.
Completion: 2002
Services by COWI: Geotechnical study
interpretation, structural and soil-structure
interaction modelling by Plaxis and
IBDAS and detailed design of the gravity
foundations.

Selected References

29

Dubai Maritime City Development,

Dubai

Conoco Phillips, Rodeo Terminal

Upgrade, Richmond, CA

Description: The project includes new large

reclaimed area in front of Port Rashid
adjacent to Dubai Dry Dock (DDD). The
new area requires the relocation of the main
breakwater protecting the DDD as well as
additional perimeter protection and marine
structures

Description: Develop options for upgrading

the Rodeo Terminal Facility to accommodate
200,000 DWT tankers. The main purpose
of the study was to investigate the possibility
of berthing a 200,000 DWT Polar tanker
at the Conoco Phillips Rodeo facility, and
secondly, determine what structural upgrades
would be required according to MOTEMS
(Marine Oil Terminal Engineering and
Maintenance Standards).

Client: Archirodon Construction

Completion: ongoing ( 2006)
Services by COWI: Design basis, change of
basic layout, num. wave disturbance study,
design of all breakwaters and revetments,
vessel manoeuvring study and technical
services for construction support.
Danaat Howar Islands Development,
Bahrain

Client: Conoco Phillips

Completion: 2003
Services by COWI: Mooring Analyses,
Structural Analyses, Cost Estimates,
Quantities and MOTEMS Compliance.
Mesaieed Small Craft Berth, Qatar

Description: Large scale island development

project

Description: The small craft harbour is for

mooring of tugs and pilot boats. It consist
primarily of gravity block structures.

Client: Southern Area Development

Company, Bahrain

Client: Grandi Lavouri Fincosit ( Middle

East W.L.L)

Completion: 2001

Completion: 2002

Services by COWI: Master plan revision,

numerical wave, current, water quality and
sedimentation modelling, engineering design
of marine structures, specications and
contract documents.

Services by COWI: Denition of design

basis, specication and interpretation of
marine investigations, specications of
ground improvement, detailed structural
design of berth, detailed design of slipway
and coastal protection, construction report
and drawings, construction support.

The Pearl - Qatar, Marine Works,

Qatar
The Project includes the construction of
an about 5 km long and 2 km wide manmade island and adjacent cluster of islands.
The islands area is approx 400 hectares
and requires about 13.5 mill. m3 of ll.
Its perimeter is in the order of 50 km long
and is protected by rock structures and
revetments and man-made beaches
Client: United Development Company
(UDC)
Completion: ongoing (2006)
Services by COWI: Site investigations incl.
geotechnical borings, numerical modelling
of all hydraulic and environmental aspects,
environmental management plan, design
basis, conceptual design, detailed design,
tender and contract documents.

Liquid Product Berths 1A and 1B,

Ras Laffan, Qatar
Description: Product berths for 20,000 and
30,000 DWT product vessels. The berths
are located in protected area in existing
port basin. The structures consist of gravity
structures/block works.
Client: Archirodon Construction on behalf
of Qatar Pretroleum.
Completion: 2004.
Services by COWI: Assessment of geotechnical conditions, mooring and berthing
analysis and layout, dredging plan, materials
specications, design of berth structures
( block works), design of 11 nos. loading
structures, pipe racks, buildings & roads &
drainage, design report and all drawings.

30

Selected References
Shoaiba Steam Power Plant,
Saudi Arabia
Description: The plant located on the Red
Sea Coast south of Jeddah is a major power
and desalination plant with water intake and
outfall structures at the shoreline
Client: Saudi Archirodon Limited
Completed: 2001
Services by COWI: Design of large intake
structures consisting of GRP-pipes and
Accropode breakwater intake basin and
outfall weir, canal and guiding structures.

Tuborg Syd, Marine Works, Denmark

Description: Tuborg Syd (South) is a
development of the former Tuborg Brewery
Port. The port basin is transformed into
housing and recreational areas including
210,000 m2 of buildings. The development
is given a maritime environment with marina
and canals in between the buildings.
Client: Carlsberg Properties
Completions: ongoing (2006) since 2001.
Services by COWI: Master Planning of
Marina in collaboration with the architect,
assessment of geotechnical conditions,
numerical modelling and hydraulic studies,
coastal stability analysis, design of new
protecting rubble mound breakwater,
design of all works/structures, tendering,
contracting and supervision of marine works
construction.

Jiujiang and Jiangyin Ports,

Yangze River, China
Feasibility studies
Description: Upgrading of two river ports
Client: Ministry of Communications, China
Completed: 1996
Services by COWI: Feasibility studies
including trafc, port operations, berth
occupancy, development plan, EIA, technical
solutions and economical feasibility.

Halul Harbour Upgrade, Qatar

Description: Halul harbour is a supply base
located on Halul Island 80 km off the coast
of Qatar.
The harbour is on the south side of the
island and is protected by two CORE-LOC
breakwaters.
Client: Consolidated Engineering
Construction Ltd.
Completion: 2004
Services by COWI: Port Planning, denition
of site investigations, detailed design of
breakwater & concrete quay & sheet pile
quay & access road, design report and
construction drawings.

Beirut Central District,

Marine Works, Lebanon
Description: Marina and seafront structures.
Marina protected by major Accropode
breakwater. Seafront, 1.3 km long,
consisting of large concrete caissons with
wave absorbing chamber (Jarlan-principle)
and wide man-made reef in front
Client: SOLIDERE
Completed: 2000
Services by COWI: Construction
Management and special marine,
geotechnical, coastal and materials
engineering expert services.
Design of Yachting Harbour,
Kuressaare, Estonia
Description: Yachting harbour with normal
services and facilities located in sheltered
bay. On the seaward side the harbour is
protected by a breakwater
Client: Kuressaare Municipality, Estonia
Completed: 2000
Services by COWI: All phases of the
development of the new yachting harbour
including feasibility study, preliminary and
detailed design. Further tender and contract
services as well as overall construction
supervision.

Selected References of Ben C. Gerwick

Shoreline Storm Damage Reduction,
Chicago, IL, USA
Description: Shore protection for 530 m
of shoreline avenues along Lake Michigan,
between Diversey and Fullerton, consisting
of revetment, concrete promenade and
stepped slabs, steel sheet pile, and rock ll.
Client: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Chicago District
Completed: 2004
Services: Detailed Design.

31

Inner Harbor Turning Basin,

Port of Oakland, CA, USA
Description: Design of a 12 m tall bulkhead
required for Widening of Inner Harbor
Turning Basin (ITHB) - Phase 1B Bulkhead,
Dredging, and Demolition of Piers 2 & 5.
Client: DUTRA Construction
Completed: 2006
Services: Geotechnical analysis and
design, numerical modeling, structural
design, Seismic design, value engineering,
construction staging, construction support
and supervision, pile load test evaluation.

Cooper River Bridge Pier Protection

Islands, Charleston, SC, USA
Description: Articial islands for protection
of main span bridge piers against ship
collision. The islands are 20 m high, built
from 346,000 m3 of rock comprising an
outer layer of primary and secondary rock
armor placed on a lter and quarry run core.
Construction included 340,000 m3 dredging
for foundation of the islands.
Client: South Carolina Department of
Transportation
Completed: 2005
Services: Detailed Design and Ship Collision
Risk Analysis.
Casting Basing Costa Azul,
Baja California, Mexico
Description: Detailed design of a 105
m wide by 155 m long and 8 m deep
casting basin facility. The basin serves for
manufacturing of concrete caissons that is
oated out and sunk to form a breakwater
that protects an LNG terminal approx. 20
km north of the basin.
Client: Costain - China Harbour JV
Completed: 2005
Services: Feasibility Studies, Oceanographic
Studies, Detailed Design, Structural Design,
Geotechnical Analyses & Design, Hydraulic
& Dewatering Design, Coastal Engineering,
Downtime Assessment.

Wharf Embankment Strengthening,

Port of Oakland, CA, USA
Description: Wharf improvements,
including concrete deck and piling for the
crane girder, new sheet-pile wall, fenders,
bollards, and utility trenches. The work
included development of design criteria for
crane loads, vessel moorings, seismic and
geotechnical analyses.
Client: Port of Oakland.
Completed: 2004
Services: Detailed Design and Seismic
Analyses.

Loading Facility, ARCO Cherry Point

Renery, Bellingham, WA, USA
Description: New terminal and loading
platform for tankers. Construction utilized
2-m diameter steel caissons to support
the loading platform, mooring dolphins,
and breasting dolphins with the focus of
minimizing seismic loads and vessel impact
loads to the loading platform.
Client: ARCO.
Completed: 1999
Services: Detailed Design.

www.cowi.com
www.gerwick.com

Frontpage picture: Egyptian LNG Project, Idku, Egypt

COWI Group
Main Ofce

COWI A/S
Parallelvej 2
DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby
Denmark

Arne Bisgaard
abi@cowi.com

Kaj Nykjr Jensen

knj@cowi.com

Stig Balduin Andersen

sia@cowi.com

Carsten Kildegaard
cki@cowi.com

Jrn H. Thomsen
jot@cowi.com

Henrik Hostrup-Pedersen
hhp@cowi.com

Torben Bang
tba@cowi.com

Keld Thgersen
kth@cowi.com

Hanne L. Svendsen
hsv@cowi.com

Carsten Srensen
cns@cowi.dk

Sam Yao, Dr.

sy@gerwick.com

Ted Trenkwalder
twt@gerwick.dk

Printed in Denmark by Kailow

Dale E. Berner, Ph.D.

deb@gerwick.com

021-1700-023e-06a

Our International Marine and Coastal Project Managers

Editors: Jrgen Bang Jensen, Ole Juul Jensen,

Hanne Aagaard Jensen et al., Spring 2006

Tel. +45 45 97 22 11
Fax +45 45 97 22 12
www.cowi.com