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SKETCHES
IN

ARCHITECTURES
CONSISTING OF

iSrtginal

Bestgns

FOR

COTTAGES AND RURAL DWELLINGS,

SUITABLE TO

PERSONS OF MODERATE FORTUNE, AND FOR CONJENIENT RETIREMENT

PLANS AND APPROPRIATE SCENERY

TO EACH.

ON TWENTY PLATES:
WITH SOME GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

By

T. D.

W. DEARN,

ARCHITECT TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUKE OF CLARENCE.

LONDON:-

PUBLISHED BY

J.

TAYLOR, AT THE ARCHITECTURAL LIBRARY,

No. 59, High Hollorn.

1807.

Printed bv COX, SON

and
Grtal iiuun Sliett.

BAYUS,

PREFACE.

In submitting

this

Second Part of

my

Sketches in Architec-

ture to the Public, I cannot refrain from expressing the pleasure

I

have experienced, in the commendations bestowed on the

mer

especially to please

ing

them

my

The

nor can

it

has been

my

study more

neglect this opportunity of return-

best thanks for so kind a patronage.

motives which

for public

in

whom

by those persons

Part,

for-

fame

need of but

still

little

first

prompted

me

to venture a candidate

continue to operate; they are such as stand

apology,

and having been

plained before, require no repetition at this time.

the designs in the former Book,

didly acknowledged

it

may be

sufficiently

With

ex-

respect to

recollected, that I can-

one objection to which they were

liable,

namely, that, for the most part, they were not objects of general
interest

yet if this was

all

which could be urged against them,

trust I shall stand excused in having once sacrificed at the shrine

of ambition, desirous of obtaining a favourable reception for what

I

might afterwards be induced to

offer.

To

this end, the Plates

IV

IX., XIV.,

and XVI., were particularly composed, not with the

smallest idea of their ever being carried into execution, but as they

might, in some measure, contribute to

probation of the design on Plate
ticipate,

as

when

it

my

XIV.

was submitted

to

The

views.

did with

public ap-

some reason an-

the consideration

of the

Council of the Royal Academy, in 1/98, they were pleased to declare their approbation in the

most unqualified manner

and

in a

note from the late Mr. Wilton, Keeper of the Academy, he expressed himself happy in the opportunity of congratulating
this circumstance.

In

my

former publication

was

exhibit such designs as were best calculated to secure

fessional reputation with

should do

me

credit

that

it

printed

little

was not
off,

that

yet the disadvantage

favourable to

until the
I

solicitous to

me some

pro-

an enlightened public, and that the whole

then laboured under

and the hurry that attended the execution of the

circumstances

me on

my

wishes

letter-press,

and when

were

I assert,

whole of the introductory matter was

had an opportunity of seeing

it

together,

it

account for certain failures which the prying eye of criticism

may

may

discover.

In the present instance

it

has been

my

endeavour to render

the work beneficial to others rather than honourable to myself,

by

choosing subjects which, though generally interesting, yet preclude

the possibility of displaying

much

architectural

knowledge or

ac-

qualntance with the sciences.

signs for

was

has been attempted in these de-

dwelhngs to unite the two grand

and economy^ and

It

It

my

essentials, convenience

these points are attained,

if

much

is

effected.

intention to have furnished correct and detailed esti-

mates of each, but

have been dissuaded; and well knowing the

jealousy and suspicion with which such calculations are

ly received,

my

intention has been given lip without

common-

much

reluc-

tance.

The
usually

great difference between the real cost and the estimates

provided on occasions of this nature, has long been se-

riously complained of.

tion,

ignorance, or

Whether

design,

this has

not here

is

the effect being the same, either as

it

proceeded from inatten-

my

affects

province to inquire,
the resources of the

The

employer or the reputation of the employed.

apprehensions

by the frequent occurrence of such circumstances,

naturally excited

has operated, no doubt,

much

to the injury

of the profession

and

the odium thence arising, like a noxious vapour, has alighted as

well on the innocent as on the guilty.
I

mean

to

make

professions of

Let

it

not be supposed that

more than common honesty,

boast superior attainments and unusual assiduity

a duty

owe

to

my own

yet

myself to declare, that knowingly

guilty of such mal-practices,

of

abilities,

and that

conceive

or
it

would not be

have sufficient diffidence

to appreciate justly the assistance which

may

VI

be derived from a communication with others in cases of

found, that in proportion as professions are enlarged, incre-

It is

dulity gains ground,

and that professions merely, without any

whom

ference to the persons by

but

difficulty.

little

conviction.

Before

they are made, carry with them

much

validity

can attach,

sary, either that our characters are unexceptionable

some

or that

our interest

obligation

is

neces-

it is

and well known,

annexed, in the observance of which

materially concerned.

is

re-

The most

convincing of

all

arguments then, and which most effectually gives weight to what

we

profess,

acting

up

motive,

that our immediate interest enjoins the necessity of

is,

to our duty

but

is

Among

little

and he who would look

acquainted with the nature of man.

the Greeks, according to

Vitruvius,

that if an architect undertook a work, and

the calculation he had made,

own

the deficiency out of his

will hardly

be questioned

ourselves,

my opinion is,

but

at the

little,

from

it.

and

amounted

to

more than

he should be obliged to make good

estate.
if

The

propriety of this law

such an one were in force

among

same time, much public advantage would

cases,

it

must be admitted,

curate estimates cannot be expected, I

in saying,

the truth than

it

a law existed,

the profession of architecture would suffer

There are some

no hesitation

any stronger

for

we

mean of

repairs

that they might in general be

usually find them.

For

my own

in
:

result

which
but

much

part,

ac-

have

nearer

if called

Vll

upon
I

to execute

would

any of the following designs,

as willingly contract for the building as

usual way, because

business
I

or, indeed,

and were

conceive
I

it

the

more

even to sustain a

should be compelled to acknowledge that

tice pointed

for

it

cannot be considered

be employed in the

satisfactory

loss

those

opinio?i,

shall only add,

who may be

for the exercise of

or,

and

it

I solicit

disposed to honor

my

it

had

fallen

just, that

Charles Street, Cavendish Square,

made

of doing

where

he who
ill

is

jus-

pay*

consequences

wa?tt of principle.

pardon for the egotism, that

me

with their notice, and

professional talents, will,

occasion to repent the election

1807.

may be,

mode

by such an engagement,

ing for the judgment of another, should suffer the

of an erroneous

any other,

in

my

favour.

I trust,

call

have no

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE

I.

DESIGN FOR TWO SMALL DWELLINGS OR COTTAGES.

simple building, intended

This

whom

retirement

is

become

for

desirable, has

persons of small independence, to

little to

boast but a characteristic sim-

plicity.

The man
life,

of business, whose days have been spent

the busy scenes of

success,
without the attainment of affluence yet not entirely destitute of

here, free from the noise and bustle to

enjoy the

fruits

tirement
lated to

as,

for the

To

most

by those anxious

part, attaches to a
to

country residence,

which

ed, or realize those flattering scenes of happiness

and animate

cares and solicitudes in-

such, however, a total seclusion, or even such a re-

produce that ease and enjoyment

spirits

may

which he has hitherto been accustomed,

of his industry, unalloyed

separable from business.

the

among

his exertions

among
B

his

is

but

little

calcu-

hopes and wishes have point-

which have been wont

the busy sons of

men.

to

cheer

ject,

men

the fallacious reasonings and conclusions of

To

have frequently been a witness

but

of business on this

sub-

matter of surprise, that men, whose

is it

occupations and pursuits have been diametrically opposite to those which engage
the attention, and

make up

the

sum of

ous conclusions, and picture to themselves a

which
Yet

man

not be inferred, that the

form

to

would insinuate

which

are peculiarly

upon

pass at

duce much

lasting

bit

it

has been

my

own,

as this

is

by

such persons are apt

is

satisfied

insensible to

its

real plea-

seldom known

who

have been

to

pro-

in the ha-

with the scanty society they

to

remedy,

in

some measure,

this

objection,

object, in this design, to afford the proprietor an opportunity of se-

lecting a neighbour
society,

its

and with whose persons, manners, and opinions,

acquaintance

little

become

therefore happens, that those

in their retirement,

there can be but

that

is,

to the other,

of associating with the many, will hardly be

may meet with

it

and

associate

from a congeniality of

some companion of

disposition,

he

may find

his

former

life,

in

whose

an agreeable solace for his

declining years.

This building
light yellow

is

proposed

to

be thatched, the fronts rough cast on brick, tinted

the rustic columns to the porch in their rough state, with the bark

on,

which can be preserved

The

plinth and steps of stone, also the

fittings plain

from a knowledge of human nature, and feeling

once from one extreme

good

the country, to

the enthusiastic and enraptured representa-

too severely the disappointment, not unfrequently

To

form errone-

incapable of enjoying those

is

but the misfortune

their opinions of rural life

tions of the poets, rather than

sures.

of happiness in

state

of business

pleasures which the country affords, and

no means what

this point,

and indeed the very nature of things, are equally averse

their past habits,

let it

on

rural life, should,

and

neat.

for almost

any length of

window

cills,

time,

by

a proper varnish.

and the whole of the internal

PLATE

II.

SKETCH FOR AN ORNAMENTAL COTTAGE FOR A PARK OR GROUNDS.

This design, intended to answer several purposes, independent of being an

object for the

improvement of park scenery,

contains, besides sufficient

which

dation for a bailiff and his wife, a dairy, over

is

room for the occasional accommodation of the family and

which,
being
ders

if

it

It

a cheese-store, and a teafriends during the

furnished with a small library, would be an inviting retreat.

down to

the floor in this

easily accessible

room makes an entrance from

summer,

The

sashes

the porch, and ren-

and convenient.

would be the business of the

bailiff's

of the dairy, to attend the tea-room

wife, in addition to the

visitors,

and

house and poultry-yard adjoined,

it

This cottage should be rough

would eminently unite the

cast,

either

management

for this purpose, principally, a

communication has been preserved with the rest of the building.

light yellow.

accommo-

on brick or

If the chicken-

ictile et

laths,

duke.

and coloured a

PLATE

III.

DESIGN FOR TWO COTTAGES FOR LABOURERS, AS AN ENTRANCE TO A

FARE OR GROUNDS.
Few

words are

an eminent degree the double purposes of embellishment and

on which those advantages are
In

with those

lowed

my

opinion, there

who have been

be obtained are such,

to

principally

to possess a claim, of

employed

which the world

in

In general, the cottages of labourers are

inspection, and the

From

mated.

evils

which thence

and which

men

but

It

is

cannot be too

much

place

my opinion.

it

will

than farmers' servants

them where

be

al-

are ignorant.

situated almost

too

and

entitled to notice,

beyond the reach of

extended

to

be easily

to the standard fixed in

esti-

men,

my own

their

pleasure

I feel

I feci

in

society, the
it

making

common

these observa-

failings of these

a duty, since the subject thus occurs,

Experience teaches, that there are none more liberally

conduct

I will
:

it,

add, none possessing a

therefore,

will be

tion liere suggested for their residence

end

common

arise are

good of

exposed, and

endued with low cunning, and

position,

even prudence must ap-

in agricultural pursuits

who came up

not that

think, for the general

not to withhold

and the terms

hope has not been placed higher than the natural imperfection

of our nature will warrant.

tions

use,

unite in

the experience I have had of ^he depravity of this class of

can say, that I never yet found one,

mind

as

no kind of building more

is

They

of landed property.

display their recommendations to gentlemen

prove.

and

sufficient to point out the utility of buildings of this kind,

is,

most
of

is

of the

liable to

all

more predatory

dis-

utmost importance, to

observation

and the

others, best calculated to

situa-

meet the

in view.

The

materials for this building, should be of the simplest kind,

expense can be but a

trifle.

and the whole

PLATE

IV.

DESIGN FOR A COTTAGE ORnIe

I

have called

this time,

partly

this

a cottage, but whether properly or not, I shall not decide at

from a wish

to avail

myself of the opinion of others, but princi-

pally, for the reasons assigned

in describing the seventh Plate,

posed discussion of the subject

some

at

In times like the present, when

tions

endured

economy becomes

who, without the most

dence

in

which

their daily

rigid attention,

their lives

exertions.

made and many

be

study, even to affluence.

must stoop from

that

come

That

this species

and, under the

There are many

of building should, from the peculiar cir-

sanction of fashion,

the inmate and inhabitant of a cottage.

and the good of

priva-

have hitherto been passed, and depend for daily food on

and economy have particularly been aimed

credit

pro-

happy state of indepen-

cumstances of the times, become an object of general attention,

be expected

my

future period.

many sacrifices must

a

namely,

others,

that

at,

we have

Throughout

may

seen royalty
this

failed in his

itself

be

work, frugality

and the author hopes,

he has not altogether

reasonably

for

his

own

endeavour.

PLATE

V.

DESIGN FOR A SMALL RESIDENCE.

This box, thougli possessing a more slender claim to novelty than any other
design in the work, embraces
cinity of the metropolis.

many

conveniences, and

The domestic

the one-pair story will comprise the same

This building

may

stocks, the roof slated,

is

well calculated for the vi-

offices are confined to the

number of rooms

as the

basement, and

ground

floor.

be faced either with Parker's composition or the best

and the

sashes wainscot, varnished.

If brick

is

malm

used for the

facing, the reveals should be stuccoed.

PLATE VL
DESIGN FOR A SMALL RESIDENCE IN THE FLORID GOTHIC STYLE.
This
ed

is

proposed for the accommodation of a nobleman's steward, and intend-

as well for

shew

an object of no inconsiderable
expose nor obscure
must,

It

at all events,

If placed in a suitable situation,

as for use.

it

too

interest

much.

expense.

stone;

would become

but attention will be required neither to

partial

view of the upper

parts of the building

be preserved from the most general points of sight.

should be built of stone, but the ornamental parts

artificial

it

indeed,

the latter

is

to

may

be of stucco or

be preferred, as well for duration

as

PLATE

VII.

DESIGN FOR A COTTAGE.

As
soon
sent,

as

I propose offering

opportunity will admit,

I shall

outline has

little

variety

Of

us.

much on

forbear saying

and confine myself principally

rence to the design before

an Essay on Cottage Architecture,

the Public

to

such remarks

to

the present sketch

and no claim

as

This

to originality.

that subject at pre-

have immediate

may

it

truly be

much

appropriate and consistent, as

be expected, and the claim

perhaps has been effected

to originality

in

is,

my

opinion, as

as

refe-

said, its

willingly admit

a familiar form I have given additional expression and interest,

if to

as

but,

by means

could reasonably

much

achieved as

the present improved state of the art will allow.

The component
pared

to the letters

ployed,

who

may, with much propriety, be com-

parts of architecture

of the alphabet, and

should think that man's time

should propose to add to the one or

handed down

to us,

stamped with the

to

peculiarities of

who

sing

and beauty, and

cannot, from this endless variety, produce a consistent composition posses-

some claim
In

parts as

preceding times, are cer-

tainly of themselves sufficient for the various purposes of utility

he

These

the other.

misem-

this

to originality,

knows but

little

of his

art.

design I have gone as far as the nature of the subject would admit,

without injury to

its

character; but, for the reason above stated, I decline further

discussion for the present.

It Is

proposed to face

roof slated

this elevation

with Parker's composition on brick

the trellis-work of wrought iron, painted dark green

wainscot varnished, as also the door.

rooms and two large

needful, the

closets,

room over

is

the

chamber

floor

the

the casements

are three lodging

the plan being the same as the ground floor; but,

the kitchen

sleeping room.

The Plan

On

on Plate VIII.

may

if

be divided, thus making an additional

PLATES

VIII and IX.

DESIGN FOR TWO DWELLINGS TO SHEW AS ONE BUILDING.

Wliat has been observed on describing
sent plan, as they both originated

thefirst

Plate

any

particular class of

for those

who

persons such an union

a ready

no

less

men, but merely

possess only a
is

applicable to the pre-

under the same impression.

vantages of such an arrangement are confined to the

to

is

man

that they are

moderate independence.

Not

of business, or in short

more

To

especially calculated

sedentary and studious

particularly advisable, as the opportunity

communication of thought, while

it

that the ad-

which

it

afibrds of

tends to their mutual advantage, will

contribute to their comforts.

Should

it

be required,

into a single dwelling.

this

From

the ground floor, opportunity

plan

may, with peculiar advantage, be converted

the circumstance of the rooms being principally on

is

afforded for those numberless conveniencies so

necessary to the purposes of domestic economy.

I should

recommend

to stucco

the fronts on brick with Parker's cement; the

roof to be slated, and the pilasters either wainscot or deal

if

the

latter,

to

be

grained wainscot, also the outer door; or else painted dark green, and the mould-

ing pricked in black.

PLATES

X, XI, and XII.

DESIGNS FOR A VILLA.

These two
plan,

may

and

elevations, of totally dissimilar characters, are applicable to the

each have their admirers; one lays claim

fait riant, the other to a

little

outre,

or those

whose business

the

it is

to design

which claims

the architect;

latter

be

is

are about to build,

situation.

of these designs, appropriate for a rectory or vicarage-house,

to,

sufficiently consistent

better calculated to

and

and

meet the public

in

invariable stamp, wholly

some purposes requiring one

precisely of the kind here alluded

propriation,

who

only a secondary consequence

situation

unconnected with and uninfluenced by

The

attention in designing, yet there are circum-

which should sometimes render

mind of

tout

notwithstanding situation be considered

for,

an appearance

This observation, though

dignified aspect.

not unworthy the consideration of those

is

the principal object

stances

more sober and

to

same

it

is

presumed, in reference

characteristic.

taste,

and from

well adapted to be a retreat for the merchant and

man

The
Its

size

other

to

Its

ap-

conceive to

and conveniencles

of business.

is

Is

10

PLATES

XIII and XIV.

DESIGNS FOR A FARM HOUSE.

of

This design, which,

it

common,

is

this

kind in

must be confessed, bears but little similitude

proposed for persons farming their

own

to buildings

and

estate,

the internal arrangements have been planned in compliance with the recom-

mendations contained in the

first

volume of the Reports of the Board of Agri-

culture.

It

is

justly observed, that

where

more than amusement,

profit,

is

the aim

of agricultural pursuits, the eye of the master cannot be too vigilant over the

conduct of his servants.

This observation

pations, but

more applicable

is,

perhaps,

is

to

not confined to their out-door occu-

domestic concerns.

Certainly no set

of people are more liberally gifted with low cunning than farmers' servants, especially the

male

part,

and

to

of patience and attention.

of

tTiore

may

than

seriously

some of the
that the

common

guard against

Aware

of

common

vants,

persuaded that a watchful eye

a line
of

no small share

and convinced of the necessity

at large, the

which

in

its

consequences

worthy President,

as well as

recommended

sitting-room in a farm house should be so situated as to

if possible,

in

this fact,

effects will require

correspondents to this meritorious Institution, have

mand,

cumspect

ill

attention, as a circumstance

concern the community

first

its

the whole of the domestic offices.

their conduct,

and

this

is

By

com-

means, the

ser-

always upon them, will be more

cir-

this

judicious restraint will naturally give

rise to

of conduct, eminently beneficial to individuals, and no doubt productive

much

general advantage.

festation of distrust

will

It

excite

will

perhaps be objected, that

dissatisfaction,

and

this

serve rather to

open mani-

provoke that

11

which

disposition

have

little

who

really

is

It

intended to correct

but

weight, and can hold but for a time, while those of upright conduct,

have the

interest of their

employer

at heart (and

their master

an opportunity of being assured of their

ceasing vigilance which, under other circumstances,

may,

become

some such,

be found) must be pleased with an arrangement, which

not, are to

site,

objection will be found to

this

in such case,

less

may

afford

fidelity.

Again, the un-

would be

absolutely requi-

be dispensed with, and thus the

situation of the

employer

irksome and unpleasant.

If this design should be proposed to be built in a situation

be procured

doubt

for little

more

cost than the digging,

it

where stone could

would be adviseable

to use

it

for

the facing at least ; but, if this be not the case, an admirable substitute will be found
in the composition

have before spoken

of,

and which,

prove nearly equal to stone in point of duration.

courses should be described

and

tinted.

if

If the latter

properly used, will

is

resorted

to,

the

12

PLATES XV

and XVI.

DESIGNS FOR- A COTTAGE.

Tlie avidity with
lias

no doubt given

which novelty

rise to those

sought after by the generality of mankind,

is

numberless caprices and absurdities, against which

the efforts of the critic and the splenetic have alternately, but uselessly, been direct-

ed

whether

for,

whom

it

they have been encouraged, certain

bly attended their endeavours

tire

common

any

keeps pace with their exertions

favourite idea, while fashion

he

that

This

is

To censure

of science,
artist,

folly,

and

to

wrong, will be found a

to

common

cation

is

his side,

resque

effect,

and

to deviate

to forego a

by an attempt to convince

from the regular path of

times,

its

influence.

is

man
The

his profession, in or-

and, should any of the sketches

be censured as extravagant and capricious, no other vindiis

offered in the preceding observations.

the objections above alluded

for the

occupied

encouragement

which characterizes the present

In compliance with the fashion of the day,

to

use, while

is

sa-

unthankful and unprofitable.

task equally

conceived necessary, than what

liable, perhaps,

attention

of the mechanic, isalike guided by

compelled

to the public

little

which neither

Induce a single individual only,

der to meet encouragement, must stand excused

now offered

whose

invaria-

matters of dress or equipage, but the conduct of the

as well as that

therefore,

same success has

effect that,

those,

can be of

and custom are on

insatiable appetite for novelty,

not confined

that the

it is,

and time alone must

nor argument can accomplish.

in providing food for

him

shame the authors of them, or those by

has been attempted to

this

to,

design has been

yet

purposes of rural retirement.

M'ell

composed,

calculated for pictu-

PLATE

XVII.

DESIGN FOR A RURAL DWELLING.

In

this

tion having
will

design nothing has been sacrificed to appearances, the whole atten-

been directed

to the internal

accommodations being given on one

mist, as the various family

reduction in the expense

be

much

This building

found cheapest

The Plan

is

by

importance

this

means

may

such

as,

it is

hoped,

on Plate

XVIII.

slated,

floor, a

considerable

The duty on windows

light has therefore

be either thatched or

in the end.

is

effected.

to those possessed of small

and a superfluity of

lost sight of,

is

This kind of building well deserves the attention of the econo-

be approved.

object of so

arrangement, which

means, that

it

is

an

should not

been studiously avoided.

but the

latter will

generally be

14

PLATES
DESIGNS FOE
The magnitude
jection,
tion

it

were

may

it

XIX, and XX.

XVIII,

J,

VILLA IN THE COTTAGE STYLE.

of this building

may render the

are here shewn,

cither for the

superior fortune,

it

to pass

but,

have given

it

by shrubbery, and with

not proposed to conceal part

perhaps be allowed

title

liable to ob-

this qualifica-

were more conveniencies required than

accommodation of a large family or

for a person

must of necessity assume another form, and the idea of a

of

cot-

tage be wholly given up.

This point adjusted, the next for consideration, and which should not be de-

termined on without seriously weighing the advantages and disadvantages, even in

cases

where very

lative to the style

as

it

tor.

may
It is

little

latitude

is

allowed for choice,

of architecture, which

situation, not

merely

as re-

already have been decided on, but

ultimately concern the health, convenience, and comfort of the proprie-

hardly necessary to observe, that some situations are more remarkable

for their salubrity than others,

and the causes of

That two

clearly ascertained as their effects.

should possess

who

may

is

this difference,

have, in any degree,

tion frequently exists

can excite no

made

this

on the same

this difference are,

situations,

surprise, but

in general, as

remote from each other,

it is

well

known

to those

subject their study, that a very material varia-

estate,

and

that while

one spot

is

comparatively

healthy, another, nearly adjoining, shall possess an unusual tendency to putridity.

How this

fact

as well as

many other

is

best ascertained, I propose to consider in the Essay 1

points immediately connected with the subject.

have promised

15
In the Plans
series

own

now laid before

the Public,

of designs, which should meet the

it

taste

has been

my endeavour to

furnish a

of others without discrediting

my

and by presenting a selection of Plans and Elevations, in which economy

forms a prominent feature, and not beyond the reach of persons in moderate
cumstances, to render
genteel

them

extensively useful, and applicable to

life.

FINIS.

Printed ly

Cox, Sok, 7i<JBaylis,

A'e,75, Great Queen Strett.

cir-

the purposes of

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